1.

Analyze the major challenge for NLP parsing from the options: A) Vocabulary size B) Sentence length C)
Ambiguity D) Spelling errors. Provide detailed explanations and Python code for sentence and word
tokenization.
2. Calculate the similarity score between the concepts "happy" and "merry" using the Extended Lesk’s
algorithm.
3. Calculate the term frequency of the word "happy" in a 1000-word document where "happy" appears 20 times.
4. Compare and contrast bag-of-words and word embeddings approaches for representing text in NLP. Highlight
their respective advantages and limitations.
5. Compare and contrast the roles of precision and recall in evaluating the performance of information retrieval
systems in NLP.
6. Construct a regular expression for strings starting with 'ai' and ending with 'nlp'.
7. Contrast rule-based and statistical methods in NLP.
8. Define a co-occurrence matrix and outline the steps to generate it for the sentence "this is the practice
problem."
9. Define lemmatization and list challenges encountered during implementation. Provide pseudocode for
implementing a lemmatizer.
10. Describe the process of converting text to features using a count vectorizer and provide Python code.
11. Describe the role of transformers in revolutionizing NLP tasks. Provide examples of transformer-based
models widely used in the field.
12. Determine the total number of word tokens and word types in the sentence: "This is the practice problem, not
question bank."
13. Develop a program to identify words that occur at least three times in the Brown Corpus.
14. Differentiate between supervised and unsupervised learning in the context of NLP.
15. Discuss methods for detecting sarcasm in text and highlight associated challenges.
16. Discuss the applications and challenges of sentiment analysis in multilingual and multicultural settings. How
do cultural nuances affect sentiment interpretation?
17. Discuss the challenges and potential biases in training NLP models on large-scale datasets. How can these
biases be mitigated?
18. Discuss the challenges and strategies for handling noisy and incomplete data in NLP tasks, such as text
classification.
19. Discuss the challenges associated with cross-modal language understanding, where the model needs to
process both textual and visual information.
20. Discuss the challenges associated with handling negation and double negation in sentiment analysis and
opinion mining.
21. Discuss the concept of distant supervision in training NLP models for tasks like relation extraction. What are
its advantages and limitations?
22. Discuss the ethical considerations involved in the development and deployment of NLP models, especially in
applications like sentiment analysis and language generation.
23. Discuss the impact of imbalanced datasets on the performance of sentiment analysis models in NLP. Propose
strategies to address this issue.
24. Discuss the impact of noisy or biased training data on the fairness and equity of NLP models. How can model
developers address these concerns?
25. Discuss the role of cross-lingual models in addressing language barriers in NLP applications. Provide
examples of such models.
26. Discuss the role of discourse analysis in understanding the coherence and cohesion of text. Provide examples
of discourse-level NLP tasks.
27. Discuss the role of domain adaptation in fine-tuning pre-trained language models for specific applications.
Provide examples.
28. Discuss the trade-offs between rule-based and machine learning approaches in the context of sentiment
analysis. Provide use cases for each approach.
29. Discuss why semantic analysis is crucial in natural language processing, supporting your answer with an
example. Provide Python code.
30. Elaborate on named entity recognition and perform NER on the sentence "I repeat this is not a question bank."
31. Elaborate on the challenges and solutions for handling informal language, slang, and dialects in NLP
applications.
32. Elaborate on the challenges and strategies for handling ambiguity in natural language understanding and
processing.
33. Enumerate the challenges faced by machine translation in NLP.
34. Explain an unsupervised learning method used in NLP. Provide details about the unsupervised algorithm.
35. Explain coreference resolution in NLP and visualize the process through a block diagram and flowchart.
36. Explain how an NLP morphological analyzer works.
37. Explain the concept of a semantic role labeling (SRL) task in NLP. How is it different from named entity
recognition?
38. Explain the concept of attention mechanisms in the context of NLP. How do they enhance the performance of
sequence-to-sequence models?
39. Explain the concept of domain-specific embeddings in NLP. How are they created, and what advantages do
they offer in specialized domains?
40. Explain the concept of explainability in NLP models. Why is it crucial, especially in applications like legal
document analysis or medical diagnosis?
