CHAPTER 5: MATERIALS HANDLING 3.

With an integrated materials handling system installed,

failure/stoppage in any portion of it leads to increased downtime of the
Scope of Material Handling production system.
In one’s everyday activities material handling is apparent such as: 4. Materials handling system needs maintenance. Hence any
● Mail delivery in a postal system additional to materials handling means additional maintenance facilities
● Part moved in a manufacturing system and costs.
● Boxes and pallets loads moved into an industrial distribution system
● Refuse collected in a waste management system Material Handling Principles
● Containers moved in a cargo port 1. Planning principle-
● People moved in a bus or mass transit system 2. Standardization principle
3. Work principle
The following are some of the scopes of material handling: 4. Ergonomic principle
1. Processing – processing requires handling of bulk materials (like 5. Unit load principle
gases liquids, semi-liquids and bulk solids). 6. Space utilization principle
2. Construction – construction needs proper receiving, sorting, storing 7. System principle
and moving materials. 8. Automation principle
3. Mining – in both underground mines and open pit operations, there 9. Environmental principle
is now a variety of equipment for extraction, handling and 10. Life cycle cost principle
transportation of coal and ore.
4. Power – materials handling equipment for handling fuel and ash are Designing Material Handling Systems
needed. Material handling is the movement, protection, storage, and control of
5. Machine Tools – the design of many processing machines is materials and products throughout manufacturing, warehousing,
influence by the need for integrating various material handling features distribution. Consumption and disposal. Their application helps with:
or attachments to modern machine mechanisms. 1. Forecasting
6. Truck Building – the automotive engineer develops trucks and 2. Resource allocation
trailer as efficient materials handling vehicles, designed for speedy 3. Production planning
loading and unloading, ensure cargo is secured properly and safe 4. Flow and process management
transportation of a variety of materials. 5. Inventory management and control
7. Rail road car builders – these builders are involved in improved rail 6. Customer delivery
road cars, development of terminal equipment, improvement in 7. After-sales support and service
materials handling procedure for loading and securing freight and
transferring or unloading it at terminals. A company’s material handling system and processes are put in place
8. Barge and ship building – new handling devices and improved to improve customer service, reduce inventory, shorten delivery time,
kinds of marine carriers are manufactured in this industry. and lower overall handling costs in manufacturing, distribution and
9. Aircraft – better cargo and storage methods for air transport where transportation.
materials handling is concerned.
Unit Load Design
Definition of Material Handling A unit load combines individual items or items in shipping containers
Material handling – is the art and science involving the moving, into single “units” that can be moved easily with a pallet jack or forklift
packaging and storing of substances in any form. truck.
Some of the other definitions are:
1. is the movement and storage of materials at the lowest possible cost Three Kinds of Unit Load Design:
the use of proper methods and equipment. 1. Component Based
2. is the moving of materials or product by any means, including 2. System Based
storage, and all movements except processing operations and 3. Standards Compliant
inspection.
3. Is the art and science of conveying, elevating , positioning, Material Handling Equipment
transporting, packaging and storing of materials Material handling equipment is mechanical use for the movement,
storage, control and protection of materials, goods, and products
The essential requirements of a good material handling system may be through the process of manufacturing, distribution, consumption and
as: disposal.
1. Efficient and safe movement of materials to the desired place.
2. Timely movement of the materials when needed. Storage and Handling Equipment
3. Supply of materials at the desired rate Storage Equipment – is usually limited to nonautomated examples,
