RR323: LAND ZONING & POLICIES Comprehensive land use plan

Topic 1: Intro to Land Zoning • A technical document embodying

Background specific proposals and strategies for
• Urban areas in Asia continue to face guiding, regulating growth and/or
significant disaster risk. development that is implemented
➢ Rapid unplanned growth of cities through the zoning ordinance.
➢ Alterations in the land use Zoning Administrator/Zoning Officer
pattern • A city/municipality government
➢ Location and choice of employee responsible for the
infrastructure, businesses, and implementation /enforcement of the
housing zoning governance
• Reducing disaster risk through land use Zoning Certificate
management processes requires long- • Document issued by the zoning
term systemic thinking administrator citing zoning
• Land use management processes allow classification of the land based on this
us to understand how natural hazards in ordinance.
and around urban and rural areas Zoning
interact with existing and future urban • The division of a city/municipality into
growth patterns zones or sub zones according to present
Reducing Disaster Risk Through Land Use and potential uses of land to maximize,
Planning and Management regulate, and direct their use and
• Long-term systemic thinking development in accordance with the
• Multidisciplinary and multistakeholder CLUP.
inputs • Primarily concerned with the use of land
• A good understanding of land and the regulation of development
conditions through imposition of building heights,
Land bulk, open space, and density
• A fundamental material source and the provisions in an area
platform for economic and other social • The benefits attributed to zoning are:
activities.
Rezoning
• A process of introducing amendments
to or change in the existing zoning of an
area and reflected in the text and maps
of the ordinance.
Zone/Sub
• Zone Area within a city/municipality for Land Use and Sustainable Development
specific land use as defined by (Road to sustainability)
manmade or natural boundaries Sustainable Development (SD)
National and land use policy • the idea that human societies must live
• Policy that provides for the rational and meet their needs without
allocation, utilization, development and compromising the ability of future
management of the country’s land. generations to meet their own needs
(Brundtland Report 1987)
Agenda 21 Examples
• From the United Nations Conference on • Infrastructure is located in flood prone
Environment and Development areas
(UNCED) in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro • Buildings are not constructed according
• The first international document to specifications to be resilient to
highlighting the importance of land use seismic hazards
planning for SD. • Housing development in wetland areas,
3 Major International Frameworks for DRR obstructing drainage-related functions
1. SENDAI FRAMEWORK Flood mitigation measures for new and existing
➢ 2015 to 2030 developments.
➢ Focuses on the adoption of
measures which address the
three dimensions of disaster risk
(exposure to hazards,
vulnerability and capacity, and
hazard’s characteristics) in order
to prevent the creation of new
risk, reduce existing risk and
increase resilience.
2. Sustainable Development Goals Disaster Risk
➢ 2015-2030 • A function of probability of occurrence
➢ SDG 15 (life on land) of the 2030 of hazards p(h), vulnerability (v), and
Agenda aims to exposure (e).
3. Paris Agreement • Expressed using the formula:
➢ Legally binding treaty on climate ➢ Disaster risk = f(p(h),v,e)
change Hazard Vulnerability
Land Use Planning for Reducing Disaster • characterizes the features of likely
Risk hazards, i.e. floods, earthquakes,
Why reduce disaster through land use tropical cyclones, or landslides.
management? Vulnerability
• Asian countries are often vulnerable to • measure of the fragility of the assets at
natural hazards risk (physical characteristics and/or
• Result of the interplay of economic and socioeconomic conditions)
physical geography Exposure
• These physical conditions increase • identifies the elements at risk in a
exposure of urban populations and specific location, i.e. size composition,
physical assets to hazards-flooding, and density of the populations,
storm surges, land movements, buildings, infrastructure, their cultural
tsunamis, ash cover, etc. significance, and economic activity that
• With climate-related hazards continue could potentially be affected by the
to increase, accompanied by sea-level hazards.
change and permanent coastal
inundation, which will further
exacerbate the level of disaster risk
 Key Points of Land Use Planning
Organized Development
• It ensures land is used efficiently and
prevents haphazard or conflicting
developments (e.g., keeping factories
away from residential areas).
Balancing Needs
• It considers the need for housing,
Each hazard type the city is exposed to— transportation, green spaces,
geophysical, hydrological, meteorological, and agriculture, and businesses, and makes
climatological (as well as biological and sure they fit together in a way that
technological)— has its own risk-creating benefits everyone.
characteristics that produce spatial variations Environmental Protection
in vulnerability and exposure. • It includes protecting forests, wetlands,
In order to apply disaster risk assessment in rivers, and other natural areas from
urban land use management: being overdeveloped or destroyed.
• Collect information on existing disaster Community Involvement
risk assessments. • Good land use planning involves input
• Consult with relevant technical from residents, businesses, and other
specialists stakeholders to reflect the community's
• Commission an updated multi-hazard vision and needs
disaster risk assessment Sustainability
Topic 1.1: Concepts, Politics, Frameworks • It looks ahead to make sure land use
LAND USE PLANNING decisions today won’t harm future
• The process of guiding and controlling generations—by conserving resources,
how land is used and developed in a reducing pollution, and preventing
certain area to meet the needs of overdevelopment.
people today and in the future. Goals of Land Use Planning
• involves deciding the best ways to use Promote
land resources for housing, agriculture, • Sustainable development
industry, recreation, conservation, and Improve
other purposes while balancing • Living conditions
economic development, environmental Protect
sustainability, and social welfare. • Natural resources
• A decision-making process that Reduce
"facilitates the allocation of land to the • Land use conflicts
uses that provide the greatest Support
sustainable benefits" (Agenda 21, • Economic growth
paragraph 10.5). Support
• the process of evaluating and deciding • Public safety (avoiding natural hazards
how land should be used to ensure like floods and landslides
organized development, protect the
environment, and improve quality of life.
 Key Concepts of Land Use Planning
1. Sustainability
• Ensuring land use supports current
needs without compromising future
generations
• Balancing social equity, environmental
Land Use protection, economic growth (SEE)
• is considered to be sustainable when it 2. Comprehensive Planning
is both socially and environmentally • A long-term framework that outlines the
compatible desired by the society, vision, goals, and policies for land
technically viable and when it makes development (typically 10–20 years)
economic sense. This means: • Includes aspects like housing,
1. Social Justice transportation, utilities, recreation, and
• When considering the effects of conservation
planning measures, attention should be 3. Land Suitability Analysis
paid to the distribution and kind of • Assessment of the physical,
benefits. Those should be spread in environmental, and socio-economic
such a way that even socially weak suitability of land for specific uses (e.g.,
parties should participate in the process residential, industrial)
2. Long-term sustainability of natural 4. Public Participation
resources • Involving community stakeholders to
• The land utilization type must be make planning decisions
designed to ensure that the natural 5. Infrastructure & Services Planning
basis of living is sustained in the long- • Coordinating the development of roads,
term run water, sanitation, schools, etc., to
3. Acceptance & Social Compatibility support planned land uses
• The measures applied are to be desired, 6. Environmental Considerations
accepted, supported and largely carried • Protecting sensitive ecosystems,
out by those affected by them. managing natural hazards (floodplains,
4. Economic Efficiency land
• The measures planned should be 7. Urban-Rural Linkages
designed to contribute to the long-term • Coordinating land use in urban centers
security of the economic basis of the with rural areas to ensure
living of the people. Therefore, the Zoning
measures should be self-financing and • A legal tool used in land use planning
thereby economically justified. that regulates land use by dividing areas
5. Viability into zones, each with specified
• Plans should match what the local allowable activities and standards
people can handle in terms of Key Concepts of Zoning
technology, money, and how things are 1. Zoning Districts
organized. Decisions should consider • Areas classified for specific use such as
the community’s knowledge, culture, Residential, Commercial, Industrial,
and resources. Agricultural, Mixed-Use
2. Zoning Ordinances/ Regulations plan (the method) and what they plan
• Laws that dictate how land within for (the content) based on the specific
different zones can be used and needs, risks, and characteristics of
developed their local area.
• Cover land use, building height, lot size, Why it matters:
setbacks, density, and parking • ignoring local conditions can lead to
requirements unsafe development, increased disaster
3. Land Use Controls risk, and inefficient land use.
• Rules that prevent incompatible land • When tailored to local needs, land use
uses (e.g., keeping industrial operations planning becomes a powerful tool for
away from residential zones) reducing disaster risks and promoting
4. Density Regulations sustainable, resilient communities.
• Limits on the number of buildings or
units per area (e.g., Floor Area Ratio or
dwelling units per hectare)
5. Setbacks & Height Restrictions
• Rules governing the distance buildings
must be from property lines and the
allowable height of structures
6. Special Use Permits/ Conditional Uses
• Allow flexibility in zoning by permitting
land uses under specific conditions
(e.g., schools or religious institutions in 2). Land use planning considers cultural
residential areas) viewpoints and builds up on local
7. Variances environmental knowledge
• Exceptions granted to zoning laws, Cultural viewpoints
typically when strict enforcement would • Land use planning respects and
cause undue hardship incorporates the beliefs, traditions,
8. Overlay Zones and practices of the people who live in
• Additional layers of zoning that impose the area.
extra regulations over base zones (e.g., • It takes into account how communities
historic districts or flood zones). value and use their land, whether for
Why land use planning & zoning matter? farming, fishing, spiritual purposes,
1. Promote orderly growth burial grounds, or sacred sites.
2. Protect public health and safety • Planners don’t just impose rules from
3. Preserve the environment the outside; they listen to and include
4. Encourage economic development local customs and traditions in
5. Enhance the quality of life deciding how land should be used.
Land Use Planning Principles Local environmental knowledge
1.) Land use planning is oriented to local • This refers to the traditional knowledge
conditions in terms of both method and that local people have about their
content environment.
• When governments or communities For example:
make decisions about how land should • Where floods usually happen
be used, they customize both how they • Which areas are prone to landslides
 • Where fish are abundant or where land ownership, resource use, or
certain plants grow territorial disputes.
• Land use planning uses this firsthand • Instead of just imposing legal systems
experience and wisdom because local or court processes, planners and
people often know their land better than authorities engage with the local ways
anyone else—sometimes better than of resolving conflicts.
scientific maps! Why it matters?
Why this matters? • Communities/indigenous peoples have
• ignore cultural practices, they risk longstanding ways of managing land use
disrupting people’s way of life or and resolving disputes that have worked
causing conflict. for generations.
• Ignoring local knowledge can lead to • Ignoring traditional practices can lead to
poor planning decisions, misunderstandings, resistance, or even
• By respecting culture and using local conflict.
knowledge, plans are more effective, • Recognizing and working with traditional
accepted by the community, and conflict resolution methods makes land
sustainable. use plans more acceptable, effective,
and legitimate in the eyes of the local
people.
• This builds trust and helps avoid long
legal battles or conflicts

