Lesson 5.

The Basic Differentiation

Rules

Basic Calculus
Capstone Project
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
A car speedometer
tells us our current
speed when we drive.
However, this speed is
not either our
constant speed nor
our average speed
when we drive.
2
This speed is called the instantaneous rate of
change, or simply the instantaneous speed.
This concept is related to limits and
derivatives.

3
 In this lesson, we are going to derive basic
differentiation rules with the aid of the limit
definition of derivative to enable us to solve for the
derivatives of algebraic functions.

4
How do we differentiate
functions without the use of the
limit definition of derivative?

5
 Learning Competencies
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to do the following:

● Derive the differentiation rules (STEM_BC11D-

IIIf-2).

● Apply the differentiation rules in computing

the derivative of an algebraic, exponential,
and trigonometric functions (STEM_BC11D-IIIf-
3).
6
 Learning Objectives
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to do the following:

● Derive the basic differentiation rules (Constant

Rule, Power Rule, Constant Multiple Rule, Sum or
Difference Rule).

● Apply the basic differentiation rules in solving for

the derivatives of functions.

7
 The Basic Differentiation Rules

Constant Rule
The derivative of a constant function is 0. If 𝑐 is a constant,
then

𝒅
𝒄 = 𝟎.
𝒅𝒙

8
 The Basic Differentiation Rules

Proof:
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑐. We use the limit definition of a derivative to
derive the Constant Rule.

9
 The Basic Differentiation Rules

Proof:
𝑑 𝑓 𝑥+ℎ −𝑓 𝑥 Limit Definition of
𝑐 = lim
𝑑𝑥 ℎ→0 ℎ Derivative

10
 The Basic Differentiation Rules

Proof:
𝑑 𝑓 𝑥+ℎ −𝑓 𝑥 Limit Definition of
𝑐 = lim
𝑑𝑥 ℎ→0 ℎ Derivative
𝑐−𝑐
= lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
Subtraction
= lim 0
ℎ→0

11
 The Basic Differentiation Rules

Proof:
𝑑 𝑓 𝑥+ℎ −𝑓 𝑥 Limit Definition of
𝑐 = lim
𝑑𝑥 ℎ→0 ℎ Derivative
𝑐−𝑐
= lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
Subtraction
= lim 0
ℎ→0
=0 Constant Law of Limits

12
 The Basic Differentiation Rules

Proof:
𝑑
Therefore, 𝑐 = 0.
𝑑𝑥

13
 The Basic Differentiation Rules

Example:
a. If 𝑓 𝑥 = 6, then 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 0.
b. Given than 𝑦 = 24, 𝑦 ′ = 0.

14
 The Basic Differentiation Rules

Power Rule
If 𝑘 is a real number, then the derivative of the function
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑘 is

𝒅 𝒌
𝒙 = 𝒌𝒙𝒌−𝟏 .
𝒅𝒙

15
 The Basic Differentiation Rules

Proof:
We will prove the Power Rule for positive integer
exponent. The proof for negative integer and real number
exponents need more advanced techniques (Quotient
Rule and implicit differentiation, respectively) which will be
discussed in the succeeding lessons on derivatives.

16
 The Basic Differentiation Rules

Proof:
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑘 , where 𝑘 is any positive integer. We use the
limit definition of a derivative to derive the Power Rule.

17
 The Basic Differentiation Rules

𝑑 𝑥 + ℎ 𝑘
− 𝑥 𝑘 Limit Definition of
𝑥 𝑘 = lim Derivative
𝑑𝑥 ℎ→0 ℎ

18
 The Basic Differentiation Rules

Proof:
𝑘 𝑘 − 1 𝑘−2 2
𝑑 𝑘 𝑥 𝑘 + 𝑘𝑥 𝑘−1 ℎ + 𝑥 ℎ + ⋯ + 𝑘𝑥ℎ𝑘−1 + ℎ𝑘 − 𝑥 𝑘
𝑥 = lim 2
𝑑𝑥 ℎ→0 ℎ