4. Storing of materials utilizing minimum space. which are grouped in with engineered systems. Storage equipment is
5. Lowest cost solution to the materials handling activities. used to hold or buffer materials during “downtimes” or times when they
are not being transported.
A well designed materials handling system attempts to achieve the
following: Examples of Storage and Handling Equipment
1. Improve efficiency of a production system by ensuring the right 1. Racks such as pallet racks, drive through or drive in racks , push
quantity of materials delivered. back racks and sliding racks
2. At the right place at the right time most economically 3. Cut down 2. Stacking frames
indirect labor cost. 3. Shelves, bins and drawers
4. Reduce damage of materials during storage and movement. 4. Mezzanines
5. Maximize space utilization by proper storage of materials and
thereby reduce storage and handling cost 6. Minimize accident during Engineered systems
materials handling. Engineered systems cover a variety of units that work cohesively to
7. Reduce overall cost by improving materials handling. enable storage and transportation. They are often automated.
8. Improve customer services by supplying materials in a manner
convenient for handlings. Example of Engineered System:
9. Increase efficiency and saleability of plant and equipment with Automated Storage and Retrieval System (AS/RS)
integral materials handling features.
Other Types of Engineered systems include:
Negative Aspects of Materials Handling 1. Conveyor system
1. Additional capital cost involved in any materials handling system. 2. Robotic delivery systems
2. Once a material handling system get implemented, flexibility for 3. Automatic guided vehicles (AGV)
further changes get greatly reduced.
Industrial Trucks
Industrial Trucks- refers to the different kinds of transportation items c. Get help with tough lifting jobs.
and vehicles used to move materials and products in materials d. Spend a few minutes each day before work on power
handling. warm-ups.
e. Exercise regularly to keep your back strong and healthy.
Types of Industrial Trucks f. Eat right, stay slender, and cut down on stress to avoid
1. Hand trucks back injuries
2. Pallet jacks
3. Pallet Trucks CHAPTER 7: WAREHOUSE OPERATIONS
4. Walkie Stackers
5. Platform trucks A warehouse may be defined as a place used for the storage or
6. Order picker accumulation of goods. The function of storage can be carried out
7. Sideloader successful with the help of warehouses used for storing the goods.
8. Many types of AGV
Warehousing can also be defined as assumption of responsibility for
Safety Considerations Material Handling the storage of goods. By storing the goods throughout the year and
Handling material is a daily function in the workplace. Management releasing them as and when they are needed, warehousing creates
and employees need to look at and evaluate how materials goods are time utility.
handled inside and outside their facilities. How materials or goods are
unloaded or loaded is a key factor in reducing employee injuries. Different Missions of a Warehouse
Handling material is a daily function in the workplace. Management Warehousing or storage refers to the holding and preservation of
and employees need to look at and evaluate how materials goods are goods until they are dispatched to the consumers. Generally, there is a
handled inside and outside their facilities. How materials or goods are time gap between the production and consumption of products. By
unloaded or loaded is a key factor in reducing employee injuries. bridging this gap, storage creates time utility
Power Lifting
1. Protect Yourself There is need or storing the goods so as to make them available to
a. Use the correct hand protection; wear gloves to prevent buyers as when required. Some amount of goods is stored at every
cuts. stage in the marketing process. Proper and adequate arrangements to
b. Wear safety shoes to prevent injury to your feet from a retail the goods in perfect condition are essential for success in
dropped item. marketing. Storage enables a firm to carry on production in anticipation
2. Size up the Load of demand in future.
a. Determine if you can carry a load comfortably; tip it on its
side. A warehouse may also be defined as an establishment that assumes
b. Get help if the load is too big or bulky for one person. responsibility for the safe custody of goods. Warehouse enable the
