Wi-Fi

The Wi-Fi logo used by the Wi-Fi Alliance.

Wi-Fi, also spelled Wifi or WiFi, is a popular technology that allows an electronic
device to exchange data or connect to the internet wirelessly usingradio waves. The Wi-Fi
Alliance defines Wi-Fi as any "wireless local area network (WLAN) products that are based
on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers' (IEEE) 802.11 standards". However,
since most modern WLANs are based on these standards, the term "Wi-Fi" is used in general
English as a synonym for "WLAN". Only Wi-Fi products that complete Wi-Fi
Alliance interoperability certification testing successfully may use the "Wi-Fi CERTIFIED"
trademark.

Many devices can use Wi-Fi, e.g. personal computers, video-game

consoles, smartphones, some digital cameras, tablet computers and digital audio players.
These can connect to a network resource such as the Internet via a wireless network access
point. Such an access point (or hotspot) has a range of about 20 meters (65 feet) indoors and a
greater range outdoors. Hotspot coverage can comprise an area as small as a single room with
walls that block radio waves, or as large as many square miles achieved by using multiple
overlapping access points.

Wi-Fi can be less secure than wired connections (such as Ethernet) because an intruder
does not need a physical connection. Web pages that useSSL are secure but unencrypted
internet access can easily be detected by intruders. Because of this, Wi-Fi has adopted various
encryption technologies. The early encryption WEP, proved easy to break. Higher quality
protocols (WPA, WPA2) were added later. An optional feature added in 2007, called Wi-Fi
Protected Setup (WPS), had a serious flaw that allowed an attacker to recover the router's
password. The Wi-Fi Alliance has since updated its test plan and certification program to
ensure all newly certified devices resist attacks.

History
802.11 technology has its origins in a 1985 ruling by the US Federal Communications
Commission that released the ISM band for unlicensed use. In 1991, NCR

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Corporation with AT&T Corporation invented the precursor to 802.11 intended for use in
cashier systems. The first wireless products were under the name WaveLAN.A large number
of patents by many companies are used in 802.11 standard.Vic Hayes has been called the
"father of Wi-Fi" by some, due to his involvement in negotiating the initial standards within
the IEEE while chairing the workgroup.

A key patent used in Wi-Fi was developed by the Australian radioastronomer John
O'Sullivan as a by-product in a CSIRO research project, "a failed experiment to detect
exploding mini black holes the size of an atomic particle". In 1992 and
1996, Australian organization CSIRO obtained patents for a method later used in Wi-Fi to
"unsmear" the signal.In 1999, the Wi-Fi Alliance was formed as a trade association to hold
the Wi-Fi trademark under which most products are sold.

In April 2009, 14 tech companies agreed to pay CSIRO $250 million for infringements
on CSIRO patents. This led to Wi-Fi being attributed in Australia as an Australian
invention, though this has been the subject of some controversy. CSIRO won a further $220
million settlement for Wi-Fi patent infringements in 2012 with global firms in the United
States required to pay the CSIRO licensing rights estimated to be worth an additional $1
billion in royalties.

The Name
The term Wi-Fi, commercially used at least as early as August 2000, was coined by a
brand-consulting firm called Interbrand Corporation. The Wi-Fi Alliance had hired
Interbrand to determine a name that was "a little catchier than 'IEEE 802.11b Direct
Sequence'". Phil Belanger, a founding member of the Wi-Fi Alliance who presided over the
selection of the name "Wi-Fi," also stated that Interbrand invented Wi-Fi as a play on
words with Hi-Fi (high fidelity), and also created the Wi-Fi logo.

The Wi-Fi Alliance initially used the advertising slogan, "The Standard for Wireless
Fidelity", for Wi-Fi but later removed the phrase from their marketing. Despite this, some
documents from the Alliance dated 2003 and 2004 still contain the term Wireless
Fidelity. There was no official statement related to the dropping of the term. The yin-
yang Wi-Fi logo indicates the certification of a product for interoperability.

Non-Wi-Fi technologies intended for fixed points such as Motorola Canopy are usually
described as fixed wireless. Alternative wireless technologies include mobile phone standards
such as 2G,3G or 4G.

