DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

A MINI PROJECT REPORT ON

“NAVTRAIL”

Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirements in the 4th semester of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN

INFORMATION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

FOR

COURSE NAME: MINI PROJECT

COURSE CODE: 22ISE48

By

DUSHYANTH.S-1NH22IS042
ANEES AHMED BAIG-1NH22IS015

Under the guidance of

Mrs. A Shalini
Sr Assistant Professor
Department of information science and engineering.
 CERTIFICATE
Certified that the project work entitled “NAVIGATION TRAIL” carried out
by Mr. DUSHYANTH.S and Mr. ANEES AHMED BAIG, bearing USN
1NH22IS042 and 1NH22IS015, a bonafide student of IV semester in partial
fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in Information Science &
Engineering of New Horizon College of Engineering, an autonomous institute
affiliated to the Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi during the
year 2023-24. It is certified that all corrections / suggestions indicated for
Internal Assessment have been incorporated. The project report has been
approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of Mini Project
work prescribed for the said Degree.

Name & Signature of Guide Name & Signature of HOD

Mrs. A Shalini Dr. Vandana C.P

Examiners:

Name Signature

1. …………………………………………………. ………………………………..
2. …………………………………………………… …………………………………

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Any project is a task of great enormity and it cannot be accomplished by an individual without
support and guidance. I am grateful to a number of individuals whose professional guidance
and encouragement has made this project completion a reality.

We have a great pleasure in expressing our deep sense of gratitude to the beloved Chairman
Dr. Mohan Manghnani for having provided us with a great infrastructure and well-furnished
labs.

We take this opportunity to express our profound gratitude to the Principal Dr. Manjunatha
for his constant support and management.

We are grateful to Dr. Vandana C.P, Associate Professor and Head of Department of ISE,
New Horizon College of Engineering, Bengaluru for her strong enforcement on perfection and
quality during the course of our mini project work.

We would like to express our thanks to the guide Mrs. A Shalini, Senior Assistant Professor,
Department of ISE, New Horizon College of Engineering, Bengaluru who has always guided
us in detailed technical aspects throughout our mini project.

We would like to mention special thanks to all the Teaching and Non-Teaching staff members
of Information Science and Engineering Department, New Horizon College of Engineering,
Bengaluru for their invaluable support and guidance.

DUSHYANTH S-1NH22IS042
 ANEES AHMED BAIG-1NH22IS015

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1................................................................................................................................... 1
Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Motivation of the Project
1.2 Problem Statement

CHAPTER 2 .................................................................................................................................. 4
Literature Survey
2.1 Existing System
2.2 Proposed System
2.3 Objectives of the Proposed System

CHAPTER 3................................................................................................................................... 8
System Requirement Specifications
3.1 Hardware Requirements
3.2 Software Requirements

CHAPTER 4 ................................................................................................................................. 12
System Design
4.1 Architectural Design ............................................................................................................ 12
4.2 Algorithm/Flowchart

CHAPTER 5 ................................................................................................................................. 18
Implementation
5.1 System Modules

CHAPTER 6................................................................................................................................. 38
Results

CHAPTER 7................................................................................................................................. 39

Conclusion & Future Enhancement ........................................................................................... 39

REFERENCES
 Abstract

Pathfinding algorithms are essential in various fields, including computer science,

robotics, artificial intelligence, and video games. These algorithms are designed to
find the shortest or most efficient path from a starting point to a destination within a
defined space.

Pathfinding algorithms, which are essential for determining the most efficient routes
from one point to another, have a wide array of applications that continue to grow in
complexity and importance. As technology advances, the future scope of pathfinding
algorithms promises to revolutionize numerous fields, from robotics and smart cities
to artificial intelligence and healthcare.

One of the most exciting areas of development for pathfinding algorithms is in

robotics and autonomous systems. As these technologies advance, the need for more
sophisticated navigation capabilities becomes paramount. Future robots, including
drones and self-driving cars, will rely heavily on advanced pathfinding algorithms to
navigate increasingly complex and dynamic environments safely and efficiently.