Binomial Expansion

19
 The Basic Differentiation Rules

Proof:
𝑘 𝑘 − 1 𝑘−2 2
𝑑 𝑘 𝑘𝑥 𝑘−1 ℎ + 𝑥 ℎ + ⋯ + 𝑘𝑥ℎ𝑘−1 + ℎ𝑘
𝑥 = lim 2
𝑑𝑥 ℎ→0 ℎ
Subtraction

20
 The Basic Differentiation Rules

Proof:
𝑘 𝑘 − 1 𝑘−2
𝑑 ℎ 𝑘𝑥 𝑘−1 + 𝑥 ℎ + ⋯ + 𝑘𝑥ℎ𝑘−2 + ℎ𝑘−1
2
𝑥 𝑘 = lim
𝑑𝑥 ℎ→0 ℎ
Factor and cancel ℎ.

21
 The Basic Differentiation Rules

Proof:
𝑘−2
𝑑 𝑘 𝑘 − 1 𝑥
𝑥 𝑘 = lim 𝑘𝑥 𝑘−1 + 𝑥 𝑘−2 ℎ + ⋯ + 𝑘𝑥ℎ𝑘−2 + ℎ𝑘−1
𝑑𝑥 ℎ→0 2
= 𝑘𝑥 𝑘−1
Evaluation of limit

22
 The Basic Differentiation Rules

Proof:
𝑑
Therefore, 𝑥 𝑘 = 𝑘𝑥 𝑘−1 .
𝑑𝑥

23
 The Basic Differentiation Rules

Example:
Find the derivative of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 4 .

24
 The Basic Differentiation Rules

Example:
Find the derivative of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 4 .

The derivative of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 4 is 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 4𝑥 3 .

25
 The Basic Differentiation Rules

Constant Multiple Rule

If 𝑓 is differentiable and 𝑐 is a constant, then the derivative
of the function 𝑐 ∙ 𝑓 is

𝒅
𝒄𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒇′ 𝒙 .
𝒅𝒙

26
 The Basic Differentiation Rules

Proof:

𝑑 𝑐𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ − 𝑐𝑓 𝑥
𝑐𝑓 𝑥 = lim
𝑑𝑥 ℎ→0 ℎ

Limit Definition of Derivative

27
 The Basic Differentiation Rules

Proof:

𝑑 𝑓 𝑥+ℎ −𝑓 𝑥
𝑐𝑓 𝑥 = lim 𝑐 Factor 𝑐.
𝑑𝑥 ℎ→0 ℎ

28
 The Basic Differentiation Rules

Proof:

𝑑 𝑓 𝑥+ℎ −𝑓 𝑥
𝑐𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑐 lim
𝑑𝑥 ℎ→0 ℎ

Constant Multiple Law for Limits

29
 The Basic Differentiation Rules

Proof:
Substitution:
𝑑
𝑐𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑓 ′ 𝑥 ′
𝑓 𝑥+ℎ −𝑓 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

30
 The Basic Differentiation Rules

Proof:
𝑑
Therefore, 𝑐𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑓 ′ 𝑥 .
𝑑𝑥

31
 The Basic Differentiation Rules

Example:
Use the Constant Multiple Rule to find the derivative of
𝑓 𝑥 = 4𝑥 6 .

32
 The Basic Differentiation Rules

Example:
Use the Constant Multiple Rule to find the derivative of
𝑓 𝑥 = 4𝑥 6 .

The derivative of 𝑓 𝑥 = 4𝑥 6 is 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 24𝑥 5 .

33
 The Basic Differentiation Rules

Sum or Difference Rule

Let 𝑓 and 𝑔 be differentiable functions, then the sum (or
difference) of 𝑓 and 𝑔 is also differentiable.

The derivative of the sum of 𝑓 and 𝑔 is given by

𝒅
𝒇 𝒙 +𝒈 𝒙 = 𝒇′ 𝒙 + 𝒈′ 𝒙 .
𝒅𝒙

34
 The Basic Differentiation Rules

Sum or Difference Rule

The derivative of the sum of 𝑓 and 𝑔 is given by

𝒅
𝒇 𝒙 −𝒈 𝒙 = 𝒇′ 𝒙 − 𝒈′ 𝒙 .
𝒅𝒙

35
 The Basic Differentiation Rules

Proof:
𝑑 𝑓 𝑥+ℎ +𝑔 𝑥+ℎ − 𝑓 𝑥 +𝑔 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 +𝑔 𝑥 = lim
𝑑𝑥 ℎ→0 ℎ