c. Check for nails, splinters, rough trapping, and rough businessmen to carry on production through out the year and to sell
edges. their products, whenever there is adequate demand
3. Lift it Right
a. Make sure your footing is solid Need for warehouse arises also because some goods are produced
b. Keep your back straight, with no curving or slouching c. only in a particular season but are demanded throughout the year.
Center your body over your feet Similarly certain products are produced throughout the year but
d. Get a good grasp on the object and pull it close to you. demanded only during a particular season. Warehousing facilitates
e. Lift with your legs, not your back production and distribution on a large scale.
f. Move your feet to turn. Don’t twist your back.
Different Missions of a Warehouse
Tough Lifting Jobs  Regular Production – raw materials need to be stored to
1. Oversize Loads enable mass production to be carried on continuously.
a. Don’t try to carry a big load alone. Ask for help. Sometimes, good are stored in anticipation of a rise in
b. Work as a team. Lift, walk, and lower the load together. prices. Warehouse enable manufacturers to produce goods
c. Let one person give the directions and direct the lift. in anticipation of demand in future.
2. High loads  Time utility – a warehouse creates time utility by bringing
a. Use a step stool or a sturdy ladder to reach loads that are the time gap between the production and consumption of
above your shoulders. goods. It helps in making available the goods whenever
b. Get as close as you can to the load. required or demanded by the customers. E.g. some goods
c. Slide the load toward you. are produced through out the year but demanded only during
d. Do all the work with your arms and legs, not your back. particular seasons. some products are demanded through
3. Low loads out the year but they are produced in certain region.
a. Loads that are under racks and cabinet need extra care.
 Store of surplus goods – basically, a warehouse acts as a
b. Pull the load toward you, and then try to support it on your
store of surplus goods which are not needed immediately.
knee before your lift. Goods are often produced in anticipation of demand and
c. Use your legs to power the lift. need to be preserved properly until they are demanded by
the customers.
Power Carrying Tips
 Store of surplus goods – basically, a warehouse acts as a
1. The Checklist
store of surplus goods which are not needed immediately.
a. Make sure your footing is firm.
Goods are often produced in anticipation of demand and
b. Ensure enough clearance at doorways to keep your hands
need to be preserved properly until they are demanded by
and fingers safe.
the customers.
c. Check your route for hazards.
 Minimization of risk – warehouses provide for the safe
d. Take extra care at platforms, loading docks, ramps and
custody of goods. Perishable products can be preserved in
stairs.
cold storage. By keeping their goods in warehouses,
e. Carry long loads on your shoulders, with front end high.
businessmen can minimize the loss from damage, fire, theft,
f. Make sure the next person has a firm grip before you hand
etc. The goods kept in the warehouse are generally insured.
off the load.
g. When you carry with others, everyone should carry the  Packing and grading – certain products have to be
load on the same shoulder, walk in step, and put the load conditioned or processed to make them fit for human use,
down as a team. e.g. coffee, tobacco, etc. A modern warehouse provides
2. Back Safety Tips facilities for processing, packing, blending, grading, etc., of
a. Wear the right personal protective equipment for lifting the goods for the purpose of sale. The prospective buyers
and carrying. can inspect the goods kept in a warehouse.
b. Lift with your legs, not your back; pivot, don’t twist.
  Financing – warehouses provide a receipt to the owner of 3. Manila International Container Terminal
goods for the goods kept in the warehouse. The owner can > Port of Iloilo
borrow money against the security of goods by making an > Port of Davao
endorsement on the warehouse receipt. In some countries, 1. Sasa International Seaport
warehouse authorities advance money against the goods 2. Sta. Ana Pier
deposited in the warehouse. By keeping the imported goods 3. Mati Wharf Piso Point Port