Wi-Fi Certification
The IEEE does not test equipment for compliance with their standards. The non-
profit Wi-Fi Alliance was formed in 1999 to fill this void — to establish and enforce
standards for interoperability andbackward compatibility, and to promote wireless local-area-
network technology. As of 2010, the Wi-Fi Alliance consisted of more than 375 companies
from around the world. The Wi-Fi Alliance enforces the use of the Wi-Fi brand to

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technologies based on the IEEE 802.11 standards from the Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers. This includes wireless local area network (WLAN) connections,
device to device connectivity (such as Wi-Fi Peer to Peer aka Wi-Fi Direct), Personal area
network (PAN), local area network (LAN) and even some limited wide area network (WAN)
connections. Manufacturers with membership in the Wi-Fi Alliance, whose products pass the
certification process, gain the right to mark those products with the Wi-Fi logo.

Specifically, the certification process requires conformance to the IEEE 802.11 radio
standards, the WPA and WPA2 security standards, and the EAP authentication standard.
Certification may optionally include tests of IEEE 802.11 draft standards, interaction with
cellular-phone technology in converged devices, and features relating to security set-up,
multimedia, and power-saving.

Not every Wi-Fi device is submitted for certification. The lack of Wi-Fi certification
does not necessarily imply that a device is incompatible with other Wi-Fi devices. If it is
compliant or partly compatible, the Wi-Fi Alliance may not object to its description as a Wi-
Fi device[citation needed] though technically only certified devices are approved. Derivative
terms, such as Super Wi-Fi, coined by the US Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
to describe proposed networking in the UHF TV band in the US, may or may not be
sanctioned.

Uses

A sticker indicating to the public that a location is within range of a Wi-Fi network. A dot
with curved lines radiating from it is a common symbol for Wi-Fi, representing a point
transmitting a signal.

To connect to a Wi-Fi LAN, a computer has to be equipped with a wireless network

interface controller. The combination of computer and interface controller is called a station.
All stations share a single radio frequency communication channel. Transmissions on this
channel are received by all stations within range. The hardware does not signal the user that
the transmission was delivered and is therefore called a best-effort deliverymechanism. A
carrier wave is used to transmit the data in packets, referred to as "Ethernet frames". Each
station is constantly tuned in on the radio frequency communication channel to pick up
available transmissions.
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Internet Access
A Wi-Fi-enabled device can connect to the Internet when within range of a wireless
network which is configured to permit this. The coverage of one or more
(interconnected) access points — called hotspots — can extend from an area as small as a
few rooms to as large as many square miles. Coverage in the larger area may require a group
of access points with overlapping coverage. Outdoor public Wi-Fi technology has been used
successfully in wireless mesh networks in London, UK.

Wi-Fi provides service in private homes, high street chains and independent
businesses, as well as in public spaces at Wi-Fi hotspots set up either free-of-charge or
commercially. Organizations and businesses, such as airports, hotels, and restaurants, often
provide free-use hotspots to attract customers. Enthusiasts or authorities who wish to provide
services or even to promote business in selected areas sometimes provide free Wi-Fi access.

Routers that incorporate a digital subscriber line modem or a cable modem and a Wi-
Fi access point, often set up in homes and other buildings, provide Internet access
and internetworking to all devices connected to them, wirelessly or via cable.

Similarly, there are battery-powered routers that include a cellular mobile Internet
radiomodem and Wi-Fi access point. When subscribed to a cellular phone carrier, they allow
nearby Wi-Fi stations to access the Internet over 2G, 3G, or 4G networks. Many smartphones
have a built-in capability of this sort, including those based
on Android, BlackBerry, Bada, iOS (iPhone), Windows Phone and Symbian, though carriers
often disable the feature, or charge a separate fee to enable it, especially for customers with
unlimited data plans. "Internet packs" provide standalone facilities of this type as well,
without use of a smartphone; examples include the MiFi- and WiBro-branded devices. Some
laptops that have a cellular modem card can also act as mobile Internet Wi-Fi access
points.Wi-Fi also connects places that normally don't have network access, such as kitchens
and garden sheds.