Limit Definition of Derivative

36
 The Basic Differentiation Rules

Proof:
𝑑 𝑓 𝑥+ℎ +𝑔 𝑥+ℎ −𝑓 𝑥 −𝑔 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 +𝑔 𝑥 = lim
𝑑𝑥 ℎ→0 ℎ

Distributivity

37
 The Basic Differentiation Rules

Proof:
𝑑 𝑓 𝑥+ℎ −𝑓 𝑥 +𝑔 𝑥+ℎ −𝑔 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 +𝑔 𝑥 = lim
𝑑𝑥 ℎ→0 ℎ

Associativity

38
 The Basic Differentiation Rules

Proof:
𝑑 𝑓 𝑥+ℎ −𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥+ℎ −𝑔 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 +𝑔 𝑥 = lim + lim
𝑑𝑥 ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ

Sum or Difference Law for Limits

39
 The Basic Differentiation Rules

Proof:
𝑑
𝑓 𝑥 +𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 + 𝑔′(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

Limit Definition of Derivative

40
 The Basic Differentiation Rules

Example:
Use the Sum or Difference Rule to find the derivative of
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥3 + 𝑥2.

41
 The Basic Differentiation Rules

Example:
Use the Sum or Difference Rule to find the derivative of
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥3 + 𝑥2.

The derivative of the function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 is

𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥.

42
What differentiation rules can
be used to get the derivative of
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓?

43
 Let’s Practice!

Find the derivative of 𝒚 = 𝟒𝒙𝟕 .

44
 Let’s Practice!

Find the derivative of 𝒚 = 𝟒𝒙𝟕 .

𝒚′ = 𝟐𝟖𝒙𝟔

45
Try It!

Find the derivative of 𝒚 = −𝟓𝒙𝟗 .

46
Tips

In differentiating functions of the

form 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒄 ∙ 𝒙𝒌 , we can find the
derivative of the function by
multiplying the exponent to the
coefficient of the function and
subtracting 1 from the exponent.

47
Tips

To differentiate the function

𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟑𝒙𝟔 , we can directly multiply
the exponent 6 to the coefficient 3
and subtract 1 from the exponent.
Thus, the derivative of the function
will be 𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟖𝒙𝟓 .

48
 Let’s Practice!

What is the derivative of the function

𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟖?

49
 Let’s Practice!

What is the derivative of the function

𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟖?

𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟔

50
Try It!

What is the derivative of the function

𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟗𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟔?

51
 Let’s Practice!

Find the equation of the line tangent to the curve

𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙𝟐 at 𝒙 = 𝟏.

52
 Let’s Practice!

Find the equation of the line tangent to the curve

𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙𝟐 at 𝒙 = 𝟏.

𝒚 = 𝒙 − 𝟏 or 𝒙 − 𝒚 = 𝟏

53
Try It!

Find the equation of the line tangent to

the curve 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟒 − 𝒙𝟐 at 𝒙 = −𝟏.

54
 Let’s Practice!

Find the instantaneous rate of change in

𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟑𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓 with respect to 𝒙 at the instant
when 𝒙 = 𝟏.

55
 Let’s Practice!

Find the instantaneous rate of change in

𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟑𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓 with respect to 𝒙 at the instant
when 𝒙 = 𝟏.

𝟏𝟏

56
Try It!

Find the instantaneous rate of change in

𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗 with respect to 𝒙 at
the instant when 𝒙 = −𝟐.

57
Remember

The first derivative of the function 𝒇 𝒙

tells us about the instantaneous rate of
change when 𝒙 = 𝒄, where 𝒄 is a constant.
● If 𝒇′ 𝒙 > 𝟎, the function is increasing
at the instant when 𝒙 = 𝒄.
● If 𝒇′ 𝒙 < 𝟎, the function is decreasing
at the instant when 𝒙 = 𝒄.