3.) Land use planning takes into account

traditional strategies for solving problems
and conflicts
Traditional strategies
• customary ways communities have 4.) Land use planning assumes a concept
historically handled disagreements and that understands rural development to be a
made decisions—especially about land, “bottom-up” process based on self-help and
resources, and boundaries. self-responsibility
• include peaceful dialogue, mediation by Bottom-up process
elders or respected leaders, community • decisions and actions start from the
gatherings, or rituals and customary community level, rather than being
laws (often called customary tenure dictated by national government
systems). agencies or external experts (“top-
In land use planning; down”).
• This means that modern land use plans • Local people—farmers, fishers,
should respect and use these traditional indigenous groups, rural communities—
methods when addressing issues like are actively involved in making
 decisions about how their land and 5.) Land use planning is a dialogue, creating
resources are used the prerequisites for the successful
• the opposite of a top-down approach, negotiation and cooperation among
where plans are created by outside stakeholders
authorities without much input from the Land use planning is a dialogue
people directly affected. • This means land use planning is not a
Self-help and self-responsibility one-way process where decisions are
• Communities are empowered to take made by a single authority or expert
charge of their own development. group.
• They organize themselves, use their own • a two-way (or multi way) conversation,
knowledge and resources, and take where different groups talk, listen, and
responsibility for managing their land share ideas.
and development. • involves open communication between
• It encourages ownership, initiative, and all stakeholders—the people and
long-term commitment because the groups who are affected by or have an
community feels that the development interest in how land is used.
is theirs Creating the prerequisites
Why it matters • "Prerequisites" are the basic conditions
• Rural areas often have unique or things you need before something
challenges—like poverty, isolation, or can happen successfully.
lack of services—that top-down • dialogue in land use planning helps
planning doesn’t fully understand. create the right conditions for
• Bottom-up, community-led planning stakeholders to negotiate (talk through
ensures that local needs, priorities, issues and find solutions) and
and knowledge are considered. cooperate (work together toward
• It makes land use planning more common goals).
relevant, realistic, and sustainable, Successful negotiation and cooperation
because the people who live there and among stakeholders
depend on the land are directly • Stakeholders are everyone involved:
involved. ➢ Local communities
• The government supports, but the ➢ Farmers, fishers
initiative comes from the community, ➢ Business owners
promoting self-help and local ➢ Indigenous groups
responsibility. ➢ Government agencies
➢ NGOs and environmental groups
• Land use planning encourages
discussion and compromise, helping
different groups find common ground
instead of competing or conflicting with
each other.
• It leads to cooperation, where all parties
agree on how land should be used,
balancing economic, social, and
environmental needs.
6.) Land use planning is a process leading to 7.) Land use planning requires transparency,
an improvement in the capacity of the therefore, free access to information for all
participants to plan and take actions participants is a prerequisite
• It’s about teaching and empowering the Land use planning requires transparency
people involved so they can plan better • Transparency means that the process is
and take effective action on their own in open, and decisions are clear and easy
the future. to understand.
What it really means: Land use planning is a • There’s no hidden agenda, and all
process actions and choices are visible to
• It's an ongoing activity, not a one-time everyone involved.
event. • It helps build trust between
• Communities, local governments, stakeholders (communities,
farmers, indigenous groups, and other government, NGOs, private sector, etc.).
stakeholders work together to decide Free access to information is a prerequisite
how land should be used. • A prerequisite is something that must be
Improvement in the capacity of participants in place before something else can
• People involved gain knowledge, skills, happen
and experience in order to make better • Free access to information means that
decisions about land use, solve everyone—no matter their position or
problems, and manage conflicts. status—has equal access to important
Participants can plan and act on their own data and knowledge.
• People become better prepared to • This could include maps, land
handle future challenges after training ownership records, environmental
• This leads to sustainable development, studies, zoning laws, and development
because the local people maintain and plans.
adapt plans over time, rather than
relying only on external experts.
 • They help avoid conflicts, improve
social justice, and ensure plans are
accepted and supported by all groups.
In a rural land use planning process:
• Stakeholders include male farmers,
women who collect forest products,
youth groups, and local government
officials.
• If planners only listen to male leaders,
they might miss important issues like
women’s need for safe access to water
sources, or youth wanting training in
sustainable farming
• Differentiating stakeholders and
8.) The differentiation of stakeholders and applying a gender approach makes sure
the gender approach are core principles in everyone’s needs and priorities are part
land use planning of the plan.
Highlights two important principles that 9.) Land use planning is based on
must be considered when making land use interdisciplinary cooperation
plans: • Land use planning requires
• Differentiating stakeholders collaboration between experts from
(recognizing that not all stakeholders different fields or disciplines because
are the same— they have different roles, land use decisions affect many aspects
needs, interests, and levels of power or of society and the environment.
influence.) • No single profession or expertise can
• Applying a gender approach handle the complexity of land use
(recognizing and addressing the issues on its own. So, people from
different roles, needs, and impacts land various areas must work together to
use decisions have on women, men, create comprehensive and effective
and people of different gender plans
identities.) Why interdisciplinary cooperation is
Land use planning should identify and important
understand these differences, so everyone’s • Land is a shared resource, used for
voice is heard, and no one is ignored or farming, housing, business,
overpowered. conservation, etc. These uses often
Why these are core principles: compete or conflict.
• Core principles are fundamental values • Complex challenges like climate
or guidelines that shape how land use change, urbanization, and food security
planning is done. require multiple perspectives to find
• Differentiating stakeholders and sustainable solutions.
applying a gender approach ensure fair • Interdisciplinary cooperation helps
participation, social equity, and better avoid mistakes—for example, an
decision-making. engineer may design a road, but without
input from an environmental expert, it
might damage a critical ecosystem.
Example: How it works (the cycle):
• Assess the current situation (data
gathering, stakeholder input)
• Develop the plan (goals, land allocation,
policies)
• Implement actions (carry out projects or
policies)
• Monitor and evaluate results (track
progress, measure success/failures)
• Refine and adjust the plan based on
what was learned
• Repeat the cycle as needed
10.) Land use planning is an iterative process Example:
(the practice of building, refining, and
improving a project, product, or initiative)
• This means land use planning isn’t done
just once—it’s a repeating cycle of
planning, testing, adjusting, and
improving over time.
• You build a plan, then refine it based on
feedback, and update it as conditions
change (social, environmental, 11.) Land use planning is implementation
economic, etc.) oriented
• The goal is to continuously improve the • Highlights that land use planning isn’t
land use plan, so it stays relevant, just about creating a plan on paper— it’s
effective, and sustainable. about putting the plan into action.
What “iterative process” means in simple • Being implementation oriented means
terms that the main focus is to carry out
• It’s like trial and improvement—you concrete actions and projects that bring
make a plan, see how it works, and then the plan to life.
adjust it based on results or new ➢ Planning is connected to real
information. actions
• Instead of one final plan that never ➢ Plans must be practical and
changes, it’s flexible and constantly realistic
updated as situations evolve. ➢ sFocus on results and impact

