HYDRODYNAMICS

Math-309 Fluid Dynamics

q Where you find Fluids and Fluid-Dynamics?

q Blood flow in arteries and veins

q Interfacial fluid dynamics
q Geological fluid mechanics
q The dynamics of ocean
q Laminar-turbulent transition
q Solidification of fluids

Vortex shedding off

back of Sorrocco Island
¨ is a sub discipline of fluid mechanics that deals with fluid A viscous fluid, such as honey, does not flow readily and is said
to have a large viscosity.
flow. i.e. the science of fluids (liquids and gases) in
In contrast, water is less viscous and flows more readily; water
motion. has a smaller viscosity than honey.
¨ It has several sub disciplines itself, including The flow of a viscous fluid is an energy-dissipating process.
aerodynamics (the study of air and other gases in A fluid with zero viscosity flows in an unhindered manner with
no dissipation of energy.
motion) and hydrodynamics (the study of liquids in
Although no real fluid has zero viscosity at normal temperatures,
motion) some fluids have negligibly small viscosities.
An incompressible, nonviscous fluid is called an ideal fluid.

¨ Secondly, (fluid is incompressible)

¨ First, fluid is nonviscous

¨ This means that the velocity , density and pressure at
Means, there is no internal frictional each point in the fluid do not change with time.
forcebetween the adjacent layers of the fluid
¨ NB.
¨ Such simplifying assumption s permit us to study the
flow of fluid in a simple way.
Most liquids are nearly incompressible; that is, the density of a
liquid remains almost constant as the pressure changes.

To a good approximation, then, liquids flow in an incompressible

manner.

In contrast, gases are highly compressible. However, there are

situations in which the density of a flowing gas remains constant
enough that the flow can be considered incompressible.

Fluid:
The study of motion and the forces which cause (or
The substances which can flow are called fluid and prevent) the motion.
deforms continuously as long as any shear stress
is applied.
Three types:
qKinematics (kinetics): The description of motion:
displacement, velocity and acceleration.
qStatics: The study of forces acting on the particles or
bodies at rest.
qDynamics: The study of forces acting on the
particles and bodies in motion.
 Stress = Force /Area Basic laws of physics:
q Conservation of mass
q Shear stress/Tangential stress: q Conservation of momentum – Newton’s second law of motion
q Conservation of energy: First law of thermodynamics
The force acting parallel to the surface per unit
q Second law of thermodynamics
area of the surface.
+ Equation of state
Fluid properties e.g., density as a function of pressure and
q Normal stress: temperature.
A force acting perpendicular to the surface per unit + Constitutive laws
area of the surface. Relationship between the stresses and the deformation of the
material.

Example: Density of an ideal gas It is define as the resistance of a fluid which is being deformed
Ideal gas equation of state PV=nRT, by the application of shear stress.
P: pressure (N/m2 ), V: volume(m3 ),
T:temperature(K), n:number of moles.
qCommon fluids, e.g., water, air, mercury obey Newton's law of
r = mass = nM
V V viscosity and are known as Newtonian fluid.
pM qOther classes of fluids, e.g., paints, polymer solution, blood do not
Þr=
RT obey the typical linear relationship of stress and strain. They are
Newton’s law of viscosity: Stress α Strain (deformation) known as non-Newtonian fluids.
Unit of viscosity: Ns/m2 (Pa.s)
t a du Þ t = µ du
dy dy
µ: coefficient of viscosity(Dynamic viscosity)
 q Frequently encounter
q Many complex phenomenon
q Very Complex q Surface tension
q Walls are flexible
q Thermo-capillary flow
q Pressure-wave travels along
q In industries: oil/gas
the arteries.
q There are vary small veins q Hydrophobic nature

Challenges :
q Interfacial boundary condition.

q Numerical study becomes

On going work at IIT H
(computationally) very expensive.

When a viscous fluid flows over a solid surface, the fluid elements
adjacent to the surface attend the velocity of the surface. This
phenomenon has been established through experimental
observations and is known as “no-slip” condition.

