Sheet (2)

I. Single Phase Transformers

1- A 25 kVA transformer has 500 turns on the primary and 50 turns on the secondary winding.
The primary is connected to 3000 V, 50 Hz supply. Find the full load primary and secondary
currents, the secondary emf and the maximum flux in the core. Neglect leakage and no load
primary current.

2- A 2300/230 V, 1-phase, two winding ideal transformer has a load of 10 Ω connected to

its secondary. If the primary of the transformer is connected to 2000 V, determine:
a- The secondary and primary currents.
b- The input impedance as seen from the line.
c- The output power of the transformer in kVA and in kW.
d- The input power of the transformer in kVA and in kW.

3- A transformer has a primary winding of 800 turns and a secondary winding of 200 turns.
When the load current on the secondary is 80 A at 0.8 power factor lagging, the primary
current is 25 A at 0.707 power factor lagging. Determine graphically or otherwise the no-load
current of the transformer and its phase with respect to the voltage.

4- The no-load current of a transformer is 0.5 A at a 0.3 p.f. when supplied at 230 V, 50 Hz. The
number of turns on the primary winding is 200 Calculate:
a- The maximum value of the flux in the core.
b- The core losses.
c- The magnetizing current.

5- The following data refer to a single phase transformer:

Turns ratio 19.5 : 1 , R1=25 Ω , X1=100 Ω , R2=0.06 Ω , X2=0.25 Ω . No-load current = 1.25 A
leading the flux by 30˚. The secondary delivers 200 A at a terminal voltage of 500 V and
power factor of 0.8 lagging. Determine by the aid of the vector diagram the primary applied
voltage, the primary power factor and the efficiency.

6- The equivalent circuit for a 200/400 V step up transformer has the following parameters
referred to the low voltage side.
Equivalent resistance = 0.15 Ω, equivalent reactance = 0.37 Ω, core-loss component
resistance = 600 Ω, magnetizing reactance = 300 Ω.
When the transformer is supplying a load of 10 A at power factor of 0.8 lag, calculate the
primary current and secondary terminal voltage.
7- A 1-ph, 10 kVA, 500/250 V, 50 Hz transformer has the following constants:
Reactance : primary 2 ohm, secondary 0.5 ohm
Resistance : primary 0.4 ohm, secondary 0.1 ohm
Resistance of exciting current referred to primary Ro = 1500 ohm
Reactance of exciting current referred to primary X o = 750 ohm
What would be the readings of the instruments when the transformer is connected for the
O.C. and S.C. tests?

8- Obtain the equivalent circuit of a 200/400 V, 50 Hz, 1-ph transformer from the following test
data:
O.C. Test: 200 V, 0.7 A, 70 W on LV side
S.C. Test: 15 V, 10 A, 85 W on HV side
Calculate the secondary voltage when delivering 5 kW at 0.8 power factor lagging. The
primary voltage is 200 V.

9- A 100 kVA, 6600/250 V, 50 Hz, transformer gave the following results:

O.C. Test: 900 W, normal voltage.
S.C. Test: 12 A, 290 V, 860 W. Calculate:
a- The efficiency and percentage regulation at full load at 0.8 power factor lagging.
b- The efficiency at 1.2 rated kVA and 0.8 power factor.
c- The load at which the maximum efficiency occurs and the value of this efficiency at power
factors of unity, 0.8 lagging and 0.8 leading.

10- A 20- kVA, 2200/220 V, 50 Hz distribution transformer is tested for efficiency and regulation
as follows:
O.C. Test: 220 V 4.2 A 148 W
S.C. Test: 86 V 10.5 A 360 W
Determine:
a- Core losses.
b- Equivalent resistance referred to primary.
c- Equivalent resistance referred to secondary.
d- Equivalent reactance referred to primary.
e- Equivalent reactance referred to secondary.
f- Regulation of transformer at full load and 0.8 power factor lagging.
g- Efficiency at full load and half full load at 0.8 power factor lagging.

1- A 1-phase, 25 kVA, 220/440 V, 50 Hz transformer gave the following test results:

O.C. test 220 V 9.5 A 650 watt
 S.C. test 37.5 V 55 A 950 watt
Calculate:
1- The full load efficiency at 0.8 power factor.
2- The maximum efficiency at unity power factor.
3- The voltage regulation at full load and 0.8 power factor lagging.
4- The maximum voltage regulation at full load.