58
Lesson 5.2

The Product and Quotient

Rules of Differentiation

Basic Calculus
Capstone Project
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
In the field of
manufacturing, an
excellent analysis of
the production cost,
revenue, and profit is
very important.
60
One of the concepts
used in business
analysis is the
marginal cost of
production. This refers
to the change in total
production cost that
comes from producing
one additional unit of
a product. 61
This is used to
determine whether
revenue will
significantly increase
because of the
increase in
production. This
concept is related to
the derivative of the
cost function. 62
 In this lesson, we will learn how to get the
derivative of a function using other derivative
rules.

63
How will you find the derivative
of the product or quotient of
functions?

64
 Learning Competencies
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to do the following:

● Derive the differentiation rules

(STEM_BC11D-IIIf-2).

● Apply the differentiation rules in

computing the derivative of algebraic
functions (STEM_BC11D-IIIf-3).
65
 Learning Objectives
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to do the following:

● Derive the Product and Quotient Rules of

Differentiation.

● Apply the Product and Quotient Rules of

Differentiation in solving for the derivatives of
functions.

66
 Product Rule of Differentiation

Product Rule
Let 𝑓 and 𝑔 be differentiable functions. It follows that the
product 𝑓𝑔 is also differentiable. Its derivative is given by

𝑑
𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔′ 𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑥 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 .
𝑑𝑥

67
 Product Rule of Differentiation

This rule tells us that the derivative of the product of two

functions 𝑓 𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑥 is equal to the sum of the product
of 𝑓 𝑥 and the derivative of 𝑔 𝑥 , and the product of the
function 𝑔 𝑥 and the derivative of 𝑓 𝑥 .

68
 Product Rule of Differentiation

Example:
Using the Product Rule, we can determine the derivative
of 𝑓 𝑥 = (𝑥 3 + 2)(4𝑥 2 + 6𝑥).

69
 Product Rule of Differentiation

Example:
Using the Product Rule, we can determine the derivative
of 𝑓 𝑥 = (𝑥 3 + 2)(4𝑥 2 + 6𝑥).

The derivative of the function is

𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 20𝑥 4 + 24𝑥 3 + 16𝑥 + 12.

70
 Let’s Practice!

Find the derivative of 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟓𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 using the

Product Rule.

71
 Let’s Practice!

Find the derivative of 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟓𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 using the

Product Rule.

𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝟐𝟎𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝟎𝒙𝟐

72
Try It!

Find the derivative of

𝒇 𝒙 = −𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟑 𝟐𝒙𝟒 − 𝒙 using the Product
Rule.

73
 Let’s Practice!
𝟐
Determine 𝒚′ given that 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒙
𝟐
using the
Product Rule.

74
 Let’s Practice!
𝟐
Determine 𝒚′ given that 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒙
𝟐
using the
Product Rule.

𝒚′ = 𝟏𝟔𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙

75
Try It!

𝟐 𝟐
Determine 𝒚′ given that 𝒚 = 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟕𝒙 .

76
 Let’s Practice!

What is 𝒈′ 𝒙 given that 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝟏 + 𝒙 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟕 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐 ?

77
 Let’s Practice!

What is 𝒈′ 𝒙 given that 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝟏 + 𝒙 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟕 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐 ?

𝒈′ 𝒙 = 𝟖𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏𝟓𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟏𝟎

78
Try It!

What is 𝒈′ 𝒙 given that

𝒈 𝒙 = 𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟖 ?

79
 Quotient Rule of Differentiation

Quotient Rule
Let 𝑓 and 𝑔 be differentiable functions. The quotient of 𝑓
and 𝑔 is also differentiable at all values of 𝑥 for which
𝑔′ 𝑥 ≠ 0. Its derivative is given by

𝑑 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 𝑓′ 𝑥 − 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔′ 𝑥
= 2
.
𝑑𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥

80
 Quotient Rule of Differentiation

This rule tells us that the derivative of the quotient of two

functions 𝑓 𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑥 is equal to the difference of the
product of 𝑔 𝑥 and the derivative of 𝑓 𝑥 , and the product
of the function 𝑓 𝑥 and the derivative of 𝑔 𝑥 , divided by
the square of 𝑔 𝑥 .