A city drafts a land use plan to:

➢ Protect green spaces
➢ Develop affordable housing
 ➢ Improve waste management Because management, and service delivery
the plan is implementation-oriented, it (DILG, 2023).
includes: The Philippines has four levels of LGUs:
❖ Funding sources • Provinces (82 total) –Headed by a
❖ Timelines (e.g., 3 years to build Governor, composed of municipalities
500 houses) and component cities.
❖ Assigned responsibilities (local • Cities (149 total) –Can be highly
government, private sector) urbanized, independent, or component;
❖ Monitoring systems to check led by a Mayor.
progress • Municipalities (1,486 total) Subdivided
“As a result, the city successfully builds into barangays, also headed by a Mayor.
housing, protects parks, and improves waste • Barangays (42,046 total) –The smallest
services, turning the plan into real political unit, governed by a Barangay
improvements for people.” Captain.
Land use planning, flow of information, and
relation to other planning at various levels

Laws Ensuring Rational Land Use and

Sustainable Urban and Regional
Development in the Philippines
Topic 1.2: Land Use Planning in the • aim to regulate land use and promote
Philippines (Philosophy, Politics and sustainable urban and regional
Practice) development.
The Philippines • focus on proper land classification,
zoning, environmental protection, and
urban planning
1. Executive Order No. 72 (1993)
• Requires LGUs to prepare
Comprehensive Land Use Plans
(CLUPs)to guide zoning, urban
development, and environmental
protection in line with national policies.
Local Government System 2. Memorandum Circular No. 54 (1993)
• a decentralized unitary system, • Provides guidelines for reclassifying
governed by the Local Government agricultural lands into non-agricultural
Code of 1991 (Republic Act No. 7160). uses, allowing cities and municipalities
• It divides the country into different local to convert land within specific limits
government units (LGUs), each with while ensuring food security.
autonomy in governance, fiscal
3.Executive Order No. 124 (1993) Key Provisions:
• Establishes priorities and procedures • Declares Strategic Agriculture and
for land conversion, particularly for Fisheries Development Zones
industrial, tourism, and socialized (SAFDZs)to prevent land conversion.
housing projects, while preventing Gives LGUs the power to enforce
unnecessary loss of agricultural land. environmental laws and land
4. Urban Development and Housing Act regulations.
(UDHA) of 1992 (Republic Act No. 7279) • Promotes sustainable farming and
Purpose: efficient land use.
• Ensures rational land use by integrating 7. Philippine Environmental Policy
housing, urban development, and land (Presidential Decree No. 1151, 1977)
use planning. Purpose:
Key Provisions: • Ensures sustainable environmental and
• Promotes equitable land access for the land resource management.
poor. Key Provisions:
• Mandates zoning ordinances to prevent • Requires Environmental Impact
unplanned urban sprawl. Assessments (EIA) before major land
• Requires local government units development projects.
(LGUs)to develop socialized housing • Encourages sustainable land use
programs. planning to prevent ecological damage.
5. Local Government Code of 1991 (Republic 8. National Integrated Protected Areas
Act No. 7160) System (NIPAS) Act (Republic Act No. 7586,
Purpose: as amended by R.A. 11038, 2018 (ENIPAS
• Decentralized governance, granting Act) Purpose:
local government units (LGUs) the • Protects ecologically important areas
power to manage land use and from urban and industrial expansion.
development. Key Provisions:
Key Provisions: • Establishes protected areas,
• Empowers LGUs to create watersheds, and conservation zones.
Comprehensive Land Use Plans • Regulates land use to prevent
(CLUPs).Mandates zoning ordinances to degradation of natural resources.
prevent unplanned urban sprawl. 9. Climate Change Act of 2009 (Republic Act
• Regulates zoning, land conversion, and No. 9729)
urban planning at the municipal level. Purpose:
• Gives LGUs the power to enforce • Mainstream climate resilience in land
environmental laws and land use and urban planning.
regulations. Key Provisions:
6. Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization • Requires LGUs to integrate climate
Act (AFMA) of 1997 (Republic Act No. 8435) change adaptation in their
Purpose: Comprehensive Land Use Plans
• Protects agricultural lands to ensure (CLUPs).
food security and sustainable rural • Encourages green urban development
development. and disaster risk reduction strategies.
10. Ecological Solid Waste Management Act Land Use Planning
of 2000 (Republic Act No. 9003) • process of allocating land resources for
Purpose: different activities in a way that aligns
• Ensures proper land use for waste with the overall development vision of a
disposal and environmental protection. city
Key Provisions: Zoning
• Mandates LGUs to develop sanitary • A legislative act that divides areas within
landfills and phase out open dumpsites. cities and municipalities into zones or
• Promotes waste segregation and districts, each designated for specific
recycling to minimize land pollution. land uses, with regulations imposed by
11. Water Code of the Philippines law or competent authority
(Presidential Decree No. 1067, 1976) Land Classification
Purpose: • process of assessing unclassified public
• Regulates the use of water bodies to domain lands by surveying, studying,
ensure sustainable land development. and mapping them into categories such
Key Provisions: as agricultural, forest, mineral, or
• Defines buffer zones around rivers, national parks
lakes, and coastal areas. Land Use Conversion
• Restricts land use that may cause water • act of changing the use of a parcel of
pollution and depletion. land to something different from its
Planning System original use, typically for urban or
• Involves both spatial planning and developmental purposes.
socioeconomic development planning Land Reclassification
(from the national to regional levels) • process of changing the classification of
• At the regional level, various plans land within the public domain,
under these frameworks are specifically from alienable and
implemented, with regions serving as disposable to more specific uses, based
administrative divisions comprising on needs and policies
multiple provinces. Urban Planning
• The Comprehensive Land Use Plan • The strategic design of cities and towns
(CLUP)and the Comprehensive to ensure efficient land use, proper
Development Plan (CDP) (at the local infrastructure, and balanced economic
level (provincial, city, or municipal). and environmental growth
• The CLUP (land and territorial Sustainable Development
management), while the CDP (aims to • The approach of using land resources
enhance the overall well-being of without depleting them, ensuring that
residents, Philippine Local Government future generations can still benefit from
Code, 1991). them.
Carrying Capacity
• The maximum population or activity
level that a given area can support
without causing environmental
degradation
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Highest and Best Use of the land
• process of evaluating the effects of a • The use of land that generates the
proposed land use change or maximum profit without negative
development project on the consequences, especially on the
environment before it is approved. environment.
Urban Sprawl • Land should be used in such a manner
• The uncontrolled expansion of urban consistent with its natural qualities to
areas into previously rural or natural maximize its productivity and adhere to
land, often leading to inefficient land sustainable development principles.
use and environmental issues. • Simply put, it is utilizing land in a
Smart Growth manner that is beneficial to both man
• A planning strategy that encourages and the environment.
sustainable, high density, and mixed-
use development to prevent urban
sprawl and promote efficient land use.
Reversible Uses
• Land remains largely unchanged,
allowing it to be restored to its original
state
Irreversible Uses
• Land undergoes significant changes,
making it impossible to revert to its
previous condition
Multiple Land Uses Variety of Stakeholders
• The planned combination of different 1. DENR (Department of Environment and
land uses in a structured and beneficial Natural Resources)
way • The DENR is the primary government
Compatible & Incompatible Land Uses agency in charge of managing and
• A process of evaluating the effects of a conserving the environment and natural
proposed land use change or resources in the Philippines, although
development project on the other government agencies also have
environment before it is approved. roles in addressing natural resource
Comprehensive Land Use Planning issues.
• A document embodying specific 2. NEDA (National Economic and
proposals for guiding, regulating growth Development Authority)
and development of a city or • NEDA is responsible for social and
municipality economic development planning, policy
coordination, and serves as a key
agency in shaping the country’s
development. Its board is chaired by the
President of the Philippines.
3. BFA (Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic
Resources)
• Established under the 1998 Fisheries
Code, the BFA is a line agency of the
 Department of Agriculture, focusing on Institutional Framework for Land Use
fisheries policy, management, industry, Planning
marketing, and research and
development.
Local Government
• Local governments play a key role in
managing and implementing policies
related to natural resources and
environmental protection within their
jurisdictions.
NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations) Spatial Land Use Planning
• People’s organizations are recognized • Spatial land use planning aligns the
for their role in advocating for the physical layout of regions with a
collective interests of communities. The society’s economic, social, cultural, and
State ensures their right to participate in environmental goals.
decision-making processes and • It combines scientific research, policy-
supports the establishment of making, and administrative practices to
consultation mechanisms. promote balanced regional
Donors development through a coordinated,
• The Philippines receives substantial strategic approach (CEMAT, 2010)
international support for environmental Integrated Land Use Planning
and natural resource management, with • This approach involves evaluating and
major donors including the Asian allocating natural resources based on
Development Bank, European Union, the varying needs of different users.
U.S. Agency for International • It considers the demands of all land-
Development, and World Bank, among related sectors—such as agriculture,
others. These donors provide grants, forestry, and industry—to ensure
loans, and technical assistance, with efficient, sustainable, and equitable use
the DENR being the largest recipient of of resources (Agrelet al., 2004; Giasonet
such aid. al., 2005; Linger et al., 2011; Walker et
al., 2007).
Participatory Land Use Planning (PLUP)
• PLUP focuses on the collective
management of shared lands,
especially where land degradation or
disputes exist.
• It emphasizes stakeholder involvement,
negotiation, and the establishment of
community-agreed rules for land use.
• This bottom-up, people-centered
method adapts to local social, cultural,
and environmental contexts, using
either social or geographic units for
planning (Linger et al., 2011; Rock et al.,
2004; GIZ, 2012).
Village Land Use Planning regional policies. The overall goal is to
• A participatory, community-based enhance contributions to sustainable
approach that empowers villages to development.
manage local natural resources through
technical projects, socio-economic
organization, and legal enforcement of
land use rights (Linger et al., 2011)
Rural Territorial Land Planning
• A participatory and strategic process
that organizes land use in rural areas
based on environmental, cultural, and
socio-economic factors. It aims to
balance resource use, reduce risks, and
fairly distribute benefits (Parueloet al.,
2014).
Regional Land Use Planning
• A broad, strategic framework that guides
land use and development across
regions. It prioritizes spatial
organization, environmental protection,
infrastructure planning, and economic
activity coordination (Kavaliauskas,
2008).
Ecological Land Use Planning
• An environmentally focused approach
to regulate land use and human
activities, aiming to balance
development with conservation and
long-term sustainability based on land
capacity and degradation risks
(Mexicanos, 2012)