in a bonded warehouse, a businessman can pay customs 4. Pacific International Terminal Pier
duty in installments. 5. Legaspi Oil Company Pier
6. Universal Robina Pier
Functions of a Warehouse 7. Davao Union Cement Pier
The following are the different functions of a warehouse: 8. Piso Point Port
1. Storage 9. Tefasco Pier
2. Price Stabilization 10. Stevedorage Services Corporation Pier
3. Risk Bearing > Port of Subic
4. Financing
5. Grading and Packing Storage Operations
Storage functions are usually an extension of receiving departments
Functions of a Warehouse duties. The basic functions of storage are the movement of products
1. Storage – this is the basic function of warehousing. Surplus from the dock area to a holding location, the recording of the location
commodities which are not needed immediately can be stored in the and quantity, and the updating of storage records so that the product
warehouse. can be found easily when it is needed.
2. Price Stabilization – warehouse play an important role in the
process of price stabilization. It is achieves by the creation of time There are two basic methodologies for setting up a storage system.
utility by warehousing. 1. Simply use the floor, lining pallets up in rows and stacking
3. Risk bearing – when the goods are stored in warehouses they are pallets of like product on top of each other. This method is
exposed to many risks in the form of theft, deterioration, exploration, usually referred to as bulk storage.
fire etc. Warehouses are constructed in such a way as to minimize 2. Install pallet rack and/or shelving in rows. This widely
these risks. accepted method, usually referred to as rack storage,
4. Financing – loans can be raised from the warehouse keeper usually makes good use of available space and is cost
against the goods stored by the owner. Goods act as a security for the effective so long as the ceiling height allows at least three
warehouse keeper. Similarly, banks and other financial institutions also levels of full pallet storage. The higher the ceiling, the more
advance loans against warehouse receipts. cost effective rack storage usually becomes.
5. Grading and Packing – warehouses nowadays provide the facilities 3. Install pallet rack and/or shelving in rows. This widely
of packing, processing, and grading of goods. Goods can be packed in accepted method, usually referred to as rack storage,
convenient sizes as per instructions of the owner. usually makes good use of available space and is cost
effective so long as the ceiling height allows at least three
Receiving Operations levels of full pallet storage. The higher the ceiling, the more
Receiving dock is the first place a company can begin to ensure an cost effective rack storage usually becomes.
efficient warehouse.
Storage Operations
A receiving clerk should be in charge of receiving and securing all Storage normally occupies most available warehouse space. It might
inventories and should also collect all shipping documents from the be best to layout the entire building for storage before attempting to
carrier at the time of delivery. A receiving log should be maintained to determine space needs for outer warehouse functions.
ensure that all inventory expected for the day has been received. All
inventory received by the shipping clerk should be moved from the Order Picking Operations
receiving dock to its appropriate place in the warehouse to prevent Picking operations – is defined as the assembly of products ordered
damage and deter theft. by customers. This is a simple function, yet it’s time consuming. In
evaluation and or setting up picking operations, efficiency should be a
Receiving duties often include the dock functions. The receiving major goal. Customers expect their orders to be processed quickly, not
function is the starting point for inventory control in the warehouse. It is just accurately.
also the function best suited for gathering information needed for
keeping product details accurate and current. And if copies of the Two Basic Ways to Set-p a Picking System:
product are to be routed and stored, receiving should handle their 1. Move the picker to the stock
delivery and storage. Any and all essential data should be gathered at 2. Move the stock to the picker
this stage, and it should be documented on the receiving reports. 3. Combine the above