12- A 5 kVA, 2300/230 V, 50 Hz transformer was tested for the iron losses with normal
excitation and copper losses at full load and these were found to be 40 W and 112 W
respectively. Calculate the efficiencies of the transformer at 0.8 power factor for the
following kVA outputs:
1.25 2.5 3.75 5 6.25 7.5
Plot the efficiency vs. output curve.
13- A 600 kVA, 1-ph transformer when working at unity power factor has an efficiency of 92% at
full load and also at half full load. Determine its efficiency when it operates at unity power
factor and 60% of full load.

14- Find the all-day efficiency of a 500 kVA distribution transformer whose copper losses and
iron losses at full load are 4.5 kW and 3.5 kW respectively. During a day of 24 hours, it is
loaded as under:
No. of hours Load in kW Power factor
6 400 0.8
10 300 0.75
4 100 0.8
4 0 ----

15- Two 100 kW transformers each has a maximum efficiency of 98%. But in one the maximum
efficiency occurs at full load while in the other it occurs at half load. Each transformer is on
full load for 4 hours, on half load for 6 hours and on one-tenth load for 14 hours per day.
Determine the all-day efficiency of each transformer.

16- A 200 kVA transformer has an efficiency of 98% at full load. If the maximum efficiency
occurs at three-quarters of full load, calculate:
a- Iron and Copper losses.
b- Efficiency at half load.
Ignore the magnetizing current and assume a p.f. of 0.8 at all loads.

17- A 1-ph, 2300/230 V, 50 Hz transformer has the following constants:

 Reactance: primary 0.73 ohm, secondary referred to primary 0.73 ohm.
Resistance: primary 0.286 ohm, secondary referred to primary 0.319 ohm.
Resistance of exciting circuit referred to primary Ro = 250 ohm.
Reactance of exciting current referred to primary Xo = 1250 ohm.
Load impedance = 0.387 + j0.29 ohm.
Solve the exact equivalent circuit at normal voltage and frequency.

18- A 200 kVA, 6350/660 V, 1-phase transformer has the following winding impedances:

On no-load the transformer takes a current of 0.96 A at power factor of 0.263 lagging on
the high voltage side. Calculate:
1- The equivalent circuit parameters referred to the high voltage side. Draw the
approximate equivalent circuit.
2- The voltage regulation at full load and 0.8 power factor lagging.
3- The maximum voltage regulation at full load.
4- The efficiency of the transformer at full load and 0.8 power factor lagging.
5- The maximum efficiency at 0.8 power factor lagging.

19- A 20 kVA, 2400/240 V two winding step-down transformer connected as an auto-

transformer with additive polarity with turns 2400/2640 V. Compute:
a) Original current capacity of HV winding.
b) Original current capacity of LV winding.
c) kVA rating of the auto-transformer using current capacity of LV winding as calculated
in (b)
d) Percent increase in kVA capacity of the auto-transformer as compared to the original
two winding transformer.
e) Values of primary and common currents of the auto-transformer.

20- Two 1-ph transformers A and B are operating in parallel and supplying a common load of
1000 kVA at 0.8 power factor lagging. The data regarding the transformers are as follows:
Transformer Rating ( kVA ) % Resistance % Reactance
A 750 3 5
B 500 2 4
Determine the loading of each transformer.

21- Two transformers A and B gave the following test results; with the low tension short-
circuited transformer A takes a current of 10 A at 200 V, the power input being 1000 W.
Similarly, B takes 30 A at 200 V, the power input being 1500 W. On open circuit, both
 transformers gave a secondary voltage of 220 V when 11000 volts are applied to the
primary terminals. These transformers are connected in parallel on both high tension and
low tension sides. Calculate the current and power in each transformer when supplying a
load of 200 A at 0.8 p.f. lagging.