BASE ZONES (COMPREHENSIVE LAND USE

Integrated Land Use Planning PLAN)
Methodological Framework • Base zones are the primary land use
• Integrated land use planning follows five categories assigned to specific areas
key steps, each tailored to local within a municipality or city. They define
priorities while aligning with national or
 the main permitted use of land and Socialized Housing Zone (SH-Z)
guide development regulations. • Designated areas for housing programs
Common base zones include: or projects—either house-and-lot
1. Forest Zone (FZ) packages or lots only—developed by the
• Areas set aside mainly for forestry government or private sector
purposes, including both officially specifically for low-income and
designated forestlands and other lands homeless citizens.
identified for forest use under the General Commercial Zone (GC-Z)
ordinance. • Areas intended for commercial
2. Agricultural Zone (AGZ) activities, including trade, business
• Lands designated for farming activities services, and other related commercial
such as crop cultivation, tree growing, enterprises.
livestock raising, poultry, fish farming,
and related agricultural operations.
3. Agri-Industrial Zone (AgIndZ)
• Zones allocated for large-scale
agricultural production and related
processing industries (e.g., banana,
pineapple, and sugar plantations with
on-site processing). OVERLAY ZONES (COMPREHENSIVE LAND
4. Municipal Waters Zone (WZ) USE PLAN)
• Covers inland and marine waters within • provide additional regulations and
a city or municipality not classified as requirements on top of the Basic Zone
protected areas. to address particular land-use concerns
5. Mineral Land Zone (MLZ) and goals. Here’s a quick breakdown of
• Areas identified by the government to each one:
contain mineral resources and are 1. Landslide Overlay Zone (LSD-OZ)
governed by regulations under the ➢ Identifies areas prone to landslides,
Mining Act. with regulations aimed at minimizing
6. General Residential Zone (GR-Z) damage from potential landslides.
• Lands primarily intended for housing 2. Flood Overlay Zone (FLD-OZ)
and residential development ➢ Covers areas prone to flooding, focusing
BASE ZONES (COMPREHENSIVE LAND USE on reducing flooding impacts through
PLAN) specific development regulations.
3. Scenic Corridor Overlay Zone (SCD-OZ)
➢ Protects scenic vistas, ensuring
regulations are in place to preserve
these views for public enjoyment.
4. Active Fault Overlay Zone (FLT-OZ)
➢ Defines buffer zones around active
earthquake faults, aiming to minimize
property damage from seismic activity.
5. Heritage Overlay Zone (HTG-OZ)
➢ Protects historically and culturally
significant areas, ensuring preservation
of historical, anthropological, and
artistic heritage.
6. Ecotourism Overlay Zone (ETM-OZ)
➢ Designates areas for ecotourism,
encouraging sustainable tourism
development that respects the
environment. Topic 2: LAND USE PLANNING FOR DRR
7. Urban Corridor Overlay Zone (UCD-OZ) Land Use Planning for Reducing DRR
➢ Focuses on areas along major transport ➢ Involves the management and
routes, aiming to reduce traffic friction regulation of how land is developed and
and promote pedestrian-friendly used. For DRR, it ensures that
spaces. development occurs in safer areas,
8. Transit-Oriented Development Overlay away from known hazards like floods,
Zone (TOD-OZ) landslides, or earthquakes.
➢ Encourages development around transit Key Strategies
centers, promoting higher-density 1. Hazard mapping
commercial and residential spaces to ➢ Identify high-risk areas (e.g.,
maximize public transport access. floodplains, seismic zones).
9. Billboard Overlay Zone (BB-OZ) 2. Zoning
➢ Regulates the placement of billboards, ➢ Prohibit or restrict development in
ensuring that they are strategically hazard prone zones.
placed and do not negatively impact the 3. Buffer zones
environment or aesthetics. ➢ Create natural buffers (e.g., mangroves,
10. Key Biodiversity Area Overlay Zone (KBA- wetlands) to reduce disaster impact.
OZ) 4. Relocation
➢ Identifies globally significant ➢ Move communities from high-risk areas
biodiversity areas that require to safer grounds.
conservation efforts to protect wildlife Benefits
and ecosystems. • Prevents the creation of new risks.
11. Critical Habitat Overlay Zone (CH-OZ) • Reduces exposure and vulnerability of
➢ Focuses on areas essential for the people and infrastructure.
conservation of listed species, even if • Promotes sustainable and resilient
the species are not currently present in urban development.
the area. Development Controls
12. Ancestral Domain Overlay Zone (AD-OZ) • Tools used by local governments to
➢ Protects the traditional lands and regulate building and infrastructure
lifestyles of indigenous people, ensuring construction in accordance with land
their cultural practices and land rights use plans.
are preserved Type of Controls
1. Building codes
• Ensure structures are disaster-resilient
(e.g., earthquake-resistant).
2. Height limits and density restrictions Typhoon Ondoy/Ketsana in 2009 caused
• Reduce pressure on land and severe flooding and loss of life).
infrastructure. What Was Done?
3. Setback requirements 1. Hazard Mapping & Risk-Based Land Use
• Keep buildings a safe distance from Planning
hazards like rivers or cliffs.
4. Permitting systems
• Ensure that developments are reviewed
for hazard compliance.
Purpose in DRR
• Ensures new developments don't
increase risk.
• Guides safe construction practices.
• Enables enforcement of risk reduction 2. Development Controls
standards.
Greenfield Sites
• Undeveloped lands (e.g., agricultural
lands, forests) often located on the
outskirts of urban areas. Developing
these areas without proper planning can
lead to increased disaster risk.
Risks of Improper Development 3. Greenfield Site Planning
• Encroachment into hazard zones (e.g.,
slopes, flood-prone areas).
• Loss of natural buffers that help mitigate
hazards.
• Urban sprawl that stretches emergency
services and infrastructure.
Best Practices for Greenfield Development
➢ Conduct environmental and hazard
impact assessments.
Results
➢ Integrate green infrastructure and
nature-based solutions.
➢ Preserve ecological functions (e.g.,
flood absorption, erosion control).
➢ Plan for low-density, climate adaptive
settlements.
Case Study: Marikina City, Metro Manila –
Flood Risk Management through Land Use
Lessons Learned
Planning
➢ Integrating DRR into land use planning
Context:
saves lives and money in the long term.
➢ Marikina City lies along the Marikina
➢ Political will and community
River and is highly flood-prone,
engagement are crucial for relocation
especially during typhoons (e.g.,
and enforcement.
 ➢ Greenfield development must be for ownership and sustainability
strategic to avoid creating new risks. all
Topic 2.1: URBAN REDEVELOPMENT AS A Specific examples & figures
STRATEGY FOR DRR Tokyo, Japan- Earthquake Resilience & Fire
Urban Development Prevention
• Refers to the process of redesigning
and improving urban areas to reduce
their vulnerability to disasters.
• This strategy integrates DRR principles
into urban planning, land use,
infrastructure development, and
housing.
• Enhance the resilience of cities by
reducing exposure to hazards
minimizing vulnerability, and
improving emergency response
capacity.
Key Elements of Urban Redevelopment for
DRR:
1. Land use planning & zoning
a. Relocating communities from
high-risk zones (e.g., floodplains,
fault lines) usually a very cold Indonesia – Post-Tsunami Redevelopment in
place Banda Aceh (2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami)
2. Green infrastructure
a. Parks, retention ponds, and
green belts that absorb
floodwaters or act as firebreaks
3. Retrofitting old infrastructure
a. Strengthening bridges, dams,
and buildings to meet modern
safety codes New Orleans, USA – Redevelopment After
4. Resilient infrastructure Hurricane Katrina (2005)
a. Constructing earthquake-
resistant buildings, elevated
housing, and flood defenses
5. Upgrading informal settlements
a. Providing safer housing, better
drainage, and access to
emergency services in slum
areas
6. Community participation
a. Engaging locals in risk
assessment and urban planning
Philippines – Marikina City Flood Key Issues in Resource Management
Management 1. Overexploitation and unsustainable
practices are the main direct causes of
