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Review of Honey Bee and Honey Production in Ethiopia

Article in Journal of Animal Science · October 2015

DOI: 10.5455/jasa.20151019083635

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 Journal of Animal Science Advances

Review of Honey Bee and Honey Production in Ethiopia

Fikru S.

J Anim Sci Adv 2015, 5(10): 1413-1421

DOI: 10.5455/jasa.20151019083635

Online version is available on: www.grjournals.com

 ISSN: 2251-7219 FIKRU S.

Review Article

Review of Honey Bee and Honey Production in

Ethiopia
Fikru S.
*
College of Dryland Agriculture, Department of Animal and Range Science.

Abstract
The beekeeping sub-sector has been an integral part of agriculture in Ethiopia. It has been contributing to
the household income and poverty alleviation and national economy through export. The country has huge
apicultural resources that made it the leading honey and beeswax producer in Africa. Moreover, Ethiopia is a
country where apicultural research is being conducted in a coordinated manner under the national agricultural
research system. Hence, a lot of information has been gathered on different aspects of the beekeeping. This is a
review of various research results that are from published and unpublished papers over a long period of time
and various reviews in the course of the apiculture. It has been revealed that the highest percentage of honeybee
population is hived in traditional, transitional and modern hives, only the smallest proportion is remain as wild.
However, attempts by various investigators and development actors showed that both the production and quality
can be improved in terms of transforming the beekeeping system, processing and marketing. This review paper
also tried to address both natural and man-made bottle-necks that damage the sector not to reach the satisfactory
level. It also tried to identify some of the opportunities that can boost the sector if we manage and utilize them
properly.

Keywords: Beekeeping, beeswax, subsistence, traditional.

Corresponding author: College of Dryland Agriculture, Department of Animal and Range Science.
Received on: 08 Apr 2015
Revised on: 18 Apr 2015
Accepted on: 19 Oct 2015
Online Published on: 30 Oct 2015
1413 J. Anim. Sci. Adv., 2015, 5(10): 1413-1421
 REVIEW OF HONEY BEE AND HONEY PRODUCTION …