II. Multiple Choice Questions

1- Insulated Laminations coated with varnish are normally used in transformer
a- to reduce reluctance of the magnetic path
b- to reduce the effect of eddy current
c- to increase reluctance of the magnetic path
d- to reduce the hysteresis effect

2- The required thickness of laminations in a transformer decreases when

a- the applied frequency increases b- the applied frequency decreases c- the applied
voltage increases d- the applied voltage decreases

3- Oil in transformer is used to

a- transfer electrical energy b- insulate the windings
c- cool the windings d- none of the above

4- Transformer harming sound is reduced by the

a- proper bracing of transformer's assemblies b- proper insulation c- design
d- proper design of winding

5- A transformer used only for electrical isolation between two circuits has turns ratio which
is
a- more than unity b- less than unity
c- equal to unity d- more than 0.5

6- If 110% of normal voltage and 110% of normal frequency is applied to a transformer, the
percent change of eddy current loss is
a- 10% b- 20% c- 25% d- 21%

7- A transformer has two 2400 V primary coils and two 240 V secondary coils. By proper
connection of the windings, the transformation ratio that can be obtained is
a- 10 b- 5 c- 20 d – all the above
8- A single phase, 2200/200 V transformer takes 1 A at LT side on no-load at power factor of
0.385 lagging, the iron losses are
a- 167 W b- 77 W c- 88 W d- 98 W

9- Neglecting resistance, at constant flux density, the power required per kg to magnetize the
iron core of the transformer is 0.8 W at 25 Hz and 2.04 W at 60 Hz. The power required per
kg at 100 Hz is
a- 3.8 W b- 3.63 W c- 3.4 W d- 5.2 W

10- Select the correct statement

a- emf per turn of both transformer windings are equal
b- emf per turn in HV winding > the emf per turn in LV winding
c- emf per turn in HV winding < the emf per turn in LV winding
d- none of the above

11- The flux involved in the emf equation of a transformer has

a- rms value b- average value c- total value
d- maximum value

12- The no-load current in a transformer lags the applied voltage by

a- 90 b- about 75 c- 0 d- about 110

13- High leakage impedance transformers are used for applications such as
a- power distribution b- electric toys
c- arc welding d- fluorescent lamps

14- A transformer 2000 kVA, 250 Hz is to operate at 50 Hz, its kVA rating should be revised to
a- 400 kVA b- 10000 kVA c- 2000 kVA d- can not be revised

15- The efficiency of a transformer is usually in the range of

a- 50 – 60 % b- 65 – 75 % c- 70 – 90 % d- 90 – 98 %

16- Transfer of electric power from primary to secondary in a transformer takes place
a- electrically b- electromagnetically
c- magnetically d- none of these

17- the thickness of a 50 Hz transformer lamination is

a- 0.35 cm b- 0.35 mm c- 0.33 m d- 0.30 cm
18- The full-load efficiency of a transformer at 0.85 power factor lagging is 97 %. Its efficiency
at full load and 0.85 power factor leading will be
a- 99 % b- 96 % c- 97 % d- 98 %

19- The open circuit test of a transformer gives information about

a- core losses of the transformer b- copper losses of the transformer c-
exciting current d- both (a) and (c)

20- The short circuit test of a transformer gives information about

a- copper losses of the transformer b- core losses of the transformer
c- winding circuit impedance
d- both (a) and (c)

21- the all-day efficiency of a transformer is

a- equal to its power efficiency b- less than its power efficiency
c- more than its power efficiency d- none of these

22- The power efficiency of a transformer depends on the value of

a- load current b- supply frequency
c- power factor of the load d- both (a) and (c)

23- A ferrite core has less eddy current loss than an iron core because ferrites have
a- Lower permeability b- high hysteresis
c- alnico as the main constituent d- high resistance

24- The maximum voltage regulation of a transformer occurs at a power factor of

a- Unity b- lagging

c- leading d- leading

25- The zero voltage regulation of a transformer occurs at a power factor of:
a- Unity b- lagging

c- leading d- leading
26- A transformer is connected to a constant voltage source. If the supply frequency decreases,
magnetic flux in the core will
a- increase b- decrease c- remain unchanged d- none of these

27- The power in an auto-transformer is transferred through

a- induction process b- convection process
c- conduction process d- both (a) and (c)

28- The efficiency of an auto-transformer for the same output compared to a two winding
transformer is
a- greater b- lesser c- poor d- none of these