degradation
2. Weak institutions, limited funding, and
unclear responsibilities between
agencies and local governments hinder
effective management.
3. Despite reforms, implementation of
property rights and community-based
management remains weak due to
WHY URBAN REDEVELOPMENT IS CRUCIAL complex procedures and overlapping
FOR DRR? claims.
• Growing Urban Populations 4. Financing is fragmented and
o 68% of the world’s population insufficient, leading to underfunded
projected to live in cities by 2050 programs and reliance on donor
(UN). support.
• Urban Poor in Risk Areas: Governance and Institutional Challenges
o Over 1 billion people live in • Devolution under the 1991 Local
slums, many in hazard-prone Government Code granted LGUs more
areas. power, but many lack capacity,
• Cost-Benefit: resources, and incentives to manage
o For every USD 1 invested in natural resources effectively.
resilient infrastructure, USD 4 in • DENR remains dominant, resulting in a
disaster losses can be avoided disconnect between national and local
(World Bank, 2019). management.
In order to integrate DR considerations into • Administrative impasse due to
redevelopment projects: multiple, overlapping laws on resource
1. Gather available hazard information governance.
2. Undertake disaster risk assessments • Cumbersome permitting processes
3. Develop facilitation skills hinder access to tenurial rights and
discourage community participation.
Topic 3: URBAN LAND USE PLANNING Community-Based Resource Management
Natural Resource Management in the • Forest tenure reforms gave rights to
Philippines: Challenges and Reforms local and indigenous communities, but
• The Philippines, rich in biodiversity, has complex requirements and weak
experienced severe natural resource enforcement create conflict and
degradation over the past 50 years due inefficiency.
to overexploitation, pollution, • No equivalent tenure system exists for
urbanization, and weak governance. coastal areas, leaving them vulnerable
• The country now has among the lowest to overuse and open-access
forest cover per capita in the tropics, exploitation.
and many coastal ecosystems like
mangroves and coral reefs have
collapsed.
Three crucial aspects of natural resource Aquatic Resources (BFAR)
governance and the extent to which they under the Department of
explain failures in improving it: Agriculture.
1. Property Rights b. Defined municipal waters and
a. Tenurial and use rights (such as placed them under LGU
for forests and ancestral jurisdiction.
domains) are not fully
implemented.
b. Complex and bureaucratic
processes discourage
communities from securing legal
rights.
2. Institutions
a. Weak coordination, poor 3. National Integrated Protected Areas
stakeholder System (NIPAS) Act of 1992
b. underfunded, centralized a. Created a legal system for
agencies with unclear and identifying and managing
overlapping mandates. ecologically significant areas.
3. Financing b. Protected areas include
a. Budgeting for natural resource terrestrial, wetland, and
management is erratic and marine ecosystems that host
inefficient. rare and endangered species.
b. Reliance on donor-funded c. Set the foundation for protected
projects undermines long-term area planning, zoning, and
sustainability. community involvement.
Legal Framework: Strengthening Property Types of Property Rights in Natural Resource
Rights in Natural Resource Management Management
Although many laws regulate resource use,
three key policies are central to managing
forests and coastal areas, especially in
supporting community rights and local
governance.
1. Community-Based Forest
Management (CBFM) Strategy
a. Adopted in 1995 via Executive
Order 263 and DENR DAO 96-29 Natural resource tenure generally falls into
b. Established as the national four types
strategy for forest management
c. Unified earlier programs for
upland, forest, and ancestral
domain management.
d. new tenurial instruments
2. Fisheries Code of 1998
a. Delegated oversight to the
Bureau of Fisheries and
 National Urban Development and Housing
Framework (NUDHF)
guides the development of urban and
urbanizing areas to fulfill the goals of the
Urban Development and Housing Act,
focusing on sustainable, inclusive
urban growth.
The National Urban Development and
Housing Framework (NUDHF) outlines
the Philippines' vision, policies, and
strategies for urban development.
It aims to improve urban systems and
guide efforts across the government,
private sector, and other stakeholders.
serves as a guide for national agencies
and LGUs in planning and implementing
programs. It also offers direction and
collaboration opportunities for the
LAND USE & URBAN PLANNING private sector, NGOs, academe, and
Land Use Change and Environmental civil society.
Impacts Legal Bases of the NUDHF
• Urban expansion leads to the loss of • Urban Development and Housing Act
vegetated land like forests, fields, and (1992)- Mandates HLURB (under
riverbanks. HUDCC) to formulate the NUDHF with
• Urbanization creates more hard LGUs and stakeholders.
surfaces (roads, buildings) that block • Climate Change Act (2009)- Aims to
water infiltration, increasing flood risks build resilience to climate change and
in city areas. promote sustainable development.
Urban Planning • Disaster Risk Reduction and
• the process of designing cities to meet Management Act (2010)- Requires
people's needs and ensure land is used policies and actions for disaster
effectively. preparedness, risk reduction, and
• It balances development with housing, recovery.
infrastructure, and environmental • Local Government Code (Section 16)-
protection. Empowers LGUs to ensure general
• It helps prevent unplanned, scattered welfare, promote sustainability, and
growth— especially in peri-urban support local development.
areas—and avoids overcrowded, poorly
serviced neighborhoods in city centers.
UN-Habitat: 5 Principles for Sustainable
Urban Neighborhoods
 • Promote Efficient Urban Densities-
Encourage urban density through
context-based development guidelines
• Support Vulnerable Sectors- Ensure
inclusive urbanization that supports
vulnerable groups (e.g., women, youth,
indigenous peoples, and migrants) to
foster equitable growth.
• Prioritize Onsite and In-City
Resettlement- For unavoidable
resettlements, ensure access to
livelihood opportunities and basic
utilities in safer, planned locations.
• Allocate Land for Critical
Infrastructure - Safeguard land for
essential infrastructure
• Develop an Urban Development
Database - Use updated, reliable data,
including maps and spatial information,
to inform urban development planning
and policies.
Urban Planning and Design
• Ridge-to-Reef Ecosystem Planning-
Implement ecosystem-based planning
• Mainstream Disaster Risk and
Climate Change Adaptation- Ensure
DRRM and CCAM are integrated into
urban planning
• Human-Scale, Walkable
Neighborhoods- Design barangays with
walkability, placing essential services
within walking distance.
• Public Open Space Networks-
Prioritize and protect public spaces.
National Urban Development and Housing
Framework Strategies
Population Strategies
• Enforce Sound Population
Management- Implement the
Responsible Parenthood and
Reproductive Health Law to promote
small family sizes
• Harness Youth Potential- Invest in
education and vocational training to
prepare the youth
 5. RA 7160 Sec. 447 (a)(2)(vi)/ Sec. 458
(a)(2)(vi)
• Prescribe reasonable limits and
restraints on the use of property within
the jurisdiction of the municipality
6. Sec. 444 (b)(3)(vii)/ Sec. 455 (b) (3) (vii)
• “Adopt measures to safeguard and
conserve land, mineral, marine, forest
and other resources of the municipality
Topic 3.1 LAND USE PLANNING: Integrating 7. Article Six-The Planning and Development
Ecosystem and Special Study Areas Coordinator /Sec. 476 Qualifications, Powers
Legal Bases of Land Use Planning/Legal and Duties
Mandate • (b)(1)” Formulate integrated economic,
1.1987 Constitution Article XIII, Sec. 1 social, physical and other development
• To this end, the State shall regulate the plans and policies for consideration of
acquisition, ownership, use and the local development council
disposition of property and its • (b)(5)” Prepare comprehensive plans
increments and other development planning
documents for the consideration of the
local development council
8. Sections 1 (a, c) and 2 (a, e, f):

