GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, SIRSA

BRANCH: MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SEMESTER: 6TH SEM.
SUBJECT: AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING
CHAPTER 4: STEERING SYSTEM
 CONTENTS
 Steering System
 Steering linkage

 Akerman’s Steering mechanism

 Davis Steering mechanism

 Types of steering gears

 Power steering

 Adjustment of wheel
STEERING SYSTEMS
 The steering gear changes the rotary motion of
the wheel into linear motion of the steering

3
linkage.
 Steering System directs the vehicle in particular
directions.
 it provides directional control of the vehicle to

the driver.
 STEERING LINKAGE
 Connects the linear motion of the steering gear to the
steering arms.
 Parallelogram type linkage (typical) –

4
 Pitman arm
 Idler arm
 Center link
 Inner tie rod
 Outer tie rod
 Tie rod adjustment sleeve
PRINCIPAL AND FUNCTION OF ACKERMAN’S
STEERING MECHANISM
 The shorter links AM and CN
are inclined at angle a to the
longitudinal axis of the vehicle
as shown (a)


5
 AB and CD are stub axles but
integral part of AM and CN such
 that BAM and DCN are bell-
crank levers pivoted at A and C.
 Link AM and CN are known as
track arms and the link MN as
 It is based upon four-bar chain. track rod.
 The two opposite links AC and MN are  The track rod is moved towards
unequal; AC being longer than MN. left or right hand sides for
 Two opposite links AM and CN are equal in steering.
length.
 When the vehicle is moving on a straight
path link AC and MN are parallel to each
other.
CONTINUE..

6


 For steering a vehicle on right hand side, link NM is moved towards left hand side
with the result that the link CN turns clockwise.
 Thus, the angle a is increased and that on the other side, it is decreased.
 Principal and Function of Davis
Steering Mechanism

7
 It consists of the main axle AC having a parallel bar MN at a distance h.
 KAB and LCD are two bell-crank levers pivoted with the main axle at A

and C respectively such that angle BAK and angle DCL remain constant.
 Arms AK and CL have been provided with slots and these house die-
blocks M and N.
 With the movement of bar MN at the fixed height, it is the slotted arms AK
and CL which side relative to the die-blocks M and N.
 In Fig. (a), the vehicle has been shown as moving in a straight path and
both the slotted arms are inclined at an angle a as shown.

 Now suppose, for giving a turn to the right hand side, the base MN is
moved to the right side by distance x.
CONTINUE..

8


 The bell-crank levers will change to the positions shown by dotted lines in
Fig.(b).
 The angle turned by the inner wheel and the outer wheels are  and 
respectively.
 The arms BA and CD when produced will meet say at I, which will be the
instantaneous center.
TYPES OF STEERING GEARS
 Worm and nut
 Worm and wheel

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 Worm and roller

 Rack and pinion

WORM AND NUTS

10
WORM AND WHEELS

11
WORM AND ROLLER STEERING GEAR

12
RACK AND PINION SYSTEMS

13
• Fewer parts and Light in weight
• Modular and Saves space
• Generally not as strong as a recirculating-ball type
system
POWER STEERING

14
POWER STEERING

15
ADJUSTMENT OF WHEEL
TOE IN AND TOE OUT

16
CAMBER AND CASTER

17
KINGPIN INCLINATION

18
 GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC,
SIRSA

BRANCH: MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SEMESTER: 6TH SEM.
SUBJECT: AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING
CHAPTER 5: BRAKING SYSTEM
 CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Function of Braking System

 Types of Braking System

 Mechanical Braking System

 Hydraulic Braking System

 Air Braking System

 Vaccum Braking System

 Brake Adjustment

 Anti Lock Braking System

INTRODUCTIN
Brake is a device used for slowing ,stopping &
controlling the vehicle.
Braking operation based on kinetic energy of
vehicle is
to converting into heat, which dissipated into
atmosphere.
While driving the vehicle, torque of the engine
produces
The tractive effort due to periphery of driving
vehicle.
When the brakes are applied it produces negative
tractive effort on wheel.
While, this help to slow down an vehicle
MAIN FUNCTIONS OF BRAKING SYSTEM