City-wide Wi-Fi

An outdoor Wi-Fi access point

In the early 2000s, many cities around the world announced plans to construct city-
wide Wi-Fi networks. There are many successful examples; in 2004,Mysore became India's

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first Wi-Fi-enabled city and second in the world after Jerusalem. A company called WiFiyNet
has set up hotspots in Mysore, covering the complete city and a few nearby villages.In
2005, Sunnyvale, California, became the first city in the United States to offer city-wide free
Wi-Fi. Minneapolis has generated $1.2 million in profit annually for its provider.

In May 2010, London, UK, Mayor Boris Johnson pledged to have London-wide Wi-
Fi by 2012. Several boroughs including Westminster and Islington already have extensive
outdoor Wi-Fi coverage.

Officials in South Korea's capital are moving to provide free Internet access at more
than 10,000 locations around the city, including outdoor public spaces, major streets and
densely populated residential areas. Seoul will grant leases to KT, LG Telecom and SK
Telecom. The companies will invest $44 million in the project, which will be completed in
2015.

Campus-wide Wi-Fi
Many traditional college campuses in the United States provide at least partial
wireless Wi-Fi Internet coverage. Carnegie Mellon University built the first campus-wide
wireless Internet network, called Wireless Andrew, at its Pittsburgh campus in 1993 before
Wi-Fi branding originated. In Europe many universities collaborate in providing Wi-Fi access
to students and staff through the eduroam international authentication infrastructure.

In 2000, Drexel University in Philadelphia became the United States' first major
university to offer completely wireless Internet access across its entire campus. The Far
Eastern University inManila is the first university in the Philippines to implement a campus-
wide Wi-Fi coverage.

Direct Computer-to-Computer Communications

Wi-Fi also allows communications directly from one computer to another without an
access point intermediary. This is called ad hoc Wi-Fi transmission. This wireless ad hoc
network mode has proven popular with multiplayer handheld game consoles, such as
the Nintendo DS, PlayStation Portable, digital cameras, and other consumer
electronics devices. Some devices can also share their Internet connection using ad hoc,
becoming hotspots or "virtual routers".

Similarly, the Wi-Fi Alliance promotes a specification called Wi-Fi Direct for file
transfers and media sharing through a new discovery- and security-methodology. Wi-Fi
Direct launched in October 2010.

Advantages and Limitations

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 A keychain-size Wi-Fi detector

Advantages
Wi-Fi allows cheaper deployment of local area networks (LANs). Also spaces where
cables cannot be run, such as outdoor areas and historical buildings, can host wireless
LANs.Manufacturers are building wireless network adapters into most laptops. The price
of chipsets for Wi-Fi continues to drop, making it an economical networking option included
in even more devices.[citation needed]

Different competitive brands of access points and client network-interfaces can inter-
operate at a basic level of service. Products designated as "Wi-Fi Certified" by the Wi-Fi
Alliance are backwards compatible. Unlike mobile phones, any standard Wi-Fi device will
work anywhere in the world.

Wi-Fi Protected Access encryption (WPA2) is considered secure, provided a

strong passphrase is used. New protocols for quality-of-service (WMM) make Wi-Fi more
suitable for latency-sensitive applications (such as voice and video). Power saving
mechanisms (WMM Power Save) extend battery life.

Limitations
Spectrum assignments and operational limitations are not consistent worldwide: most
of Europe allows for an additional two channels beyond those permitted in the US for the
2.4 GHz band (1–13 vs. 1–11), while Japan has one more on top of that (1–14). As of 2007,
Europe is essentially homogeneous in this respect.

A Wi-Fi signal occupies five channels in the 2.4 GHz band. Any two channel
numbers that differ by five or more, such as 2 and 7, do not overlap. The oft-repeated adage
that channels 1, 6, and 11 are the only non-overlapping channels is, therefore, not accurate.
Channels 1, 6, and 11 are the only group of three non-overlapping channels in the U.S. In
Europe and Japan using Channels 1, 5, 9, and 13 for 802.11g and 802.11n is recommended.
[citation needed]. Equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP) in the EU is limited to
20 dBm (100 mW).