Introduction CSA (2006); (2008); (2009) Reports indicate

that colonies in traditional beehives account for
Apiculture is a promising off-farm enterprise, about 97% of the total hived honeybee population.
which directly and indirectly contributes to The productivity of traditional hives is extremely
smallholder’s income in particular and nation’s low and the average yield is only about 5–8kg/per
economy in general. It has significant role in colony/per annum (MoARD, 2007). However, with
generating and diversifying the income of this existing practices the annual honey production
subsistence Ethiopian smallholder farmers mainly in the country is increasing and has reached quite
the small land holders and landless (Gezahegn, higher than 53 thousand tons in 2012 (FAOSTAT
2001). Ethiopia is known for its data 2005; CSA, 2006; 2008; 2009, 2012).
tremendous variation of agro-climatic conditions In Ethiopia, there are generally two honey
and biodiversity which favored the existence of harvesting seasons: the major one that lasts from
diversified honeybee flora and huge number of October to November and the secondary one from
honeybee colonies (Adgaba, 2007). The diversified April to June. However, in addition to these major
agro climatic conditions of the country create harvesting periods, there are many small harvesting
environmental conditions conducive for the growth periods which depend on the type of flowering
of over 7000 species of flowering plants of which plants and rainfall patterns in different agro-
most are bee plants (Nuru, 2002). It has the largest ecologies (Adgaba, 2007), which experienced
bee population in Africa with over 10 million bee beekeepers and local people easily associate the
colonies, out of which about 5 to 7.5 million are harvesting season with the botanical origin of honey
estimated to be hived while the remaining exist in in their locality (Legesse, 2013).
the wild (MoARD, 2007; CSA, 2009). The annual
honey production of Ethiopia is estimated to be Opportunities of Honey Bee Production
45,300 metric tons which makes the country to rank As reported by P. Gallmann and H. Thomas
first honey producing country in Africa and ninth in (2012) “unpubl. data” currently Ethiopia is listed as
the world (FAO, 2010). The total beeswax a third Country permitted to export honey by the
production estimates about 3,800 tons per year. European Commission (COMMISSION
Such an amount puts the country 4th in beeswax DECISION of 11 June 2010, amending the Annex
production worldwide. Moreover, Ethiopia has the to Decision 2004/432/EC on the approval of residue
potential to produce up to 500,000 tons of honey monitoring plans submitted by third countries in
and 50,000 tons of beeswax per year (GDS, 2009). accordance with Council Directive 96/23/EC,
As noted by FAOSTAT data (2005) cited in notified under document C (2010) 3548
workneh et al., (2007) “unpubl. data”. Ethiopia is (2010/327/EU)). The direct contribution of
leading in Africa in honey production and in beekeeping includes the value of the outputs
beeswax production. produced such as honey, bee wax, queen and bee
Beekeeping is a long lasting practice in colonies, and other products such as pollen, royal
Ethiopia. As a result, beekeepers have developed jelly, bee venom, and propolis in cosmetics and
indigenous technical knowledge on traditional hive medicine (ARSD, 2000 and Gezahegn, 2001).
construction from different locally available Plentiful forage availability coupled with
materials, on honeybee management practices like favourable and diversified agro-climatic conditions
honey season identification, swarm catching and of Ethiopia create environmental conditions
attractant methods, swarm control method, conducive for the growth of over 7000 species of
honeybee enemy protection; traditional methods of flowering plants which has supported the existence
sting protection and reduction of pain Workneh of large number of local bee colonies in Ethiopia. It
(2006). More than one million households are is estimated that over two million bee-colonies in
estimated to keep bees using traditional, the countries exists in the forest and crevices. The
intermediate and modern hives (Gidey and density of hives occupied by the honeybees on the
Mekonen, 2010) “unpubl. data”. land may be the highest, at the present moment, of
1414 J. Anim. Sci. Adv., 2015, 5(10): 1413-1421
 FIKRU S.

any country in the African continent (Ayalew and importance (Adeday G. et al., 2012). As reported by
Gezahegn, 1991). Adeday G. et al., (2012), the major pests and
In Ethiopia, beekeeping is an integral part of predators are honey badgers, ant like insects, wax
the life style of the farming communities, and moth, birds, spiders, monkeys, snakes and lizards.
except for a few extreme areas, it is a common Though Ethiopia is the leading country in
practice in every place where humankind has honey production, but not all productions are
settled. In addition, Ethiopia has probably the delivered for export. In fact that honey is almost
longest tradition of all the African counties in exclusively used for local consumption purpose and
beeswax and honey marketing. The time is to a very large extent (80%) for brewing of mead,
immemorial as to when and where marketing of locally called ‘Tej’ Hartmann (2004).
honey and beeswax has been started in the country
(Beyene and David, 2007). Major Honey Bee Diseases in Ethiopia