To stop the vehicle

safely in shortest
possible distance in
case of emergency.
To control the
vehicle when it is
descending along
the hills
To keep the vehicle
in desired position
after bringing in at
rest
TYPES OF BRAKING SYSTEM

Mechanical Braking System

Hydraulic Braking System
Air Braking System
Vacuum Braking system
Anti lock Brake System
MECHANICAL BRAKING SYSTEM

Classification
Mechanical Braking System, brakes are available in following construction
1.Drum type
2.Disc type
Drum type Brake
There are generally of two types
Internal expanding drum brake.
External expanding drum brake.
INTERNAL EXPANDING
BRAKE DRUM
Construction.
In Internal Expanding Drum Brake
consist of leading shoe, anchor,
adjustor, Heel of shoe, trailing
shoe, brake retracting spring brake
shoe, brake shoe,toe shoe etc.
In internal expansion b raking
system brake liners are expands
internally
Its consist of stationary plate,two
shoes hinged at anchor pins, and
cam system to expand the shoe and
a retracting spring.
EXTERNAL CONTRACTING BRAKE DRUM

Construction
IN external contracting brake drum has brake drum is used for only parking
purpose .this system consist of Drum, brake & lining, operating lever with
adjusting lever and push rod with returning spring.
External braking system is model braking system used to operate in floor
mills, various types of electrical components. the following various types of
parts is applied on brake drum..
DISC TYPE BRAKE

CONSTRUCTION
DISC Brake consist of cast iron disc bolted to the wheel hub and an
stationary housing called “caliper”. The caliper is connected with some
stationary part of position of vehicle, like stub or axle on of wheel of
connecting rod .
The piston rod is connected in between which has friction pad is being held
by an piston pins, springs etc.
HYDRAULIC BRAKING SYSYTEM

construction
hydraulic braking system is mainly confined with “brake fluid” this fluid consist of
Alcohol,castor oil & glycerin.hydraulic braking system has following components.
 master cylinder,brake pedal,wheel cylinder,brake drum,retracting spring,brake
shoe etc.
 The brake pedal is connected to the master cylinder by means of piston for
application of brake driver presses the brake pedal, which moves the master
cylinder.
 In master cylinder pressure is instantly transferred to all four wheels. The brakes
shoe moves against the brake drum to apply brakes.
WORKING SYSTEM
When driver releases the brake pedal, the master
cylinder piston returns to its original position
due to return springs, dropping fluid pressure.
Brake shoe retracting spring pulls the brake shoe
from drum to their original position & brakes are
released.
ROLE OF MASTER CYLINDER:

To build the hydraulic pressure required to

operate the system.
To bleed or force air out of brake line & wheel
cylinder.
A to act reservoir to maintain a constant volume
of fluid in system
ADVANTAGES OF HYDRAULIC BRAKE

simple in construction :Mechanical joints,

linkages & cam are eliminated.
Equal braking system: the brake fluid must
exists equal pressure.
Disadvantages of Hydraulic Brake

Fails whole system at one time: if there is

leakages in system, all four brakes are fail at one
time due to loss of fluid pressure. This difficulty
can be eliminated with use of tendum master
cylinder
PNEUMATIC / AIR BRAKING SYSTEM
Air Compresor

Its composes of generally Build the

air pressureby driven of engine.

Unloader Valve:

Its is device maintain constant

pressure in reservoir.The excess of
pressure is safely removed.