The basic functions of receiving include: Order Picking Operations

● Verifying product quantity 1. Move the picker to the stock- this usually means the picker
● Preparing receiving reports will pull the products directly from the storage locations. This
● Routing those reports to designated departments. methods works best when the products are shipped in case
quantities or when most orders include a lot of full cases.
Shipping Operations This is called a storage picking system.
Shipping operations is where the final steps are taken to prepare 2. Move the stock to the picker – this usually means the
orders for shipment via the requested mode of transit. picking systems is a stand-alone system but it could be in a
It is usually considered shipping’s responsibility to ensure that all defined section of the storage area. This is called a stand-
shipments are picked up the day they are ready to ship and that all alone picking system.
shipping paperwork is routed to the correct departments at the end of
each shipping day. Combine the above – thus usually means that the picker
pulls fast-moving products form storage locations and slow
Dock Locations moving products form a separate picking system. This is
A loading dock or loading bay is an area of a building where goods called a hybrid picking system
vehicles (usually road or rail) are loaded and unloaded. They are
commonly found on commercial and industrial buildings, and CHAPTER 8: MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS
warehouses in particular.
The following are some of the dock locations here in the Philippines: Manufacturing system can be defined as the arrangement and
> Port of Manila operation of machines, tools, material, people and information to
1. Manila North Harbor produce a value-added physical, informational or service product
2. Manila South Harbor whose success and cost is characterized by measurable parameters.
Identifying the manufacturing systems involved in production is vital in Most companies strive to keep the actual amount of work-in-process
facilities planning and management. as low as possible, so as to reduce the amount of capital tied up in the
production or manufacturing process.
Fixed Automation Systems
Another reason to keep WIP low is to reduce the risk of obsolescence,
Automation is a technology concerned with the application of especially in fast-moving sectors such as technology and consumer
mechanical, electronic, and computer-based systems to operate and electronics.
control production. This technology includes:
1. Automatic machine tools to process parts There are several people who may affect the WIP in different
2. Automatic assembly machines goals.
3. Industrial robots 1. Linefeed
4. Automatic material handling system and storage systems 2. Quality Assurance
5. Automatic inspection systems for quality control 3. System operators
6. Feedback control and computer process control
7. Computer systems for planning, data collection and decision making There are multiple lean manufacturing methods to reduce WIP
to support manufacturing activities. inventory, namely:
1. Just in time manufacturing (JIT)
Fixed automation is a system in which the sequence of processing 2. Remove bottlenecks
operation is fixed by the equipment configuration. It is the integration 3. Sourcing from a closer location
and coordination of many such operations into one piece of equipment 4. Streamlining shipping/transportation
that makes the system complex. The typical features of fixed
automation are: Just in time manufacturing (JIT) manufacturing is a production
1. High initial investment for custom engineered equipment model in which items are created to meet demand, not created in
2. High production rates surplus or in advance of need.
3. Relatively inflexible in accommodating product changes
Facilities Planning Trends
Fixed Automation Examples Seven noteworthy developments in facilities planning:
● Automated assembly machines 1. Doing more with less
● Chemical manufacturing processes 2. Automation
● Material conveyor systems 3. Outsourcing
● Machining transfer lines 4. Increasing complexity
● Paint and coating automation processes 5. Value-driven design
6. Energy Conservation
Flexible Manufacturing Systems 7. Short-term staffing
A flexible manufacturing system (FMS) is a group of numerically-
controlled machine tools, interconnected by a central control system. CHAPTER 9:QUANTITATIVE FACILITIES PLANNING
Operational flexibility is enhanced by the ability to execute all MODEL
manufacturing tasks on numerous product designs in small quantities
and with faster delivery. FACILITY LOCATION MODELS
Being in the right location is a key ingredient in a
As the name suggests, flexible automation is a manufacturing method business’s success. If a company selects the
designed to easily adapt and respond to changes in production needs, wrong location, it may have adequate access to
such as the type and quantity of the product. customers, workers, transportation, materials and
so on. Consequently, location often plays a
Production and material-handling systems are controlled by a significant role in a company’s and overall success.
central computer system. The system is ideal for batch processes for A location strategy is a plan for obtaining the optimal
companies that produce a variety of products in low-to-medium location for a company by identifying company
production runs. needs and objectives, and searching for locations
with offering that are compatible with these needs
Flexible Automation Examples and objectives. Generally, this means the firm will
● Robotics attempt to maximize opportunity while minimizing
● Assembly systems costs and risks.
● Material handling systems

Single Stage Multi-Machine Systems The following are the common ways in deciding for the right location:
The concept of single-stage multi-machine systems (SSMS) has 1. Location Factor Rating
been introduced for newly emerging manufacturing environment which In the location factor rating system, factors that are important
can be expressed by mass customization. in the location decision are identified. Each factor is
weighted from 0 to 1.00 to prioritize the factor and reflect its
As machine tools become more versatile, SSMS have emerged in importance. A subjective score is assigned (usually between
which the complete operations of a workpiece are performed on a 0 and 100) to each factor based on its attractiveness
machine tool in a single machine set up. compared with other locations, and the weighted scores are
summed.
SSMS are characterized by make-to order manufacturing, unstable
demands and a large variety of parts and tool movement policy. Decision typically will not be made based solely on these
ratings, but they provide a good way to organize and rank
Reduction in Work-in Process factors.
Material that has entered the production process but is not yet a
finished product is called work-in process. Sample Problem:
The Serrano Manufacturing Company is going to build a new plant to
Work-in-process or work-in-progress (WIP) therefore refers to all manufacture ring bearings (used in automobile and trucks). The site
materials and partly finished products that are at various stages of selection team is evaluating three sites and they have scored the
the production process. important factors for each as follows. They want to use these ratings to
compare the locations.
WIP excludes inventory of raw materials at the start of the production
cycle and finished products inventory at the end of the production
cycle.
Solution:
The weighted scores for each site are computed by multiplying the
factor weights by the score for that factor. For example, the weighted
score for “labor pool and climate” for site 1 is:
(0.30)(80) = 24 points