2.RA 7160 Sec. 20 (c)

• The LGU shall, in conformity with
existing law, continue to prepare their
respective CLUP enacted through the 9. EO 648 (Reorganizing the Human
zoning ordinances which shall be the Settlements Regulatory Commission)
primary and dominant bases for the • Section 5, Article II:
future use of land resources. ➢ To promulgate zoning and other
3. Sec. 447 (2)(ix)-Municipality / Sec 458 (2) land use control standards and
(ix)-City guidelines which shall govern
➢ “Enact integrated zoning ordinances in land use plans and zoning
consonance with the approved CLUP, ordinances of local
subject to existing rules and regulations, governments.”
….” Basic Land Use Planning Concept
4. RA 7160 sec 447 (2)(vii)/sec 458(2)(vii) • Land is viewed as a shared natural
➢ “Adopt a CLUP for the municipality: resource, much like air and water found
Provided, that the formulation, therein, to be conserved and cared for
adoption, or modification of said plan with due regard for its effect on society
shall be in coordination with the as awhole and for the conditions in
approved Provincial Comprehensive which it will passed onto the future
Land Use Plan generations
 • Land is also viewed as property- a • Gender responsiveness and sensitivity
private commodity which can be • Integration of Barangay Development
owned, used, bought or sold for Plans (Bottom-Up Approach)
personal comfort and profit • Top-to-Bottom Approach
Basic Rights Pertaining to Land as a Property LAND CLASSIFICATION AND
RECLASSIFICATION
Philippine Constitution Article XII-Regalian
Doctrine

LAND USE PLANNING

• refers to rational and judicious
approach of allocating available land
resources to different land use activities
(agricultural, residential, industrial…)
and for different functions consistent
with the overall development
vision/goals of a particular locality
Guiding Principles
The five goal elements of Philippine Agenda
21 (PA)
• Poverty Reduction
• Social Equity
• Empowerment and Good Governance
• Peace and Solidarity
• Ecological Equity

Philippine Constitution Article XII:

Classification of Land

Principles and approaches in Land Use Land Classification defined in PD 705

Planning 1. Alienable and disposable lands
• Watershed as platform for land use • Lands of public domain which have
planning been the subject of present system of
• Inclusive and expansive governance classification and declared as not
• Co-management principle needed for forest purposes
2. Mineral Lands Classification of Foreshorelands
• Lands of the public domain which have
been classified as such by the Secretary
of Natural Resources in accordance
with prescribed and approved criteria,
guidelines and procedure
3. National Park
• Forest land reservation essentially of LAND RECLASSIFICATION
primitive or wilderness character which 1. Agricultural to Non-Agricultural Use
has been withdrawn from settlement or • Reclassification in terms of use
occupancy and set aside as such 2. Forest into Agriculture
exclusively to preserve scenery, the • Reclassification in terms of legal land
natural historic objects and the wild status
animals or plants therein, and to
provide enjoyment of these features in
such manner as will leave the
unimpaired for future generations
Forest lands
• include public forest, the permanent
forest or forest reserves, and forest
reservations
Public Forest
• mass of lands of public domain which
has not been subject to the present
system of classification for the
determination of which lands are
needed for forest purposes
Land Classification defined in PD 705
1. Permanent Forest or Forest Reserves:
• lands of public domain which have been
subject of the present system of
classification and determined to be
needed for forest purposes
2. Forest reservations
• refer to forest lands which have been
reserved by the President of the
Philippines for any specific purpose or
purposes
Waters within A&D Lands
 2.4 Typology of Stakeholder Analysis
Methods
2.5 The Basic Methods of Technology
of Participation TOP
2.6 Principles of Effective
Consultation
3. Set the Vision
4. Analyze the Situation
5. Set the Goals and Objectives
6. Establish Development Thrusts and
Spatial Strategies
7. Prepare the Land Use Plan*
8. Draft a Zoning Ordinance*
9. Conduct a Public Hearing
A Guide to Comprehensive Land Use Plan 10. Review, Adopt and Approve the
(CLUP) Preparation, 2014 CLUP
• The need to mainstream climate change CLUP Guidebook Volume 2:
local land use policies and • Sectoral Studies and Tools for
development strategies; and Analysis
strengthening disaster risk reduction
management
• The need to have an all-inclusive
physical plan by integrating our coastal
and forest lands in city/municipal land
use plans
Elements of the Enhanced Guidebook