The current 'fastest' norm, 802.11n, uses double the radio spectrum/bandwidth
(40 MHz) compared to 802.11a or 802.11g (20 MHz).[citation needed] This means there can
be only one 802.11n network on the 2.4 GHz band at a given location, without interference

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to/from other WLAN traffic. 802.11n can also be set to use 20 MHz bandwidth only to
prevent interference in dense community.[citation needed]

Range
Wi-Fi networks have limited range. A typical wireless access point
using 802.11b or 802.11g with a stock antenna might have a range of 35 m (120 ft) indoors
and 100 m (300 ft) outdoors. IEEE 802.11n, however, can more than double the range. Range
also varies with frequency band. Wi-Fi in the 2.4 GHz frequency block has slightly better
range than Wi-Fi in the 5 GHz frequency block which is used by 802.11a and optionally by
802.11n. On wireless routers with detachable antennas, it is possible to improve range by
fitting upgraded antennas which have higher gain in particular directions. Outdoor ranges can
be improved to many kilometers through the use of high gain directional antennas at the
router and remote device(s). In general, the maximum amount of power that a Wi-Fi device
can transmit is limited by local regulations, such as FCC Part 15 in the US.

Due to reach requirements for wireless LAN applications, Wi-Fi has fairly high power
consumption compared to some other standards. Technologies such as Bluetooth (designed to
support wireless PAN applications) provide a much shorter propagation range between 1 and
100m and so in general have a lower power consumption. Other low-power technologies such
as ZigBeehave fairly long range, but much lower data rate. The high power consumption of
Wi-Fi makes battery life in mobile devices a concern.

Researchers have developed a number of "no new wires" technologies to provide

alternatives to Wi-Fi for applications in which Wi-Fi's indoor range is not adequate and
where installing new wires (such as CAT-6) is not possible or cost-effective. For example,
the ITU-T G.hn standard for high speed Local area networks uses existing home wiring
(coaxial cables, phone lines and power lines). Although G.hn does not provide some of the
advantages of Wi-Fi (such as mobility or outdoor use), it's designed for applications (such
as IPTV distribution) where indoor range is more important than mobility.

Due to the complex nature of radio propagation at typical Wi-Fi frequencies,

particularly the effects of signal reflection off trees and buildings, algorithms can only
approximately predict Wi-Fi signal strength for any given area in relation to a
transmitter. This effect does not apply equally to long-range Wi-Fi, since longer links
typically operate from towers that transmit above the surrounding foliage.

The practical range of Wi-Fi essentially confines mobile use to such applications as
inventory-taking machines in warehouses or in retail spaces, barcode-reading devices at
check-out stands, or receiving/shipping stations. Mobile use of Wi-Fi over wider ranges is
limited, for instance, to uses such as in an automobile moving from one hotspot to another.
Other wireless technologies are more suitable for communicating with moving vehicles.

Data Security Risks

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 The most common wireless encryption-standard, Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP),
has been shown to be easily breakable even when correctly configured. Wi-Fi Protected
Access (WPA and WPA2) encryption, which became available in devices in 2003, aimed to
solve this problem. Wi-Fi access points typically default to an encryption-free (open) mode.
Novice users benefit from a zero-configuration device that works out-of-the-box, but this
default does not enable any wireless security, providing open wireless access to a LAN. To
turn security on requires the user to configure the device, usually via a software graphical
user interface (GUI). On unencrypted Wi-Fi networks connecting devices can monitor and
record data (including personal information). Such networks can only be secured by using
other means of protection, such as a VPN or secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTPS)
over Transport Layer Security.

Interference
Wi-Fi connections can be disrupted or the internet speed lowered by having other
devices in the same area. Many 2.4 GHz 802.11b and 802.11g access-points default to the
same channel on initial startup, contributing to congestion on certain channels. Wi-Fi
pollution, or an excessive number of access points in the area, especially on the neighboring
channel, can prevent access and interfere with other devices' use of other access points,
caused by overlapping channels in the 802.11g/b spectrum, as well as with decreased signal-
to-noise ratio (SNR) between access points. This can become a problem in high-density
areas, such as large apartment complexes or office buildings with many Wi-Fi access points.

Additionally, other devices use the 2.4 GHz band: microwave ovens, ISM
band devices, security cameras, ZigBee devices, Bluetooth devices, video senders, cordless
phones, baby monitors, and (in some countries) Amateur radio all of which can cause
significant additional interference. It is also an issue when municipalities or other large
entities (such as universities) seek to provide large area coverage.