Many research work have been conducted to understand the

velocity slip at the wall, and has been continued to be an open topic
of research.
 ¨ Fluid flow is characterized by two main types;-
¨ If the flow of fluid is steady, then all the
(i) Steady flow or streamline flow
fluid particles that pass any given point
(ii) Turbulent flow
follow the same path at the same speed.

i.e… they have the same speed

In steady flow the velocity, density and pressure of the fluid When the flow is steady, streamlines are often used to
particles at any point is constant as time passes. represent the trajectories of the fluid particles.
A streamline is a line drawn in the fluid such that a tangent
Unsteady flow exists whenever the velocity at a point in the to the streamline at any point is parallel to the fluid velocity
fluid changes as time passes. at that point.
Steady flow is often called streamline flow.
 ¨ This is the special case of steady flow in which the
velocities of all the particles on any given
streamline are the same through the particles of
different streamlines may be move at different

(a) In the steady flow of a liquid, a colored dye reveals the speed.
streamlines.

¨ Also known as
streamline flow — Laminar flow over a flat
and horizontal surface Turbulent
can be pictured as Flow
¨ Occurs when the consisting of parallel
fluid flows in and thin layers
parallel layers, with
no disruption between — Layers slide over each Laminar Flow
the layers other, thus the name
‘streamline’ or smooth.
¨ The opposite of — The paths are regular
turbulent flow (rough) and there are no
fluctuations
 ¨ 3 Conditions
¡fluid moves slowly
¡viscosity is relatively high
¡flow channel is relatively small

• Blood flow through capillaries is laminar flow, as it

satisfies the 3 conditions
• Most type of fluid flow is turbulent
• ¨ There is poor transfer of heat energy!

Turbulent flow is an extreme kind of ¨ The speed of the fluid at a point is continuously
unsteady flow and occurs when there undergoing changes in both magnitude and
direction.
are sharp obstacles or bends in the path
of a fast-moving fluid.

In turbulent flow, the velocity at a point

changes erratically from moment to
moment, both in magnitude and
direction.
¨ Oceanic and atmospheric layers and ocean
currents
¨ External flow of air/water over vehicles such as
cars/ships/submarines
¨ In racing cars, e.g. leading car causes understeer at
fast corners
¨ Turbulence during air-plane’s flight
¨ Most of terrestrial atmospheric circulation
¨ Flow of most liquids through pipes

¨ Consider a pipe of uniform cross-sectional area 𝐴1

as shown in figure below
I n physics and engineering, in particular fluid
¨ If the pipe is running full with liquid at an average
dynamics and hydrometry, the volumetric flow velocity of 𝑣1, then distance 𝑙through which the liquid
rate (also known as volume flow rate, rate of fluid moves in time t, it rate of flow will be;-
flow, Discharge (hydrology) or volume velocity) is the
volume of fluid which passes per unit time; usually
represented by the symbol Q (V̇/t).
SI unit : (m3/s).
 Rate of flow
¨ The Reynolds number Re is the ratio of the inertia
forces in the flow to the viscous forces in the flow and
can be calculated using:

• If Re < 2300, the flow will be laminar.

• If Re > 4000, the flow will be turbulent.
• If 2300 < Re < 4000, the flow is transitional
• The Reynolds number is a good guide to the type of flow

¨ The Reynold’s number can be used to

— p is the density of the fluid determine if a flow is laminar, transient or
— V is the mean fluid velocity turbulent
— D is the diameter Dynamic Pressure
— Q is the volumetric flow rate
¨ Laminar when Re < 2300
¨ Turbulent when Re > 4000
¨ Transient when 2300 < Re < 4000
— µ is the dynamic viscosity of thefluid Shearing Stress Spermatozoa 1×10−4
— v is the kinematic velocity of the fluid Blood flow in brain 1×102
— A is the pipe cross-sectional area.a Blood flow in aorta 1×103
 MACH NUMBER

MACH NUMBER, M = V/c : V à Fluid Velocity

c à Speed of sound
Lecture - 2
Questions
 Equation of Continuity

Equation of Continuity

Mass flow rate= density x volume flow rate.

[m(flow rate)=rho.V( flow rate)].
volume flow rate=velocity x volume/cross-section

Average velocity Vavg

Equation of continuity