81
 Quotient Rule of Differentiation

Example:
Using the Quotient Rule, we can determine the derivative
𝑥−2
of the function 𝑓 𝑥 = .
𝑥+3

82
 Quotient Rule of Differentiation

Example:
Using the Quotient Rule, we can determine the derivative
𝑥−2
of the function 𝑓 𝑥 = .
𝑥+3

5 5
The derivative is 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = or 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = .
𝑥+3 2 𝑥 2 +6𝑥+9

83
 Let’s Practice!
𝟑𝒙𝟐
Find the derivative of 𝒇 𝒙 = using the Quotient
𝟐𝒙𝟐 −𝟗
Rule.

84
 Let’s Practice!
𝟑𝒙𝟐
Find the derivative of 𝒇 𝒙 = using the Quotient
𝟐𝒙𝟐 −𝟗
Rule.

𝟓𝟒𝒙 𝟓𝟒𝒙
𝒇′ 𝒙 =− 𝟐 or 𝒇′ 𝒙 = − 𝟒
𝟐𝒙𝟐 −𝟗 𝟒𝒙 −𝟑𝟔𝒙𝟐 +𝟖𝟏

85
Try It!

𝟏𝟎𝒙𝟑
Find the derivative of 𝒇 𝒙 = using
𝟒𝒙𝟒 +𝟓
the Quotient Rule.

86
Remember

Be careful in writing the order of the

terms in the numerator using the
Quotient Rule. The rule involves
subtraction in which the order of the
terms is very important.

87
 Let’s Practice!

𝟔𝒙𝟑 −𝟑𝒙𝟐
What is the derivative of the function 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝟐 ?
𝒙𝟑

88
 Let’s Practice!

𝟔𝒙𝟑 −𝟑𝒙𝟐
What is the derivative of the function 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝟐 ?
𝒙𝟑

𝟖 𝟓
𝟒 𝟏
𝟏𝟒𝒙 −𝟑𝒙𝟑
𝟑
𝒈′ 𝒙 = 𝟒 or 𝒈′ 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟒𝒙 − 𝟒𝒙
𝟑 𝟑
𝒙𝟑
89
Try It!

What is the derivative of the function

𝟒𝒙𝟒 −𝟏𝟎𝒙𝟐
𝒈 𝒙 = 𝟒 ?
𝒙𝟓

90
Tips

𝑎+𝑏
The expression can be expressed as
𝑐
𝑎 𝑏
+ . In the previous example, we can
𝑐 𝑐
express the given function into this
form and then use the Sum or
Difference Rule and Power Rule to
differentiate the resulting function.

91
Tips

6𝑥 3 −3𝑥 2
The function 𝑔 𝑥 = 2 can be
𝑥3
6𝑥 3 3𝑥 2
expressed as 𝑔 𝑥 = 2 − 2 . It can be
𝑥3 𝑥3
7 4
simplified further as 𝑔 𝑥 = 6𝑥 − 3𝑥 . 3 3

Then, 𝑔 can be differentiated without

using the Quotient Rule.

92
Tips

7 4
𝑔 𝑥 = 6𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 3
7 4 4 1
𝑔′ 𝑥 = 6𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 3
3 3
4 1
𝑔′ 𝑥 = 14𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 3

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 Let’s Practice!
𝒙+𝟒 𝟐𝒙−𝟗
Determine 𝒉′ 𝒙 if 𝒉 𝒙 = .
𝒙+𝟑

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 Let’s Practice!
𝒙+𝟒 𝟐𝒙−𝟗
Determine 𝒉′ 𝒙 if 𝒉 𝒙 = .
𝒙+𝟑

𝟐𝒙𝟐 +𝟏𝟐𝒙+𝟑𝟑 𝟐𝒙𝟐 +𝟏𝟐𝒙+𝟑𝟑

𝒉′ 𝒙 = or 𝒉′ 𝒙 =
𝒙+𝟑 𝟐 𝒙𝟐 +𝟔𝒙+𝟗

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Try It!

𝟐𝒙−𝟓 𝟓𝒙+𝟖
Determine 𝒉′ 𝒙 if 𝒉 𝒙 = .
𝟑𝒙−𝟗

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 Let’s Practice!

Find the equation of the line tangent to the curve

𝒙+𝟑
𝒇 𝒙 = at 𝒙 = 𝟏.
𝒙

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 Let’s Practice!