Hardware

Standard devices

An embedded RouterBoard 112 withU.FL-RSMA pigtail and R52 mini PCI Wi-Fi card
widely used by wireless Internet service providers (WISPs) in the Czech Republic

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 OSBRiDGE 3GN – 802.11n Access Point and UMTS/GSM Gateway in one device

An Atheros Wi-Fi N draft adaptor with built in Bluetooth on a Sony Vaio E series laptop

USB wireless adapter

A wireless access point (WAP) connects a group of wireless devices to an adjacent

wired LAN. An access point resembles a network hub, relaying data between connected
wireless devices in addition to a (usually) single connected wired device, most often an
Ethernet hub or switch, allowing wireless devices to communicate with other wired devices.

Wireless adapters allow devices to connect to a wireless network. These adapters

connect to devices using various external or internal interconnects such as PCI,
miniPCI, USB, ExpressCard, Cardbus and PC Card. As of 2010, most newer laptop
computers come equipped with built in internal adapters.

Wireless routers integrate a Wireless Access Point, Ethernet switch, and internal
router firmware application that provides IP routing, NAT, andDNS forwarding through an
integrated WAN-interface. A wireless router allows wired and wireless Ethernet LAN
devices to connect to a (usually) single WAN device such as a cable modem or a DSL
modem. A wireless router allows all three devices, mainly the access point and router, to be
configured through one central utility. This utility is usually an integrated web server that is
accessible to wired and wireless LAN clients and often optionally to WAN clients. This

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utility may also be an application that is run on a computer, as is the case with as
Apple's AirPort, which is managed with the AirPort Utility on Mac OS X and iOS.

Wireless network bridges connect a wired network to a wireless network. A bridge

differs from an access point: an access point connects wireless devices to a wired network at
the data-link layer. Two wireless bridges may be used to connect two wired networks over a
wireless link, useful in situations where a wired connection may be unavailable, such as
between two separate homes.

Wireless range-extenders or wireless repeaters can extend the range of an existing

wireless network. Strategically placed range-extenders can elongate a signal area or allow for
the signal area to reach around barriers such as those pertaining in L-shaped corridors.
Wireless devices connected through repeaters will suffer from an increased latency for each
hop, as well as from a reduction in the maximum data throughput that is available. In
addition, the effect of additional users using a network employing wireless range-extenders is
to consume the available bandwidth faster than would be the case where but a single user
migrates around a network employing extenders. For this reason, wireless range-extenders
work best in networks supporting very low traffic throughput requirements, such as for cases
where but a single user with a Wi-Fi equipped tablet migrates around the combined extended
and non-extended portions of the total connected network. Additionally, a wireless device
connected to any of the repeaters in the chain will have a data throughput that is also limited
by the "weakest link" existing in the chain between where the connection originates and
where the connection ends. Networks employing wireless extenders are also more prone to
degradation from interference from neighboring access points that border portions of the
extended network and that happen to occupy the same channel as the extended network.

The security standard, Wi-Fi Protected Setup, allows embedded devices with limited
graphical user interface to connect to the Internet with ease. Wi-Fi Protected Setup has 2
configurations: The Push Button configuration and the PIN configuration. These embedded
devices are also called The Internet of Things and are low-power, battery-operated embedded
systems. A number of Wi-Fi manufacturers design chips and modules for embedded Wi-Fi,
such as GainSpan.

Distance records
Distance records (using non-standard devices) include 382 km (237 mi) in June 2007,
held by Ermanno Pietrosemoli and EsLaRed of Venezuela, transferring about 3 MB of data
between the mountain-tops of El Águila and Platillon. The Swedish Space
Agency transferred data 420 km (260 mi), using 6 watt amplifiers to reach an overhead
stratospheric balloon.

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Embedded Systems

Embedded serial-to-Wi-Fi module

Increasingly in the last few years (particularly as of 2007), embedded Wi-Fi modules
have become available that incorporate a real-time operating system and provide a simple
means of wirelessly enabling any device which has and communicates via a serial port. This
allows the design of simple monitoring devices. An example is a portable ECG device
monitoring a patient at home. This Wi-Fi-enabled device can communicate via the
Internet.These Wi-Fi modules are designed by OEMs so that implementers need only
minimal Wi-Fi knowledge to provide Wi-Fi connectivity for their products.