Pathfinding algorithms are set to play a critical role in the development of smart
cities. As urban areas become more densely populated and complex, managing
traffic and optimizing public transportation will be crucial for reducing congestion
and enhancing quality of life.

importance will only grow in the future. These algorithms provide efficient and
optimized solutions for navigating complex environments, making them
indispensable for advancing robotics, smart cities, artificial intelligence, healthcare,
and immersive technologies like augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR).
NavigationTrail AY-2023-24

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Introduction:
Welcome to NavTrail, an innovative web-based tool designed to demonstrate the
fascinating world of pathfinding algorithms. Built entirely with pure JavaScript, this
interactive platform allows users to explore and understand the mechanics of various
pathfinding algorithms through real-time visualizations.
Key Features:
• Interactive Visualization: Users can create custom mazes and watch how different
algorithms navigate through them, offering a hands-on learning experience.
• Algorithm Variety: Explore multiple pathfinding algorithms such as A*, Dijkstra’s
algorithm and Breadth-First Search (BFS) each with unique characteristics and
applications.
• User-Friendly Interface: The intuitive design ensures that users of all levels, from
beginners to advanced, can easily interact with the tool and gain insights into
algorithm behavior.
• Customizable Mazes: Draw and edit your own mazes to see how algorithms
handle complex and unique scenarios, enhancing your understanding of their
strengths and weaknesses.
• Real-Time Feedback: Observe algorithms in action as they process information,
make decisions, and find the shortest path, providing immediate visual feedback.
Motivation of the project:

In an increasingly digital world, the complexity and scale of websites and

applications are growing exponentially. This surge in complexity often leads to
navigation challenges for users, who may find themselves overwhelmed and
frustrated when trying to locate information or perform tasks within these expansive
digital environments. The project on navigation trails is motivated by a desire to
address these challenges, enhancing user experience, improving efficiency,
supporting accessibility, ensuring scalability, and fostering technological innovation.

One of the primary motivations for this project is the enhancement of user
experience. Users often encounter difficulties in understanding their current location
within a site or application, particularly when dealing with complex structures and
multiple layers of content. Navigation trails, or breadcrumb trails, provide a clear

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and straightforward way for users to visualize their path and understand their
position. This feature not only reduces confusion but also improves overall usability
by making it easier for users to navigate back to previously visited sections without
retracing their steps through multiple clicks. By simplifying the navigation process,
navigation trails can significantly increase user satisfaction and engagement.

Efficiency and time-saving are also crucial motivations for this project. In large-
scale websites or applications, users can waste considerable time trying to find their
way back to previously visited pages. Navigation trails address this issue by offering
a quick and intuitive path, allowing users to backtrack efficiently. This not only
saves time but also reduces the cognitive load on users, enabling them to focus more
on the content or tasks at hand rather than on figuring out how to navigate the site.
The efficiency gained through navigation trails is particularly beneficial in
professional settings where time is of the essence, and productivity is paramount.

Problem Definition:
The primary problem addressed by NavTrail is the lack of an accessible, interactive
tool that allows users to experiment with and visualize various pathfinding
algorithms in real-time. Specifically, the challenges are:

1. Algorithm Complexity: Algorithms like A*, Dijkstra’s and BFS involve intricate
logic that is difficult to grasp through static content alone.

2. Process Visualization: There are limited tools available that offer step-by-step
visualizations of algorithm execution, which significantly aid understanding.

3. Customization and Experimentation: Learners need the ability to create and

modify mazes to see how different algorithms perform under various conditions, a
feature not well-supported by most tools.

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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 Existing System:

In our increasingly digital world, navigation trails, also known as breadcrumb trails,
are becoming essential tools for helping users find their way around complex
websites and applications. Let's explore the existing technologies behind these
helpful navigation aids in a more humanized, relatable way.

Basic HTML and CSS Navigation Trails

At the simplest level, navigation trails can be created using basic HTML and CSS.
This method involves writing the code to display a series of links that show the
user’s path through the site. For example, on an online store, you might see a trail
like this: Home > Electronics > Mobile Phones > Smartphone XYZ. Each
segment of the trail is clickable, allowing users to jump back to any point along their
journey. This basic approach is straightforward but requires manual updates as the
site content changes.

