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Topic 03 - Basic Concepts

The document explains data types and variables in C#, including common types like int, double, char, bool, string, and var, along with examples of their usage. It also covers control flow with conditional statements (if-else, switch) and loops (for, while, foreach), providing examples for each. Additionally, it includes exercises for practicing these concepts through user input and logic implementation.

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0 views

Topic 03 - Basic Concepts

The document explains data types and variables in C#, including common types like int, double, char, bool, string, and var, along with examples of their usage. It also covers control flow with conditional statements (if-else, switch) and loops (for, while, foreach), providing examples for each. Additionally, it includes exercises for practicing these concepts through user input and logic implementation.

Uploaded by

jawadurrafidrafid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Data Types and Variables

In C#, variables are used to store data, and data types define the kind of data a variable can
hold.
Common Data Types:

● int: Stores integer values (e.g., 10, -100).


● double: Stores floating-point numbers (e.g., 3.14, -0.99).
● char: Stores a single character (e.g., 'A').
● bool: Stores boolean values (true or false).
● string: Stores text (e.g., "Hello World").
● var: Allows the compiler to infer the type based on the assigned value.

var number = 10; // The compiler infers that "number" is of type int

var name = "John"; // The compiler infers that "name" is of type string

var isActive = true; // The compiler infers that "isActive" is of type bool

In these examples:

● number is inferred to be of type int because 10 is an integer.


● name is inferred to be of type string because "John" is a string.
● isActive is inferred to be of type bool because true is a boolean value.

Example:
int age = 25;
double price = 19.99;
char grade = 'A';
bool isStudent = true;
string name = "Alice";

Avoiding conflicts
To use an identifier that clashes with a reserved keyword, we can
do so by qualifying it with the @ prefix. For instance:
class class {...} // Illegal
class @class {...} // Legal
Control Flow (Conditional Statements)
Control flow allows the program to make decisions and execute different code paths based on
conditions.
Common Statements:

● if-else: Executes a block of code based on a condition.


o Nested if else
o Else if ladder
● switch: Selects one of many code blocks to be executed.

Example:
int score = 85;
if (score >= 90)
{
Console.WriteLine("Grade: A");
}else if (score >= 80)
{
Console.WriteLine("Grade: B");
}else
{
Console.WriteLine("Grade: C");
}
switch (score)
{
case 90:
Console.WriteLine("Excellent!");
break;
case 80:
Console.WriteLine("Good job!");
break;
default:
Console.WriteLine("Keep trying!");
break;
}
Loops
Loops in C# are used to repeat a block of code multiple times.
Common Loop Types:

● for loop: Executes code a specific number of times.


● while loop: Executes code as long as a condition is true.
● foreach loop: A foreach loop in C# is used to iterate over a collection or array. It simplifies looping by
directly accessing each element in a collection without needing an index.

Example:

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)


{
Console.WriteLine("Iteration: " + i);
}
int count = 3;while (count > 0)
{
Console.WriteLine("Count: " + count);
count--;
}
Foreach Loop Example

class Program
{
static void Main()
{
int[] numbers = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };

// Using foreach to iterate over the array


foreach (int number in numbers)
{
Console.WriteLine(number);
}
}
}
OUTPUT
12345

Exercise:

1. Write a C# program that prompts the user to enter a student's score (an integer
between 0 and 100). Based on the score, the program should determine and display
the corresponding letter grade according to the following criteria:

 A: 90 - 100
 B: 80 - 89
 C: 70 - 79
 D: 60 - 69
 F: Below 60

2. Write a C# program that prompts the user to enter an integer. The program should
determine whether the number is even or odd and display the appropriate message.
3. Write a C# program that prompts the user to enter their age. The program should
classify the user into one of the following age groups and display the appropriate
message:

 Child: 0 - 12 years
 Teenager: 13 - 19 years
 Adult: 20 - 64 years
 Senior: 65 years and above

4. Write a C# program that prompts the user to enter a positive integer N. The
program should find and display all prime numbers less than or equal to N.
5. Write a C# program that prompts the user to enter a positive integer N. The
program should calculate and display the factorial of N.
6. Palindrome number, Neon number, Duck number, Armstrong number, Perfect
Number, Spy Number.

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