Find the equation of the line tangent to the curve

𝒙+𝟑
𝒇 𝒙 = at 𝒙 = 𝟏.
𝒙

𝒚 = −𝟑𝒙 + 𝟕

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Try It!

Find the equation of the line tangent to

𝒙+𝟕
the curve 𝒚 = at 𝒙 = −𝟏.
𝒙𝟐 +𝟐

99
How will you differentiate the
𝟐𝒙𝟐
function 𝒈 𝒙 = ?
𝟔𝒙−𝟏 𝒙+𝟓

100
 Let’s Sum It Up!

The following are the Basic Differentiation Rules,

which were all derived from the limit definition of
derivatives.

● Constant Rule
𝑑
𝑐 =0
𝑑𝑥

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 Let’s Sum It Up!

● Power Rule

𝑑 𝑘
𝑥 = 𝑘𝑥 𝑘−1
𝑑𝑥

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 Let’s Sum It Up!

● Constant Multiple Rule

𝑑
𝑐𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑐 ∙ 𝑓′ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

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 Let’s Sum It Up!

● Sum or Difference Rule

𝑑
𝑓 𝑥 +𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 + 𝑔′ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
𝑓 𝑥 −𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 − 𝑔′ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

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 Key Formulas

Concept Formula Description

Use this formula to

Constant Rule 𝑑
𝑐 =0 solve for the derivative
𝑑𝑥
of a constant function.

Use this formula to

Power Rule 𝑑 𝑘
𝑥 = 𝑘𝑥 𝑘−1 solve for the derivative
𝑑𝑥
of a variable raised to a
real number exponent.

105
 Key Formulas

Concept Formula Description

Use this formula to

Constant 𝑑
𝑐𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑓 ′ 𝑥 solve for the derivative
Multiple Rule 𝑑𝑥
of a constant times a
function.

Use this formula to

Sum or 𝑑
𝑓 𝑥 +𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓′ 𝑥 + 𝑔′ 𝑥 solve for the derivative
Difference Rule 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 of sum or difference of
𝑓 𝑥 −𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓′ 𝑥 − 𝑔′ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 functions.

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 Let’s Sum It Up!

The following are additional basic differentiation rules that

were derived from the limit definition of derivative.

● Product Rule
𝑑
𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔′ 𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑥 𝑓 ′ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

107
 Let’s Sum It Up!

The following are additional basic differentiation rules that

were derived from the limit definition of derivative.

● Quotient Rule
𝑑 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 + 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔′ 𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 2

108
 Key Formulas

Concept Formula Description

Use this formula to solve

Product 𝑑
𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔′ 𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑥 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 for the derivative of a
Rule 𝑑𝑥
product of functions.

Use this formula to solve

Quotient 𝑑 𝑓 𝑥
=
𝑔 𝑥 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 − 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔′ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 2 for the derivative of a
Rule
quotient of functions.
𝑔 𝑥 ≠0

109
Bibliography

Edwards, C.H., and David E. Penney. Calculus: Early Transcendentals. 7th ed. Upper Saddle River, New
Jersey: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2008.

Larson, Ron H., and Bruce H. Edwards. Essential Calculus: Early Transcendental Functions. Boston:
Houghton Mifflin, 2008.

Leithold, Louis. The Calculus 7. New York: HarperCollins College Publ., 1997.

Smith, Robert T., and Roland B. Milton. Calculus. New York: McGraw Hill, 2012.

Tan, Soo T. Applied Calculus for the Managerial, Life, and Social Sciences: A Brief Approach. Australia:
Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning, 2012.

110
Bibliography

Edwards, C.H., and David E. Penney. Calculus: Early Transcendentals. 7th ed. Upper Saddle River, New
Jersey: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2008.

Larson, Ron H., and Bruce H. Edwards. Essential Calculus: Early Transcendental Functions. Boston:
Houghton Mifflin, 2008.

Leithold, Louis. The Calculus 7. New York: HarperCollins College Publ., 1997.

Smith, Robert T., and Roland B. Milton. Calculus. New York: McGraw Hill, 2012.

Tan, Soo T. Applied Calculus for the Managerial, Life, and Social Sciences: A Brief Approach. Australia:
Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning, 2012.

111