CLUP Guidebook Volume 3:

• Model Zoning Ordinance
➢ Different Zones
➢ Zone Boundaries
➢ Use Regulations
CLUP Guidebook Volume 1: ➢ District Regulations
• Procedural Steps in the preparation of ➢ Performance Standards
Comprehensive Land Use Plan and ➢ Mitigating Measures
Zoning Ordinance ➢ Enforcement and Administration
1. Organize ➢ Penalties
2. Identify Stakeholders Tools for
Stakeholder Analysis
2.1 Stakeholder Identification
Workshop
2.2 Venn Diagram and Stakeholder
Influence Diagram
2.3 Power-Interest Grid
LAND ALLOCATION AND UTILIZATION Buffer Areas
➢ Agriculture and Forestland/ Timberland
Buffer Areas
➢ Industrial/Residential Buffer Areas
➢ Sensitive Habitat Buffers
➢ Public Facility Buffers
Production
residential, commercial, industrial,
Concepts Related to Land: Land Defined institutional, infrastructure,
Common Sense: agriculture/fisheries and production
➢ the solid portion of earth’s surface forestry
Legal sense: Inventory of Existing Land Uses
➢ any ground, soil or earth that is regarded
as the subject of ownership and
everything annexed to it whether by
nature or by man
Economic sense:
➢ a natural resource but it can be “man-
made”. As such it is often regarded as a
good or commodity
Ecological sense:
➢ “The natural environment and its
attributes…the surface of the earth and
all its attributes

Methods for Inventory of Existing Land and

Four Land Use Policy Areas Water Uses
1. Old Methods
• Foot Survey
• Windshield Survey
2. New Methods
• GPS Survey
• Google Earth Scanning
Community/Resource Mapping
Required Maps:
• General Existing Land Use
General Land Use Policy Areas General Land Uses:
Protection Forest
➢ Water source Biodiversity area Agriculture
 Built-up Area
• Urban Barangay Maps
Detailed Land Uses showing
urban use
Urban Barangay

Delineation
• The determination of the outer limits of
the municipal waters of a municipality.
Delimitation
• the determination of boundaries of
municipal waters between adjacent or
opposite municipalities where the
delineation of their respective waters
show that their respective municipal
waters overlap.
PROCESS OF DELINEATION
1. Preliminary mapping of the municipal
Integration of Ecosystems waters.
Forest Ecosystem 1.1 Validation of the preliminary mapping with
• FLUP the local government units (LGU’s)
Protected Forest Production 2. Revision of the preliminary mapping, if
Forest (CBFM, IFMA, SIFMA, necessary.
others) 3. Certification of the final map and technical
Multiple Use description of the municipal waters.
Coastal Ecosystem DEMAND AND SUPPLY ANALYSIS
• Delineate Municipal waters
• Assessment of Coastal Resources
Seagrass
Mangrove
Coral Reefs
NAMRIA’s MANDATE

Section 4(58), RA8550 Definition of Municipal

Waters
 QUICK LOOK AT SUITABILITY CRITERIA FOR
LAND UTILIZATION AND WATER USE

Land Allocation
Geomorphology
• Different landforms occurring on the
surface of the earth, such as
mountains, plains, coastal areas and
the like
Mountains
Plains
Coastal
Swampland

Land Supply Spatial Analysis for identifying

future development areas
• SIEVE MAPPING

STRATEGIES:
Soil Characteristics
• Soil Fertility or the amount of organic
matter present in a given soil
Two important processes involving soil
Philippine Land Capability Classes (BSWM) Class Y
Class A • Very hilly and mountainous and
• Very good land with a slope of 0-3%. generally barren and rugged. This
This can be cultivated safely and should be reforested if trees are found
requires only simple but good to survive. These are badlands, river
management or farming practices. wash areas and sand dunes
Class B Location/Site Criteria Standards
• Good land with slope of 3-8%. This can
be cultivated safely that needs easily
applied conservation practices.
Class C
• Moderately good land with a slope of 8-
18%. This must be cultivated with
intensive conservation practices.
Limitations may be erosion, excess
water or soil condition
Class D
• Fairly good land with 18-30% slope. This
must be cultivated with careful
management and complex conservation Tourism:
practices. Good for limited cultivation • Determining the attractiveness of an
and best suited for permanent tree area
crops. ➢ Lodging and Food
Class L ➢ Recreation and shopping
• Level to nearly level land that are too ➢ Infrastructure and utilities
stony or too wet for cultivation. This is ➢ Natural factors
limited to pasture or forest use with ➢ Peace and order
careful management ➢ Social and cultural factors
Class M ➢ historical
• Steep slopes, 30-50%. Severely eroded
and too shallow for cultivation. This is
suited only pasture or forest but needs
careful management.
Class N
• with very steep slope, 50%. This is
shallow, rough or dry for cultivation. Specific Projects with specific Site Criteria
Best use for forest with careful • Poultry and Piggery
management. • Funeral Parlor
Class X • Slaughterhouse
• Wetlands like mangroves, swamps and • Cell sites (Communication Tower)
marshes. Suited for fishpond or for • Cemetery and Memorial Parks
recreation or conserve for aesthetic • Residential Subdivisions
value
Other Site Criteria • Other Development Control
ZONING
• The division of the city into districts or
zones and prescribing regulations for
the use of each district or zone-
• Theregulationbydistrictsunderpolicepo
werof the height, bulk, and use of
buildings, the use of the land, and the
Fresh Surface Water Quality Criteria density of population.
(DENR AO no.34) Political Implications of Zoning
• Withdrawal from individual property
owners of their absolute right to develop
their property
• Transfer of individual development right
to society at large by the local
government to promote social equity &
general welfare
Transforming CLUP Land Use Types into
Zoning Categories
• The designation of zones or districts by
the local government units shall be
based on their comprehensive land use
plan (CLUP). Essentially, therefore, the
Establishment of Fish Refuge and technical justifications of zoning lie with
Sanctuaries the planning activities that led to the
• The Fisheries Code RA8550 formulation of the CLUP. (Model Zoning
Ordinance of HLURB)
Benefits of Zoning
• Maximum/optimum use of land based
on suitability/capability
• Promotion of public health and safety
through compatible arrangement of
Major considerations for location/site various uses
criteria standards
• Preservation of desirable character and
real estate values of the district or zone
• Promotion of the rational and orderly
growth of the community
Types of Zoning
1. Euclidean or Conventional or exclusionary
zoning
DEVELOPMENT CONTROL AND INCENTIVES
• Assigns to discrete exclusive areas
Tools for Plan Implementation
activities that are incompatible
• Zoning Ordinance
• Tax Incentives and Disincentives
• Expropriation
2. Mixed-use Zoning locational clearance in accordance with
• Allows the combination of compatible the local Zoning Ordinance
activities in the same area • Certificate of Non-Conformance
3. Performance Zoning
4. Spot Zoning
Zoning Administration and Enforcement
• LOCAL CHIEF EXECUTIVE
➢ The LCE Shall enforce and Tax Incentives and Disincentives
administer the Zoning Ordinance • RA 7160 Sec237
through the Zoning ➢ Idle Land Taxon
Administrator/ Zoning Officer a. Agricultural Lands
• LZBA b. Non-agricultural
➢ The Local Zoning Board of c. Residential Subdivision
Appeals is an administrative • RA 7160 Sec 240 and241
regulatory agency of the local ➢ Special Levy on
government that exercises both a. Lands benefited by public
original and appellate functions works project or
in the implementation of the improvements funded by
local zoning ordinance. the Unconcerned
• APPEALS Expropriation
➢ Decisions of Local Zoning Boards • RA 7160 sec19
of Appeals are appealable to the ➢ Eminent Domain may be
HLURB Board of Commissioners exercised for public use, or
ENFORCEMENT OF THE ZONING purpose, or welfare for the
ORDINANCE benefit of the poor and the
landless upon payment of just
compensation
Additional Conditions
• Valid and definite offer has been
previously made to the owner and such
offer did not accept
• The LGU may immediately take
possession upon filing expropriation
• Locational Clearance proceedings and a deposit with the
• All owners/developers shall secure proper court
locational clearance from the Zoning Other Development Control (Building Code)
Administrator/Zoning Officer or in cases
of variances and exemptions, from the
Local Zoning Board of Adjustment and
Appeals (LZBAA)prior to conducting any
activity or construction on their
property/land.
• Building Permit
• No building permit shall be issued by
the Local Building Officer without a valid
Other Development Control (Subdivision
Control)

