Q1.This question is about atoms and isotopes.

(a) Atoms contain protons, neutrons and electrons.

A lithium atom has the symbol

Explain, in terms of sub-atomic particles, why the mass number of this lithium atom is 7.

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(3)

(b) Amounts of substances can be described in different ways.

Complete the sentences.

One mole of a substance is the relative formula mass in

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The relative atomic mass of an element compares the mass of an atom of an element with
the mass of an atom of

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(2)

(c) Two isotopes of oxygen are and

Describe the similarities and differences between the isotopes and

You should refer to the numbers of sub-atomic particles in each isotope.

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(Total 8 marks)

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Q2.Magnesium reacts with steam to produce hydrogen gas and magnesium oxide.

A teacher demonstrated the reaction to a class. The figure below shows the apparatus the teacher
used.

(a) (i) The hydrogen produced was collected.

Describe how to test the gas to show that it is hydrogen.

Test ........................................................................................................

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Result ...................................................................................................

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(2)

(ii) Explain why the magnesium has to be heated to start the reaction.

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(2)

(b) The equation for the reaction is:

Mg(s) + H2O(g) MgO(s) + H2(g)

(i) The teacher used 1.00 g of magnesium.

Use the equation to calculate the maximum mass of magnesium oxide produced.

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 Give your answer to three significant figures.

Relative atomic masses (A r): O = 16; Mg = 24

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Maximum mass = ........................................ g

(3)

(ii) The teacher’s demonstration produced 1.50 g of magnesium oxide.

Use your answer from part (b)(i) to calculate the percentage yield.

If you could not answer part (b)(i), use 1.82 g as the maximum mass of magnesium
oxide. This is not the answer to part (b)(i).

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Percentage yield = ........................................ %

(2)

(iii) Give one reason why the percentage yield is less than 100%.

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(1)
(Total 10 marks)

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Q1.A student investigated the reaction of copper carbonate with dilute sulfuric acid.

The student used the apparatus shown in the figure below.

(a) Complete the state symbols in the equation.

CuCO3 (.....) + H2SO4 (aq) → CuSO4 (aq) + H2O (.....) + CO2 (g)
(2)

(b) Why did the balance reading decrease during the reaction?

Tick one box.

The copper carbonate broke down.

A salt was produced in the reaction.

A gas was lost from the flask.

Water was produced in the reaction.

(1)

(c) Describe a safe method for making pure crystals of copper sulfate from copper carbonate
and dilute sulfuric acid. Use the information in the figure above to help you.

In your method you should name all of the apparatus you will use.

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(6)

(d) The percentage atom economy for a reaction is calculated using:

The equation for the reaction of copper carbonate and sulfuric acid is:

CuCO3 + H2SO4 → CuSO4 + H2O + CO2

Relative formula masses : CuCO3 = 123.5; H2SO4 = 98.0; CuSO4 = 159.5

Calculate the percentage atom economy for making copper sulfate from copper carbonate.

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Atom economy = ........................................... %

(3)

(e) Give one reason why is it important for the percentage atom economy of a reaction to be as
high as possible.

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(1)
(Total 13 marks)

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Q1.Sodium hydroxide neutralises sulfuric acid.

The equation for the reaction is:

2NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O

(a) Sulfuric acid is a strong acid.

What is meant by a strong acid?

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(2)

(b) Write the ionic equation for this neutralisation reaction. Include state symbols.

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(2)

(c) A student used a pipette to add 25.0 cm3 of sodium hydroxide of unknown concentration to
a conical flask.

The student carried out a titration to find out the volume of 0.100 mol / dm3 sulfuric acid
needed to neutralise the sodium hydroxide.

Describe how the student would complete the titration.

You should name a suitable indicator and give the colour change that would be seen.

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(4)

(d) The student carried out five titrations. Her results are shown in the table below.

Titration Titration Titration Titration Titration

1 2 3 4 5

Volume of 0.100 mol / 27.40 28.15 27.05 27.15 27.15

dm3 sulfuric acid in cm3

Concordant results are within 0.10 cm3 of each other.

Use the student’s concordant results to work out the mean volume of 0.100 mol / dm3
sulfuric acid added.

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Mean volume = .......................................................... cm3

(2)

(e) The equation for the reaction is:

2NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O

Calculate the concentration of the sodium hydroxide.

Give your answer to three significant figures.

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Concentration = ................................................ mol / dm3

(4)

(f) The student did another experiment using 20 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution with a
concentration of 0.18 mol / dm3.

Relative formula mass (Mr) of NaOH = 40

Calculate the mass of sodium hydroxide in 20 cm3 of this solution.

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Mass = ................................................................ g
(2)
(Total 16 marks)

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Q2. Aspirin tablets have important medical uses.

A student carried out an experiment to make aspirin. The method is given below.

1. Weigh 2.00 g of salicylic acid.

2. Add 4 cm3 of ethanoic anhydride (an excess).
3. Add 5 drops of concentrated sulfuric acid.
4. Warm the mixture for 15 minutes.
5. Add ice cold water to remove the excess ethanoic anhydride.
6. Cool the mixture until a precipitate of aspirin is formed.
7. Collect the precipitate and wash it with cold water.
8. The precipitate of aspirin is dried and weighed.

(a) The equation for this reaction is shown below.

C7H6O3 + C4H6O3 → C9H8O4 + CH3COOH

salicylic acid aspirin

Calculate the maximum mass of aspirin that could be made from 2.00 g of salicylic acid.

The relative formula mass (Mr) of salicylic acid, C7H6O3, is 138

The relative formula mass (Mr) of aspirin, C9H8O4, is 180

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 Maximum mass of aspirin = .............................. g
(2)

(b) The student made 1.10 g of aspirin from 2.00 g of salicylic acid.

Calculate the percentage yield of aspirin for this experiment.

(If you did not answer part (a), assume that the maximum mass of aspirin that can be made
from 2.00 g of salicylic acid is 2.50 g. This is not the correct answer to part (a).)

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Percentage yield of aspirin = .............................. %

(2)

(c) Suggest one possible reason why this method does not give the maximum amount of
aspirin.

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(1)

(d) Concentrated sulfuric acid is a catalyst in this reaction.

Suggest how the use of a catalyst might reduce costs in the industrial production of aspirin.

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(1)
(Total 6 marks)

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