Challenge of Ethiopian Honey Bee Chalk Brood Diseases

Production Development Chalkbrood is an infectious disease of
Despite the high potentiality of the country for honeybee larvae caused by a fungus Ascosphaera
beekeeping and its extensive practices, beekeeping APIs, which causes death and mummification of
research conducted in the nation so far did not cover sealed brood of honeybee with consequent
to characterize and document the apicultural weakness of the colony (A. Root, 1990). In Ethiopia
resources and associated constraints of the sector the survey on chalkbrood diseases was started in the
for its proper intervention and utilization to specific year of 2000, and the existence of the diseases was
potential regions (Chala et al., 2012). reported in 2001 around the Holeta research areas
The major constraint to increasing the welfare (B. Desalegn, 2001). Survey on chalkbrood disease
of smallholders is their inability to access markets. in Shoa and Arsi zones, reported an overall
Enhancing the ability of poor smallholder farmers prevalence of 56.49%, with higher in west Shoa
to reach markets and actively engage in them is one (24.5%) followed by Arsi (13.74) and lowest in East
of the most pressing development challenges. Shoa (7.63%) and North Shoa (9.92%). No
Remoteness results in reduced farm-gate prices, comparative study in infestation rate of chalk brood
returns to labour and capital, and increased input diseases among colony in same apiary or among bee
and transaction costs. This, in turn, reduces colonies at different apiaries is studied. However
incentives to participate in economic transactions (B. Desalegn, 2006) reported highest infestation rate
and results in subsistence rather than market- in two apiaries owned by private beekeepers around
oriented production systems. Sparsely populated Holeta bee research center. The study reported
rural areas, and high transport costs are physical variable infestation level of the diseases from
barriers to accessing markets; lack of negotiating different apiary sites with prevalence rate of range
skills, lack of collective organizations and lack of from 0- 100% with overall infestation level of
market information are other impediments to market 17.4%. Study in apiaries sites at Addis Abeba (B.
access (Jones, 1999). Like all living animals, honey Desalegn, 2005) also reported the diseases in 43%
bees were infected with disease and attacked by of the colony of bees. Observation and reports from
parasites and pests endangering their health and life bee keepers and experts confirmed the most
(Morse, R.A. and R. Nowogrodzki, 1990 and Al affected broods were drones broods in month of
Ghzawi et al., 2009). These diseases of honey bees October. (B. Desalegn, 2006) also reported the
impose serious problem on honey bee production occurrence of the diseases during the brood season
and productivity. Major constraints of honeybee in October when the ambient temperature
production are frequent occurrence of drought, lack sometimes goes below zero degree in individual bee
of bee forage, existence of pests and predators and keeper farmers around Holeta and at Gedo
pesticide poisoning in decreasing order of demonstration site.

1415 J. Anim. Sci. Adv., 2015, 5(10): 1413-1421

 REVIEW OF HONEY BEE AND HONEY PRODUCTION …

Table 1: Distribution rate (%) of honeybee chalkbrood disease in study Regional States of Ethiopia.
Region Zone HCBD distribution percentage
Amhara N. Gonder 80%
W. Gojam 100%
S. Wollo 75%
Oromiya Jimma 95.24%
Ilubabor 64.7%
E. Wollega 25.5%
W. Shoa 40%
Arsi 45.45%
Beneshangul- Gumuz Assosa 33.33%
Source; (Haylegebriel Tesfay, 2014).

In Ethiopia the geographical distribution of Nosematosis

chalkbrood diseases in honey bee were recorded (Y. Nosema is caused by Nosema APIs and
Aster et al., 2010). The study reported an infection Nosema ceranae. It is a microsporidian fungal
rate of 37.12%, 19.89%, 17.93% and distribution disease that infects the intestinal tract of adult bees.
rate of 87.50%, 56.56% and 33.33% in Amhara, Nosema cause detrimental effects on honey bees,
Oromia and Benshangul-gumuz. In the study a colony development, queen performance and honey
number of bioclimatic variables such as mean production. In Ethiopia nosema was reported in low
annual temperature, annual rainfall, annual range in infestation rate in the survey conducted by the
temperature and precipitation were used to establish initiation of (FAO, 1986). Diagnosis made on 152
the ecology of the diseases. The finding shows that colony bees in field and laboratory at Addis Abeba
moist dega, moist weina-dega and wet -weynadega reported prevalence rate of 53.3%. In Ethiopia
were identified as suitable ecological zones. nosema was also reported from different regions
However, the dry alpine, dry bereha and moist with varying prevalence rate such as 58% in
bereha areas are not suitable for the diseases at all Oromia, 60% Benishangul-Gumuz and 47% in
(Y. Aster et al., 2010). In Ethiopia the infestation Amhara regions (Y. Aster et. al., 2007). Similar
and distribution rate of the chalkbrood diseases is survey conducted in 58 districts of Oromia,
unequal. (Y. Aster et al., 2010) reported distribution Amhara, Southern Nations and Nationality and
rate of (100%) of in West Gojam and 95.42% in Peoples (SNNP), Tigray, Gambella, Benishangul –
Jimma out of 33 Woredas sampled for the study of gumuz, Somale regional state of Ethiopia, Nosema
the diseases (Table 1). apis were identified the species causes nosematosis
Distribution of the diseases is associated with with 37.3% of infection rate (B. Amssalu, and B.
delivery of contaminated apiary equipment’s such Desalegn, 2005). In the central highlands of
as wax foundation sheets contaminated with Ethiopia, highest infestation level of Nosema APIs
Ascosphaera APIs (J. Flores et. al., 2005). The and spore number per individual honey bees was
highest distribution rate of in West Gojam and reported in the month of August and September (B.
Jimma zone is the results of the introduction of Amssalu, and B. Desalegn, 1998). The study also
contaminated bee equipment’s through the found positive correlation between Nosema
extension service in these areas (Y. Aster et al., infestation rate, number of Nosema spore per
2010).The disease causes loss of colony of bees and individual honey bee and humidity.
reduction in the productively in infected colonies.
(Y. Aster et al., 2010) reported the mean yield of Amoeba
honey in colony infected with chalkbrood diseases Amoeba is diseases of honey bee caused by a
(45kg) is lower than the mean yield (80kg) in single celled parasite called malpighamoeba
uninfected bee colony. mellificae. The parasite affects malpigian tubules of
honey bees and shortens the life cycle of bees. The

