Detecting diseases from X-ray, MRI, or CT scans using CNN-based models.

Abstract

The rapid spread of COVID-19 has created significant challenges for healthcare systems worldwide.
(Shin et al., 2016)Early and accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective disease management. This study
investigates the application of deep learning, particularly transfer learning, in detecting COVID-19
using multimodal imaging data, including X-ray, ultrasound, and CT scans. Due to the paucity of
labeled COVID-19 imaging data, transfer learning is employed for improving model precision using
pre-trained Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). The VGG19 model was found to be the best to
use for the detection of COVID-19 based on a comparison with other CNN architectures. A robust
image preprocessing pipeline was built to improve the quality of the images, decrease noise, and
enhance model explainability. The findings reveal that ultrasound imaging offers the most accurate
detection, followed by CT scans and X-ray. The research emphasizes the ability of deep learning to
aid overworked medical doctors through the offering of an automated second-opinion diagnostic
platform, decreasing dependence on conventional RT-PCR testing, which can be resource-intensive
and time-consuming. Future research will focus on incorporating real-time diagnostic tools in clinical
practices for the purpose of augmenting early detection and decision-making processes

______________

Methodology

The research process involves multiple important phases, with a systematic and scientific process for
COVID-19 identification:

1. Dataset Preparation and Collection

•This study uses X-ray, ultrasound, and CT scan images from publicly shared COVID-19 datasets.

•Data augmentation operations (rotation, flipping, contrast balancing) were performed to correct
data imbalance and enhance model generalizability.

•A data preprocessing pipeline was created to eliminate noise, increase contrast, and normalize
image sizes [3].

2. Preprocessing of Images

•Noise Reduction: Gaussian filtering and contrast enhancement were the techniques used to
enhance image clarity.

•Segmentation Techniques: Region-based segmentation and thresholding were done to separate

•Feature Extraction: Feature extraction layers of the CNN models were fed the preprocessed images
[4].

3. Model Choice and Transfer Learning Methodology

• A comparison of the different CNN models (VGG16, VGG19, ResNet50, InceptionV3, and
DenseNet) was carried out to select the optimal model for COVID-19 classification.

• VGG19 was used as the most efficient model as it can learn deep hierarchical features with
low computational costs.
• Transfer Learning was applied where the pre-trained VGG19 model (pre-trained on ImageNet)
was fine-tuned using the COVID-19 dataset.

* Optimization strategies like learning rate adjustment, dropout layers, and batch normalization were
implemented to enhance model performance [5].

4. Model Training and Evaluation

* The data was divided into training (80%) and test (20%) subsets.

* Adam optimizer was employed to maximize model performance.

* The model was tested for accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and AUC-ROC curves to assure sound
performance.

* Cross-validation was done to avoid overfitting and promote model generalization [6].

______________

Literature Survey

Medical imaging and computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) have been extensively researched over the
past few years, especially with the advent of deep learning. Medical image classification using CNNs
has transformed disease detection with a very accurate, automated, and scalable method. This
section discusses prior research on COVID-19 detection with deep learning and imaging methods.

1. Deep Learning in Medical Imaging

•Experiments have shown that models based on CNN are very good at identifying lung conditions,
such as pneumonia and tuberculosis, from chest X-ray images [7].

•AlexNet, VGG, ResNet, and DenseNet architectures have been used for many medical image
classification applications [8].

2. Transfer Learning in Medical Image Classification

•Transfer learning has found extensive use in medical imaging to counter the difficulty of having
small labeled datasets [9].

* Fine-tuning pre-trained models (e.g., InceptionV3, VGG19) has been found to greatly enhance
detection accuracy even with limited datasets [10].

3. Detection of COVID-19 with AI and Imaging

* A number of studies have investigated the detection of COVID-19 from CT scans, X-rays, and
ultrasound images and cited the high potential of CNN models for automating diagnosis.

•Comparative research on CT scans vs. X-rays for COVID-19 diagnosis has concluded that whereas CT
scans offer better resolution images of the lungs, X-rays are more readily available and less expensive,
hence a suitable option for high-speed screening [11].

•Subsequent research has reported fast detection rates (>85%) employing transfer learning on CNNs,
which has reaffirmed their efficiency in identifying COVID-19 over other lung infections [12].

______________

Conclusion
 The research shows the success of transfer learning in COVID-19 detection from multimodal medical
imaging data. Through the utilization of pre-trained CNN models and fine-tuning them on medical
image classification, the model showed huge improvements in accuracy. Results show that:

Ultrasound images have the highest detection accuracy, then X-ray and CT scans.

•Preprocessing methods like noise reduction and segmentation improved model performance.

•Transfer learning lowers training time considerably and enhances accuracy, making it a viable option
for application in real-world settings.

•Deep learning-based automated diagnostic tools can be used to offer a second-opinion system to
radiologists and facilitate the quick and effective diagnosis of COVID-19.

•Real-time implementation, clinical workflow integration, and enhanced dataset augmentation

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TEAM MEMBERS

B MANOJ KUMAR REDDY BU22CSEN0300416

V BALAJI BU22CSEN0300147

G GUNA VARDHAN BU22CSEN0300255

G VARSHITH BU22CSEN0300360