Topic 4: Rural Land Use Planning

• the process of organizing and managing
land resources in rural areas to ensure
their sustainable use and development.
• It involves balancing agricultural
productivity, environmental
conservation, settlement planning, and
the protection of the rights of rural and
Indigenous communities.
Purpose of Rural Land Use Plan
• Promote sustainable agriculture
• Protect forests, watersheds, and
biodiversity
• Guide infrastructure development
• Prevent uncontrolled land conversion
• Uphold the rights of Indigenous Peoples
and rural communities
Process of Rural Land Use Planning

Key Principles in Rural Land Use Planning

• Participatory – Involves all
stakeholders, including farmers, IPs,
and local officials
• Sustainable – Promotes balance
between development and
environmental protection
• Rights-based – Respects Indigenous
Peoples’ rights and land tenure
 • Evidence-based – Grounded in maps, Key Policies and Laws Related to Indigenous
data, and scientific analysis Peoples' Rights and Land Use Relevant Law:
Key Policies and Laws Related to Rural Land 1. Republic Act No. 8371 – Indigenous
Use in the Philippines Peoples’ Rights Act (IPRA) of 1997
Agricultural Land Conversion and a. Recognizes the ancestral domain
Conservation Relevant Laws: and land rights of Indigenous
1. Republic Act No. 8435 – Agriculture Cultural Communities (ICCs)
and Fisheries Modernization Act and Indigenous Peoples (IPs).
(AFMA) of 1997 b. IPs have the right to manage their
a. Declares agricultural lands as a ancestral lands according to
vital resource. customary laws and sustainable
b. Sets criteria for land conversion practices.
and identifies Strategic c. Requires Free, Prior, and
Agriculture and Fisheries Informed Consent (FPIC) before
Development Zones (SAFDZs) any development or land use
that must be protected. change on ancestral domains.
c. Promotes sustainable land use Key Policies and Laws Related to Local Land
practices and soil conservation Use Policies Relevant Policy Instruments:
2. Republic Act No. 6657 – 1. Local Government Code of 1991 (RA
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law 7160)
(CARL) of 1988 a. Mandates local government units
a. Ensures equitable land (LGUs) to develop and
distribution to landless farmers. implement Comprehensive Land
b. Contains provisions on the Use Plans (CLUPs).
conversion of agricultural land, b. CLUPs guide land allocation for
requiring clearance from the agriculture, industry,
Department of Agrarian Reform settlements, conservation, etc.
(DAR). c. LGUs are also empowered to
3. Department of Agrarian Reform enforce zoning ordinances to
Administrative Order No. 1, Series of regulate land use.
2002 2. National Land Use Act (pending
a. Provides the rules and legislation)
procedures for the conversion of a. Proposed to create a national
agricultural lands to non- framework for land use planning.
agricultural uses. b. Seeks to harmonize policies on
b. Conversion is only allowed when agricultural protection, urban
the land is no longer expansion, and conservation.
economically viable for Challenges and Considerations:
agriculture or if it is part of an
approved urban plan.
Rural Land Use Planning vs. Urban Land Use communities led by a Datu (Agoncillo,
Planning 1990).
While both rural and urban land use planning • Land was generally accessible to
aim to manage land effectively and members of the community, with no
sustainably, but focus, priorities, and concept of private ownership.
challenges differ significantly. • Rights to land were based on use and
occupancy.
• Example: Swidden or kaingin farming
was practiced, where families cultivated
land temporarily and moved as soil
fertility declined (Zialcita, 2005).
2. Spanish Colonial Period (1565-1898)
• The Spanish colonizers introduced a
formal system of land ownership, which
marked the start of private land titles in
the Philippines.
Key policies include:
• Royal Decree of 1863:
➢ Mandated the registration of
lands to grant legal ownership to
claimants (Corpuz, 1997).
• Encomienda System:
➢ Land was granted to Spanish
encomenderos who collected
tribute from the inhabitants.
• Friar Lands:
Topic 1
➢ Catholic religious orders
Historical Perspective of Land Policies in the
acquired vast tracts of land,
Philippines
displacing many Filipino farmers
• The evolution of land policies in the
(Agoncillo, 1990).
Philippines reflects the country’s
• Example: By the late 19th century, friar
colonial history, socio-political
estates in Luzon covered over 400,000
changes, and struggles for agrarian
hectares (Corpuz, 1997).
reform.
3. American Period (1898-1946)
• From communal land tenure during pre-
• The American government implemented
colonial times to complex land
land reforms aimed at redistributing
ownership systems introduced by
land but often favored American and
colonial rulers, these policies have
elite Filipino interests.
significantly shaped Philippine society
a. Public Land Act of 1903 (Act No. 926):
Allowed individuals to acquire
1. Pre-Colonial Period
public lands but excluded many
• Before Spanish colonization, land in the
indigenous peoples due to legal
Philippines was communally owned and
and documentary requirements
managed by barangays, small
(Hayami et al., 2000).
 b. Land Registration Act of 1902 (Act No. 6. Post-Marcos and CARP Era (1988-present)
496): • The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform
Established the Torrens system Program (CARP) was signed into law in
of land titling, formalizing land 1988 through Republic Act No. 6657.
ownership. i. CARP aimed to distribute 8.1
c. Friar Lands Act of 1904: million hectares to landless
The government purchased friar farmers and farm workers.
lands for redistribution, but ii. The program faced numerous
much of it ended up with wealthy challenges, such as landowner
Filipinos (Putzel, 1992). resistance, legal loopholes, and
• Example: By the 1930s, 5% of the lack of funding.
population controlled 50% of the • Example: As of 2016, about 4.8 million
agricultural land (Hayami et al., 2000). hectares had been redistributed,
4. Post-Independence Period benefiting 2.8 million farmer
• After 1946, the Philippine government beneficiaries (DAR, 2017).
sought to address land inequality Contemporary Land Policies
through agrarian reform programs. • CARPER (Comprehensive Agrarian
a. Agricultural Tenancy Act of 1954 Reform Program Extension with
(Republic Act No. 1199): Reforms): Extended CARP in 2009
▪ Regulated tenancy relations and under Republic Act No. 9700, with
aimed to protect tenants from provisions for support services and
exploitation. stricter land acquisition rules.
b. Land Reform Act of 1955 (Republic Act • Focus has shifted toward sustainable
No. 1400): land use planning, indigenous peoples'
▪ Created the Land Tenure rights (through IPRA, RA 8371), and
Administration to acquire and addressing urban land tenure through
redistribute landed estates. programs like Pabahay ng Bayan.
• Example: Despite reforms, tenancy • Example: Under IPRA (1997), indigenous
remained high, with 60% of Filipino peoples have been granted 5.3 million
farmers classified as tenants by the hectares of ancestral domain lands
1960s (Putzel, 1992). (NCIP, 2018).
5. Martial Law and Marcos Era (1972-1986)
• President Ferdinand Marcos Conclusion
implemented the Comprehensive • Land policies in the Philippines have
Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) evolved from communal ownership to
precursor, with: privatized systems under colonial
a. Presidential Decree No. 27 (1972): powers, and eventually to redistributive
▪ Mandated the emancipation of reforms aimed at correcting historical
tenant-farmers in rice and corn inequities.
lands. • Despite significant strides, land
• Example: By 1986, around 700,000 distribution remains a complex and
hectares were distributed under PD 27, ongoing issue, intertwined with social
but many farmers lacked support justice, economic development, and
services (Borras, 2007) disaster risk management.