1416 J. Anim. Sci. Adv., 2015, 5(10): 1413-1421

 FIKRU S.

diseases were reported in Ethiopia with low Types of Practicing Honey Bee Production in
infestation level in the survey made in the country the Country
initiated by (FAO, 1986). Survey conducted in the According to Holeta Bee Research Center
year of 2000, Amoeba was reported in South and (2004), there are four different types of beekeeping
South parts of the country (B. Amsalu, and B. practices in Ethiopia namely, traditional forest,
Desalegn, 2001). (B. Desalegn, and K. Yosef, 2005) traditional backyard, transitional and improved
Diagnosis made on honey bees in field and beekeeping.
laboratory at Addis Abeba reported a prevalence
rate of 73% of amoeba infestation. The diseases was Traditional Forest Beekeeping
also reported with high prevalence rate in different It is placing of hives in the forest on very tall
regional state of Ethiopia such as; Oromia region trees for catching swarms. It is commonly exercised
with prevalence rate (88%), Amhara region (95%) in forest-covered areas of the country where the
and 60 % in Benishangul- Gumuz (Y. Aster et al., population of honeybees are abundant. The
2007). Study on annual cycle and seasonal advantage of forest beekeeping is that the bees do
dynamics of amoeba from the Holeta research not cause harm to the domestic animals and humans
center apiary (B. Amssalu, and B. Desalegn, 1998) and the bees can get abundant forage plants in their
reported, amoeba cysts were reported throughout vicinity. Its disadvantages are lack of close follow
the year regardless of hive type. The study also up and during honey harvesting period as the
reported that highest cyst number (disease intensity) beekeeper drops down the hive from the tree, it
in the months of April and August and lowest damages the honeybee colony. It is also dangerous
intensity in the month of January (B. Amssalu, and for the beekeeper to climb tall tree in night.
B. Desalegn, 1998). This study helps to
understanding the seasonal dynamics of the diseases Traditional Backyard Beekeeping
in the area and to undertake seasonal management It is undertaken in safeguarded area for
of colony honey bees. honeybees mostly at homestead. The advantages of
such practices are: construction is very simple, it
Poisonous Plants does not require improved beekeeping equipment; it
A number plant species are poisonous pest to does not also require skilled manpower; whereas its
honey bees. A recently emerged red color flower disadvantages are inconvenience to undertake
locally called Ababbo Diima (Abiyu, 2011) was internal inspection and feeding, in some places the
reported to kill worker bees during their flowering size is too small and causes swarming, it has no
stages. Plant species belongs to families of possibilities of supering, there is no partition to
Ranuculaceae, Solanaceae, Acanthacae, differentiate brood chamber and honey chamber.
Euphorbiaceae and Phytolacaceae were reported to
poisons to bees (Nuru, 2002). Transitional Beekeeping
Similarly the nectar or pollen of poisonous It is one of improved methods of beekeeping
plants such as Cassia siamea, Croton practices. The types of hives are Kenya Top Bar
macrostachyus, Aloe brahana, Zizyphus mucronata, Hive (KTBH) and Tanzania Top Bar Hive (TTBH).
Phytolacca dodecandra and Susbania species was The hives can be constructed from timber, mud or
reported to be toxic to the bees themselves and locally available materials. Each hive carries 27-30
those in which the honey produced from their nectar top bars on which honeybees attach their combs.
are toxic to humans (E. Kerealem, et al., 2005). The top bars have 3.2cm and 48.3cm width and
Similarly honey from Datura arborea is reported length, respectively. Transitional (intermediate)
irritates human beings when eating and Euphorbia beekeeping practice has different advantages such
cottinifolia is known to kill honeybees (G. Awraris as, it can be opened easily and quickly, the bees are
et al., 2012). guided into building parallel combs by following
the line of the top bars, the top bars are easily
removable and this enables beekeepers to work fast,
the top bars are easier to construct than frames,
1417 J. Anim. Sci. Adv., 2015, 5(10): 1413-1421
 REVIEW OF HONEY BEE AND HONEY PRODUCTION …