Content Management Systems (CMS)

Many modern websites are built using Content Management Systems (CMS) like
WordPress, Joomla, or Drupal. These platforms often include plugins or built-in
features to automatically generate navigation trails. For instance, WordPress has
various plugins that can create breadcrumb trails without needing to write code from
scratch. These plugins dynamically generate trails based on the site’s structure and
the user’s current location, updating automatically as new content is added. This
automation saves time and ensures that navigation trails are always current.

JavaScript Libraries
JavaScript libraries, such as jQuery, offer more dynamic and interactive navigation
trails. These libraries allow developers to create more sophisticated trails that can
respond to user interactions in real-time. For example, a JavaScript-based
breadcrumb trail might highlight the current page or offer dropdown menus for each
trail segment, providing additional navigation options without leaving the current
page. This level of interactivity enhances the user experience by making navigation
more intuitive and flexible.

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Advanced Web Frameworks
Modern web development frameworks like Angular, React, and Vue.js offer
powerful tools for creating and managing navigation trails. These frameworks
enable developers to build complex, single-page applications (SPAs) where the
entire site behaves more like a desktop application. In such environments, navigation
trails are crucial for maintaining a sense of orientation. These frameworks provide
components and routing systems that can dynamically update the navigation trail as
the user moves through different views and sections of the app, ensuring a seamless
experience.

Proposed technology:
In our digital age, navigating through complex websites and applications can often
be overwhelming. Imagine visiting a large online store, trying to find a specific
product, and getting lost in a maze of categories and subcategories. The proposed
technology for navigation trails aims to transform this experience, making it as easy
and intuitive as taking a stroll through a well-marked path in a familiar park. Let’s
delve into the proposed technology in a way that's easy to understand and relatable.

Integration with Voice and Visual Search

As voice assistants like Siri, Alexa, and Google Assistant become more popular,
integrating navigation trails with voice search capabilities is a natural progression.
Imagine you're using your voice to navigate a recipe website while cooking. You
might say, "Show me dessert recipes," and the navigation trail would update to
Home > Desserts. As you continue to navigate using voice commands, the
breadcrumb trail adapts, helping you keep track of your journey even when your
hands are busy.
Similarly, visual search technology, which allows you to search using images, can
be integrated. If you upload a picture of a sofa you like, the site might navigate you
to similar products, with the breadcrumb trail updating dynamically to reflect this
visual search path.

Enhanced Mobile Experience

Given the increasing use of mobile devices for web browsing, the proposed
technology places a strong emphasis on enhancing the mobile navigation experience.
Mobile screens are smaller, and users interact with them differently than with
desktops. The navigation trails would be designed to be touch-friendly, with larger
clickable areas and collapsible elements to save space.

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For instance, on a mobile shopping app, your breadcrumb trail might appear as a
simple, expandable bar at the top of the screen. Tapping it would reveal the full trail,
allowing you to jump back to any previous point with ease. This ensures that even
on smaller screens, your navigation remains clear and accessible.

Context-Aware Navigation
The proposed technology also introduces context-aware navigation trails. These
trails adjust based on the specific context of your visit. For example, if you’re
visiting a travel website and browsing for holiday packages in Europe, your
navigation trail might automatically highlight related sections like popular
destinations, travel tips, and user reviews for European vacations.

Objectives of proposed technology:

1. Enhance User Experience:

• Simplify Navigation: Ensure that users can easily understand their current
location within a website or application and can efficiently navigate back to
previous sections.

• Reduce Frustration: Minimize the confusion and frustration that often

accompanies navigating large, complex sites.
•
2. Personalize User Interaction:

• Adaptive Navigation: Tailor navigation trails to individual user behaviours

and preferences using machine learning, providing a more personalized and
relevant experience.

• Context Awareness: Adjust navigation trails based on the specific context of

the user's visit, offering relevant information and options that enhance the
browsing experience.
•
3. Improve Efficiency and Productivity:

• Time-Saving: Enable users to quickly backtrack to previously visited sections

without retracing their steps through multiple layers of navigation.