41. Explain the concept of Part-of-speech tagging.
42. Explain the concept of perplexity in language modeling. How is it used to evaluate the quality of probabilistic
language models?
43. Explain the concept of syntactic ambiguity in natural language parsing. Provide examples and discuss its
implications for NLP.
44. Explain the concept of transfer learning in NLP. How does it benefit model training?
45. Explain the impact of data augmentation techniques on improving the robustness and generalization of NLP
models. Provide examples of augmentation methods.
46. Explain the importance of context window size in building word embeddings. How does it impact the quality
of the learned representations?
47. Explain the process of parsing a tree in NLP and offer Python code for Named Entity Recognition (NER).
48. Explain the process of sentiment analysis in text and address potential challenges. Provide pseudocode for
sentiment analysis.
49. Explain the role of active learning in training NLP models. How does it optimize the annotation process and
improve model performance?
50. Explain the role of linguistic features in traditional machine learning approaches to NLP. Provide examples of
such features and their relevance.
51. Explain why achieving perfect machine translation in NLP is difficult. Illustrate with a block diagram of
Google Translator.
52. Explain why the Porter stemmer is advantageous over a full morphological parser.
53. Explore the applications of NLP in the healthcare domain and present a flowchart.
54. For a corpus C2, where MLE for the bigram "happy day" is 0.25 and the count of "happy" is 240, and the
likelihood after add-one smoothing is 0.03, calculate the vocabulary size of C2.
55. Given binary word vectors w1 = [1010111010] and w2 = [1100110101], calculate the Dice and Jaccard
similarity between them.
56. Given two bags with different compositions of blue and red balls, if a red ball is randomly drawn, what is the
probability it came from Bag II?
57. Given two expressions, "Practice Probelm"[9:12] and ["Practice", "Problem"][1], determine which one is
more relevant in NLP and why.
58. Given type/token ratios 𝑇𝑇𝑅1=0.018 and 𝑇𝑇𝑅2=0.18 for two corpora, which corpus is more likely to have
different words?
59. How can reinforcement learning be applied in NLP?
60. How can word sense disambiguation be accomplished in NLP?
61. How does the choice of hyperparameters (e.g., learning rate, batch size) impact the training process and
performance of NLP models?
62. How does the choice of tokenization strategy impact the performance of NLP models? Compare subword
tokenization and sentence tokenization.
63. How does the concept of word embeddings contribute to capturing semantic relationships between words in
NLP? Provide examples.
64. Identify the NLP application from the given options: A) Image Classification B) Sentiment Analysis C) Data
Mining D) Network Security. Provide pseudocode for image classification.
65. If a medical treatment has a success rate of 0.65, what is the probability that neither of two patients will be
successfully cured, assuming independent results?
66. If the rank of two words, w1 and w2, in a corpus is 1675 and 425, respectively, and m1 and m2 represent the
number of meanings, what is the tentative ratio m1 : m2?
67. Illustrate the applications of natural language generation and highlight the distinctions between language
generation and language understanding.
68. In a corpus, if a word with rank 4 has a frequency of 900, estimate the rank of a word with a frequency of 200.
69. In building a model distribution for an infinite stream of word tokens with a vocabulary size of 5000 and 230
stop words with a probability of 0.002 each, calculate the maximum possible entropy of the modeled
distribution (use log base 10 for entropy calculation).
70. In the context of named entity recognition (NER), discuss the challenges associated with recognizing entities
in noisy text or informal language.
71. List the limitations of rules-based processing. Provide Python code to delete 'one' and 'hundred' from a
document.
72. Outline the steps to build an end-to-end text preprocessing pipeline in Python.
73. Provide a step-by-step explanation of how to implement a neural network-based language model for text
generation in NLP using a framework like TensorFlow or PyTorch.
74. Provide an overview of the advancements in pre-trained language models (e.g., BERT, GPT-3) and their
impact on various NLP tasks.
75. Provide insights into the NLP dependency graph.
76. Using the CKY algorithm, find the probability score for the most probable tree for the sentence "this is the
practice set."
77. What are the key challenges in handling machine translation for low-resource languages in NLP?
78. Why is context crucial in NLP?
79. Write Python code to convert text data to lowercase, remove punctuation, and eliminate stop words.
80. Write Python code to convert text to features using One Hot Encoding.