honeycombs can be removed from the hive for Ethiopian Authority of Standardization to
harvesting without disturbing combs containing characterize honey samples from all over the
broods, the hive can be suspended with wires or country indicated that about 63% of 542 honey
ropes and this gives protection against pests. samples had moisture content < 21%, those from
Transitional beekeeping has its own disadvantages highly humid areas having higher moisture content
such as, top bar hives are relatively more expensive and those from low humid regions with lower
than traditional hives, combs suspended from the moisture content. The maximum acceptable limit
top bars are more apt to break off than combs which for moisture content of Ethiopian honey is 23%
are building within frames. (Adgaba, 1999) while the maximum acceptable
moisture content of honey reported by the
Improved Beekeeping Practices International Honey Commission is 20%
It uses different types of frame hives. Zandar (Bogdanov, 2002).
and Langstroth hives are the most common that The moisture content of honey depends on
exist in the country. Dadant, Modified Zandar, and various factors such as the harvesting season, the
foam hive are found rarely. These hives differ in degree of maturity that honey reached in the hive,
number and size of frames. The most commonly type of hive used, and environmental temperature
used hive type in Ethiopia is Zandar type. Improved Sisay G. et al., (2012).
beekeeping hives have components like brood More than 95% and 80% of the samples were
chamber, super (honey chamber), inner and outer in the range of standards of total reducing sugar and
cover. Improved box hive has advantages over the acidity, respectively. The mineral (ash) content was
others in that it gives high honey yield in quality relatively lower than the standards of many
and in quantity. The other advantages of improved countries. Around 63% of the samples had HMF
box hive is its possibilities of swarming control by value below 40mg/kg. About 72% of the samples
supering the bees from place to place for searching meet the diastase activity standards set by EU and
honeybee flower and pollination services. On the FAO/WHO (Table 2).
other hand, its disadvantages are- the equipments The diastase (amylase) activity of honey has
are relatively expensive, requires skilled manpower relevance of indicating overheating, as it is heat
and the equipment needs very specific precaution. sensitive (Crane, 1990). However, recently
complaints are coming from Ethiopian honey
Characterization of Ethiopian Honey exporters that the majority of their collections have
Honey from tropical Apis species show wider diastase far below than the standards even for fresh
variations in composition (Crane, 1975). In and unprocessed honeys. This is an area of further
Ethiopia, where more than 400 plant species are investigations to understand the nature of these
already identified as major honey plants (Fichtle honey samples and their origin in terms of enzyme
and Adi, 1994), it is expected to have very levels.
diversified honey types. An investigation conducted
in HBRC and Biochemical laboratory of the