Site 3 has the highest factor rating compared with other locations;
however, this evaluation would have to be used with other information,
particularly a cost analysis before making a decision.

2. Center-of-gravity
In general, transportation costs are a function of distance,
weight, and time. The center-of-gravity, or weight center,
technique is a quantitative method for locating a facility such
as a warehouse at the center of movement in a geographical
area based on weight and distance. This method identifies a
set of coordinates designating a central location on a map
relative to all other locations.
In simple terms:
Location of warehouse or distribution center that
minimizes total distribution cost.
● Create a coordinate system over a scale map
● Determine the coordinate of each destination
● Assume travel is only east-west, north-south
● Find weighted average of coordinates
3. Load-distance
A variation of the center-of-gravity method determining the
coordinates of a facility location is the load-distance
technique. In this method, a single set of location
coordinates is not identified. Instead, a various locations are
evaluated using a load-distance value that is a measure of
weight and distance. For a single potential location, a load-
distance value is computed as follows:
 ●Funicular structures include cable structures, membrane structures
and vaults and domes.
●Cable structure – is a form of long-span structure that is subject to
tension and uses suspension cables for support.
●Membrane structures – are spatial structures made out of tensioned
membranes. The structural use of membranes can be divided into
pneumatic structures, tensile membrane structures, and cable
domes.
●Vault – is an architectural term for an arched form used to provide a
space with a ceiling or roof/
●Dome - is an architectural element that resembles the hollow upper
half of a sphere.
●Suitability – is a measure of the degree to which a facility and its
component parts serve users needs in the present and future.
●Reliability - is expressed as the probability that the building will
continue to remain suitable throughout the life of the facility given
Sample Problem: appropriate maintenance and operation.
Burger Orland wants to evaluate three different sites it has identified
●Flexibility – include adaptability, is a measure of the ability to
for its new distribution center relative to the four suppliers identified in accommodate changing occupancies and functions along with a
the previous example. The coordinates of the three sites under measure of the continuing effort and resources required during the
consideration are as follows:
facility life-cycle to maintain suitability.

The focus of the evaluation of structural systems performance must be

in an integrated setting. In other words, the success and failure of
facility environments are not the result of individual systems or
components for the most part, but are the outcomes of the
effectiveness of those components within their integrated setting.

Enclosure Systems
An enclosure systems is a combination control system consisting of a
work area, a holding area, a washroom, and an uncontaminated area.

In order to appreciate the approaches involved in building enclosure

system design strategies, it is important to understand several key
relationships that impact performance.
1. Workmanship and materials are imperfect.
2. Management approaches with respect to physical phenomena
affecting the building enclosure system are shown through experience
to be superior to barrier approaches.
3.Enclosures must adequately control moisture migration, heat
transfer, air leakage and solar radiation.

Atmospheric Systems
Building and facilities rely on the operation of mechanical systems and
electrical systems to maintain a high level of indoor environmental
quality for occupants. Greenhouse gases are generated and released
for the production and consumption of the fossil fuel energy used in
buildings. These greenhouse gases directly contribute to air pollution
and climate change.