29- The condition for successful parallel operation of transformers is

a- correct polarity
b- per unit impedance based on their ratings should be equal
c- identical voltage and frequency ratings
d- equal ratio of equivalent resistance and reactance
e- all of these

30- During parallel operation of transformers, incorrect polarity will result in:
a- open circuit b- dead short circuit c- regeneration power
d- power factor of transformer will be different from that of the load

31- A 10 kVA, 400/200 V single phase transformer with 10 % impedance draws a steady short
circuit current of:
a- 50 A b- 150 A c- 250 A d- 350 A

32- A 400/100 V, 10 kVA two winding transformer is reconnected as an auto-transformer

across a suitable voltage source. The maximum kVA is:
a- 50 kVA b- 15 kVA c- 12.5 kVA d- 8.75 kVA

33- In operating a 400 Hz transformer at 50 Hz:

a- only voltage is reduced in the same proportion as the frequency
b- only kVA is reduced in the same proportion as the frequency
c- both voltage and kVA are reduced in the same proportion as the frequency
d- none of the above

34- In performing the short circuit test of a transformer

 a- high voltage side is usually short circuited
b- low voltage side is usually short circuited
c- any side is short circuited d- none of these

35- In performing the open circuit test of a transformer

a- high voltage side is usually kept open
b- low voltage side is usually kept open
c- any side can be kept open d- none of the above

36- In the transformer circuit model, the core loss is represented as

a- series resistance b - series inductance
c- shunt resistance d- shunt inductance

37- While performing short circuit test on a transformer the applied voltage magnitude is kept
constant but the frequency is increased. The short circuit current will
a- increase b- decrease c- remain the same d- none of the above

38- A transformer has a hysteresis loss of 30 W at 240 V, 60 Hz. The hysteresis loss at 200 V, 50
Hz will be
a- 20.8 W b- 25 W c- 30 W d- 36 W

39- In a transformer the exciting current will be in phase quadrature with the applied voltage
provided
a- only the leakage impedance drop is ignored
b- only the core loss is ignored
c- both the leakage impedance drop and the core loss are ignored
d- only no-load copper loss is ignored
40- The magnetizing impedance of a transformer is determined by
a- short circuit test b- open circuit test
c- both open circuit and short circuit tests d- none of these

41- A transformer is to be tested at full load conditions while consuming only losses from the
supply. The test is
a- Load test b- open circuit and short circuit tests
c- back to back test d- none of these

42- In a transformer operating at constant voltage if the input frequency increases the core loss
will
 a- Increase b- decrease c- remain constant
b- increase as the square of the frequency

43- is the resistance of the primary winding of a transformer. The turns ratio in terms of
primary to secondary is . The equivalent resistance of the primary referred to secondary is
a- b- c- d - none of these

44- If are the induced emf and the terminal voltage in the secondary winding during
load, the voltage regulation of the transformer is given by
a- b- c- d-

45- One transformer has leakage impedance of (1+j4) Ω and (3+j4) Ω for its primary and
secondary windings respectively. The transformer has
a- low voltage primary b- high voltage primary
c- medium voltage primary d- none of the above

46- A single phase transformer has its maximum efficiency at 60 % of full load. At full load the
copper loss will be
a- equal to core loss b- less than core loss
c- more than core loss d- zero

47- The flux in a magnetic core is alternating sinusoidally at a frequency of 600 Hz. The
maximum flux density is 2 T and the eddy current loss is 15 watt. If the frequency is raised
to 800 Hz and the maximum flux density is reduced to 1.5 T, the eddy current loss will be
a- The same b- reduced to half
c- doubled d- increased by 50 %

b- The core flux in a transformer depends mainly on

a- supply voltage b- supply voltage and frequency
c- supply voltage, frequency and load
d- supply voltage and load but independent of frequency

Answers
1- b 2- a 3- c 4- a 5- c
6- d 7- d 8- b 9- b 10- a
11- d 12- b 13- c 14- a 15- d
16- b 17- b 18- c 19- d 20-d
21- b 22- d 23-d 24- b 25- d
26- a 27- d 28- a 29- e 30- b
31- c 32- a 33- c 34- b 35- a
36- c 37- b 38- b 39- b 40- b
41- c 42- a 43- c 44- a 45- a
46- c 47- a 48- b