Table 2: Comparison between mean of quality state parameters of Ethiopian honeys with the already set
national, regional and international standards
Country/Organ Moisture Total reducing Sucrose Acidity Mineral HMF
content, % sugars % content, % meq/kg content, %
EU 21 65 5 40 1 40
FAO/WHO 21-23 65 5-10 40 0.61 80
Spain 22.5 70 3 5 0.6 -
Canada 20 60 8 - 0.25 -
Latin America Codex 20 - 8 54 0.8 -
Argentina 18 - 8 54 0.4 40
1418 J. Anim. Sci. Adv., 2015, 5(10): 1413-1421
 FIKRU S.

Mexico - 63.9 9 8-52 0.25 -

Test samples
Range 15-32 59-77 0.01-13 17-95 0.01-1.16 0.96-96
Mean 20.6 65.6 3.6 39.9 0.23 32.4
Source: Adgaba, 1999.

Characteristics of honey Produced by shows the botanical origin and adulteration of

Different Plant Species in Ethiopia honey Piazza et al., (1991) and Sanchez et al.,
European honey directive (EHD, 1974) and (2001). Microscopic analysis is another analytical
codex alimentarius standard for honey (CASH, method for the identification of botanical origin.
1993 and CADRH, 1998) specify criteria for honey Namely quantitative and qualitative content of
quality and its classification. Physical parameter honeydew particles and pollen grains is studied for
belongs to the main basis of honey classification the identification of honey group origin,
because their measuring is comparatively simple respectively. The under below indicated results
and they have a good information value. The most (table 3) are from microscopic analysis as it is able
important honey characteristics are electrical to detect the botanical origin much more exactly
conductivity. Optimal rotation is a parameter that than other analytical methods.

Table 3: characterization of different honey samples

S.L Sample Moisture Ash (%) Electrical pH Free acids Total Rotation
(%) conductivity (meq/kg) acidity (α) 20
(ms/cm) (meq/kg)
1 Acacia 17.1±0.05 0.015±0.001 0.17±0.002 3.37±0.02 20.2±0.52 24.8±0.51 -15.9
2 Citrus 16.8±0.07 0.063±0.002 0.24±0.004 3.44±0.01 25.9±0.38 30.7±0.11 -16.2
3 Eucalyptus 15.9±0.13 0.232±0.002 0.59±0.007 3.67±0.03 28.6±0.46 34.6±1.08 -14.7
4 Trifolium 17.9±0.10 0.314±0.002 1.37±0.009 4.18±0.02 18.9±0.34 36.4±0.60 -13.6
5 Olea 16.9±0.16 0.189±0.001 0.40±0.003 3.97±0.08 24.5±0.76 29.8±0.94 -15.6
6 Combretum 16.0±0.11 0.090±0.008 0.28±0.005 3.48±0.03 27.8±0.41 39.0±2.16 -16.1
7 Rosa Abissinica 16.9±0.02 0.014±0.004 1.23±0.001 4.89±0.01 32.3±0.23 24.1±1.04 -15.8
8 Croton 15.2±0.17 0.245±0.002 0.73±0.004 3.60±0.05 26.8±0.42 34.8±1.08 -15.2
9 Albizzia 18.2±0.15 0.156±0.002 1.35±0.003 3.72±0.04 30.7±0.28 41.4±0.76 -15.5
Source: Gangwar SK et al., (2010).

Summary is apparent that a lot more is to be done in

Ethiopia has huge potential for honey improving the quality of the honey produced.
production which is clearly observed in the last few
years with significant increment, even though the Acknowledgment
subsector is still practicing with traditional low
productive systems. Research and extension made We are deeply grateful and indebted to all
so far have tried to improve this scenario in the sources of materials used for reviewed this
country. Various investigations in particular have manuscript have been duly acknowledged.
identified the problems in the production of the
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