Multiple Access Points

Increasing the number of Wi-Fi access points provides network redundancy, support
for fast roaming and increased overall network-capacity by using more channels or by
defining smaller cells. Except for the smallest implementations (such as home or small office
networks), Wi-Fi implementations have moved toward "thin" access points, with more of
the network intelligence housed in a centralized network appliance, relegating individual
access points to the role of "dumb" transceivers. Outdoor applications may
use mesh topologies.

Network security
The main issue with wireless network security is its simplified access to the network
compared to traditional wired networks such as Ethernet, with wired networking one must
either gain access to a building (physically connecting into the internal network) or break
through an external firewall. To enable Wi-Fi, one merely needs to be within the wireless
range of the Wi-Fi network. Most business networks protect sensitive data and systems by
attempting to disallow external access. Enabling wireless connectivity reduces security if the
network uses inadequate or no encryption.

An attacker who has gained access to a Wi-Fi network router can initiate a DNS
spoofing attack against any other user of the network by forging a response before the
queried DNS server has a chance to reply.

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Securing Methods
A common measure to deter unauthorized users involves hiding the access point's
name by disabling the SSID broadcast. While effective against the casual user, it is
ineffective as a security method because the SSID is broadcast in the clear in response to a
client SSID query. Another method is to only allow computers with known MAC
addresses to join the network, but determined eavesdroppers may be able to join the network
by spoofing an authorized address.

Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) encryption was designed to protect against casual
snooping but it is no longer considered secure. Tools such as AirSnort or Aircrack-ng can
quickly recover WEP encryption keys. Because of WEP's weakness the Wi-Fi
Alliance approved Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) which uses TKIP. WPA was specifically
designed to work with older equipment usually through a firmware upgrade. Though more
secure than WEP, WPA has known vulnerabilities.

The more secure WPA2 using Advanced Encryption Standard was introduced in 2004
and is supported by most new Wi-Fi devices. WPA2 is fully compatible with WPA.A flaw in
a feature added to Wi-Fi in 2007, called Wi-Fi Protected Setup, allows WPA and WPA2
security to be bypassed and effectively broken in many situations. The only remedy as of late
2011 is to turn off Wi-Fi Protected Setup, which is not always possible.

Piggybacking
Piggybacking refers to access to a wireless Internet connection by bringing one's own
computer within the range of another's wireless connection, and using that service without the
subscriber's explicit permission or knowledge.

During the early popular adoption of 802.11, providing open access points for anyone
within range to use was encouraged[by whom?] to cultivate wireless community networks,
[59] particularly since people on average use only a fraction of their downstream bandwidth
at any given time.

Recreational logging and mapping of other people's access points has become known
as wardriving. Indeed, many access points are intentionally installed without security turned
on so that they can be used as a free service. Providing access to one's Internet connection in
this fashion may breach the Terms of Service or contract with the ISP. These activities do not
result in sanctions in most jurisdictions; however, legislation and case law differ considerably
across the world. A proposal to leave graffiti describing available services was
called warchalking. A Florida court case determined that owner laziness was not to be a valid
excuse.[citation needed]

Piggybacking often occurs unintentionally, since most access points are configured
without encryption by default[citation needed] and operating systems can be configured to
connect automatically to any available wireless network. A user who happens to start up a
laptop in the vicinity of an access point may find the computer has joined the network

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without any visible indication. Moreover, a user intending to join one network may instead
end up on another one if the latter has a stronger signal. In combination with automatic
discovery of other network resources (see DHCP andZeroconf) this could possibly lead
wireless users to send sensitive data to the wrong middle-man when seeking a destination
(see Man-in-the-middle attack). For example, a user could inadvertently use an unsecure
network to log into a website, thereby making the login credentials available to anyone
listening, if the website uses an unsecure protocol such as HTTP.

Safety
The World Health Organization (WHO) says "there is no risk from low level, long-
term exposure to wi-fi networks" and the United Kingdom's Health Protection
Agency reports that exposure to Wi-Fi for a year results in the "same amount of radiation
from a 20-minute mobile phone call."

A small percentage of Wi-Fi users have reported adverse health issues after repeat
exposure and use of Wi-Fi, though there has been no publication of any effects being
observable in double-blind studies. A review of studies involving 725 people that
claimed electromagnetic hypersensitivity found no evidence for their claims.

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 Reference

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi

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