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 • Reduce Cognitive Load: Lower the mental effort required to navigate,
allowing users to focus more on content and tasks rather than figuring out how
to move through the site.

4. Enhance Mobile Usability:

• Mobile-Friendly Design: Ensure navigation trails are touch-friendly and

easily accessible on smaller screens, providing a smooth and intuitive mobile
browsing experience.

• Responsive Adaptation: Dynamically adjust navigation trails to fit different

screen sizes and orientations.

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CHAPTER 3
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATION

3.1 Hardware Requirements

The following hardware requirements must be met in order to guarantee the Quiz
Game project's seamless development and implementation.

1. Processor: For effective coding and local server operations, an Intel Core i3 or
above is required.

2. RAM: 4 GB or more (but 8 GB is advised) to accommodate running multiple

programs at once and guarantee seamless operation.

3. Storage: Database information, development tools, and project files can be kept
on a 250 GB HDD or SSD
.
4. Display: To ensure there is enough screen real estate for testing and coding, a
monitor with a minimum resolution of 1280x720 is required.

5. Input Devices: Keyboards and mouse are useful input devices for comfortable
and effective coding or an android mobile phone with above features is more than
enough.

3.2 Software Requirements

Software requirements define software resource fundamentals that need to be
installed on a workstation to provide optimum working of a software. The following
are required for optimal development and usage of the application.

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1. Operating System: suitable with Linux, macOS, and Windows 10/11.

2. Local Server Environment Software: XAMPP, WAMP, MAMP, or LAMP (for

Linux) to set up and manage the local server.

3. Web Browser: The latest version of Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Safari, or
Microsoft Edge for testing the web application.

4. Text Editor/IDE: Visual Studio Code, Sublime Text, Atom, or any preferred

code editor for writing and editing code.

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NavigationTrail AY-2023-24

CHAPTER 4
SYSTEM DESIGN

4.1 System Architecture

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NavigationTrail AY-2023-24

4.2 Flowchart of Proposed System

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CHAPTER 5
IMPLEMENTATION

5.1 Code
Implementation

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Depth First Search Algorithm

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CHAPTER 6
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
outcomes of proposed system:

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NavigationTrail AY-2023-24

CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE ENHACEMENT

7.1 Conclusion:
This project highlights the significance of NavTrails in providing users with an
intuitive and seamless way to trace their steps through various online resources,
much like breadcrumbs leading us back home.

In exploring NavTrail, we've seen how it not only simplifies the process of
backtracking and retracing digital paths but also enhances the overall user
experience by reducing confusion and frustration. The ability to visualize one's
journey through the digital landscape empowers users to manage their information
consumption more effectively and ensures they can easily return to previously
visited content.

Ultimately, NavTrail stands out as a vital component in the evolving landscape of

web navigation. By offering a clear and accessible means of tracking and revisiting
online journeys, it addresses a fundamental need in our increasingly digital lives. As
technology continues to advance, tools like NavTrail will undoubtedly play an
essential role in making our digital interactions more coherent and user-friendly.

7.2 Future Enhancement:

One promising direction is the integration of artificial intelligence and machine
learning. By leveraging these advanced technologies, NavTrails could become
smarter, predicting user preferences and suggesting relevant content based on past
navigation patterns. Imagine a NavTrail that not only helps you retrace your steps
but also anticipates your next move, making the digital journey even more seamless.

Another area ripe for enhancement is personalization. Future NavTrails could offer
customizable features, allowing users to tailor their navigation paths to better suit
their individual needs and preferences. Whether through visual themes, interactive
elements, or more granular control over how trails are recorded and displayed,
personalization can significantly enhance the user experience.

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REFERENCES
Books:
1. The Nature of Breadth-First Search — February 1999 Authors: Jason
Holdsworth

2.Understanding Dijkstra Algorithm — January 2013

3.Implementation and Analysis of Depth-First Search (DFS) Algorithm for

Finding the Longest Path

4.Research on the A Star Algorithm for Finding Shortest Path - April 2023
Authors: Yumeng Yan

5.Review on greedy algorithm Authors: Yizhun Wang

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