Therefore, atmospheric problems can be reduced by increasing the

efficiency with which energy is used, optimizing the use of natural
CHAPTER 10: FACILITIES SYSTEMS energy resources, and understanding the effects of energy
technologies on the atmosphere.
Structural Systems Performance
Structural system is the particular method of assembling and Electrical and Lighting Systems
constructing structural elements of a building so that they support and
transmit applied loads safely to the ground without exceeding the Lighting in commercial, industrial, and institutional building is often the
allowable stresses in the members. largest single user of electrical energy.

Bending Structures – include the girder and two-way grids and slabs. Lighting systems convert electrical energy into light energy effectively,
Girder is a support beam used in construction. It is the main horizontal efficiently and safely. Lighting systems must be maintained and
support of a structure which supports smaller beams. A girder upgraded if they are to continue to meet the customer’s needs.Lighting
is commonly used many times in the building of bridges, and planes. designs assume regular maintenance.

Beam and Girder look the same but the girder has to be a heavier load Lighting designers and manufacturers assume that the lighting
than the beam. The beam is generally constructed to bear distributed systems will be maintained in accordance with their design
load whereas girders are constructed to bear heavy point load from the assumptions and recommendations. These assumptions are
group of the beam. factored into the lighting design in three ways:
●Lamp burnout
Slabs are used to furnish a flat and useful surface in reinforced ●Lamp lumen depreciation
concrete construction. It is broad, flat plate, usually horizontal, with top ●Luminaries’ dirt depreciation
and bottom surfaces parallel or nearly so. It may be supported by
reinforced concrete beams, by masonry or reinforced concrete walls,
by structural steel members, by directly by columns or continuously ●Electrical system design is the design of electrical systems. This can
by the ground. as simple as flashlight cell connected through two wires to a light bulb
or as involved as the space shuttle. Electrical systems are groups of
electrical components connected to carry out some operation.
Life Safety Systems
A life safety system is a part of any building’s infrastructure that
monitors the environment in and around built space for changes in
state that indicate the presence of fire or smoke. Its purpose is the
protection and preservation of human life during an emergency or
failure of a critical building system.

Sanitation Systems
Sanitation systems are designed to address the whole water as well as
the nutrients cycle, from the toilet user where wastewater is generated,
over the collection, treatment up to reuse or discharge.

Types of Sanitation System:

●Gravity System
●Low-pressure sewer systems
●Vacuum sewage system

Building Automation Systems

A building automation system (BAS) is used to monitor and control
building components and systems.
Building automation is an example of a distributed control system – the
computer networking of electronic devices designed to monitor and
control the mechanical, security, fire and flood safety, lighting, HVAC
and humidity control and ventilation systems in a building.

Facilities Maintenance Management Systems

Facilities maintenance fixes what is broken and keeps running what

is not broken. If there are leaks, squeaks, graffiti and strange noises
coming from closers and rooftops, facilities maintenance will respond
to those problems.

Building Maintenance
1. Repair of windows, glass displays cases and aquariums
2. Installation and maintenance of window shades and blinds
3. Repair and testing of refrigeration system components,
refrigerator/freezers and ice machines
4. Painting within public areas, including main entrances, public
corridors, stairwells and restrooms
5. Repair and maintenance of floors and floor coverings
6. Foundation and structures, roofs, gutters, ceilings and ceiling tiles
7. Repair and maintenance of stairways, handrails, ramps, doors and
building entrances
8. Furniture repair
9. Repair and testing of electrical lighting and electrical systems
10. Repair and maintenance of plumbing and water systems, water
fountains, distilled water

Equipment Maintenance
1. Equipment repaired and maintained
2. Heavy equipment maintenance and repair: tractors, backhoes,
cranes and print plant equipment
3. Kitchen equipment: maintenance including parts needed to overhaul
equipment, machinery, ventilation fans and pumps

Ground Services Ground Management

1. Landscaping and ground maintenance
2. Repair and maintenance of irrigation systems
3. Pest management
4. Road, walkways and street lighting; street
striping and traffic signage
5. Building identification and signage