Reservoir:

it’s a tank in which high

pressure air is stored

Brake Valve:

its is located between air

reservoir and brake cylinder

Relay valve:

It is valve kept in between brake

chamber & air chamber for
controlling the air chamber
VACCUM BRAKING SYSTEM
The vacuum brake was,
for many years, used in
place of the air brake as
the standard, fail-safe,
train brake used by
railways.
The vacuum brake system
is controlled through a
brake pipe connecting a
brake valve in the driver's
cab with braking
equipment on every
vehicle. Parts of Vaccum Braking System
A vacuum is created in • Driver's Brake Valve
• Exhauster
the pipe by an ejector or
• Vaccum Brake Pipe
exhauster. • Vaccum Reservoir
• Ball Valve
• Brake Cylinder
 CONCEPT OF BRAKE ADJUSTMENT

 Many vehicles come equipped with drum brakes. For many years,
disc brakes have been used at the front of the vehicles while drum
brakes are used at the rear.
 Drum brakes can last a very long time, if maintained properly.
Periodic adjustment of the drum brakes makes sure that the brakes
do not drag when driving as this can rob power from the vehicle and
cause the brakes to wear out much more quickly.
 Drum brakes usually need to be adjusted when the brake pedal has
to be pressed down a lot before the brakes engage. Adjustments can
be done only on brakes that are in good shape. Keep in mind that
not all drum brakes are adjustable. To confirm your brakes are in
good working order before you adjust them, check your vehicle
for symptoms of a bad or failing drum brake.
ANTILOCKING BRAKING SYSTEM {ABS}
SOURCE: INTERNET

Anti-lock braking system (ABS) is an automobile safety system that allows the
wheels on a motor vehicle to maintain tractive contact with the road surface according to
driver inputs while braking, preventing the wheels from locking up (ceasing rotation) and
avoiding uncontrolled skidding. It is an automated system that uses the principles of threshold
braking and cadence braking which were practiced by skillful drivers with previous generation
braking systems. It does this at a much faster rate and with better control than a driver could
manage
ABS generally offers improved vehicle control and decreases stopping
distances on dry and slippery surfaces for many drivers; however, on loose
surfaces like gravel or snow-covered pavement, ABS can significantly increase
braking distance, although still improving vehicle control.
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC,
SIRSA

BRANCH: MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SEMESTER: 6TH SEM.
SUBJECT: AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING
CHAPTER 6: SUSPENSION SYSTEM
 CONTENTS

 Introduction To Suspension System

 Purpose Of Suspension System

 Basic Parts

 Springs

 Leaf Spring

 Coil Spring

 Shock Absorbers

 Air Suspension
 INTRODUCTION TO SUSPENSION SYSTEM

What is suspension system?

 Suspension is the term given to the system
of springs, shock absorbers and linkages
that connects a vehicle to its wheels
 Serve a dual purpose – contributing to the
car's handling and braking.
 Protects the vehicle itself and any cargo or
luggage from damage and wear
INTRODUCTION TO SUSPENSION SYSTEM
• Supports the vehicle and cushions the ride
– Holds tire and wheel in correct position
• Sprung weight
– Weight supported by car springs
• Powertrain, body, and frame
• Anything carried by the weight of springs
• Unsprung weight
– Reducing unsprung weight increases control
• Tires, wheels, brakes, bearings, axels, and differential
 PURPOSE OF SUSPENSION SYSTEM
•Supports the weight.
•Provides a smooth ride.
•Allows rapid cornering
without extreme body roll.
•Keeps tires in firm contact
with the road.
•Allows front wheels to turn
side-to-side for steering.
•Works with the steering system to keep the wheels in
correct alignment.
•Isolate passenger and cargo from vibration and shock
 BASIC PARTS

Control Arm:- movable lever

that fastens
the steering knuckle to the
vehicle’s
body or frame.

Steering Knuckle:– provides a

spindle or bearing support for the
wheel hub, bearings
and wheel assembly.
 BASIC PARTS

Ball Joints:– swivel joints that

allow control arm and steering
knuckle to move up and down
and side to side.

Springs:– supports the weight

of the vehicle; permits the
control arm and Wheel to move
up and down.
 BASIC PARTS

Shock absorbers or
dampeners:- keeps the
suspension from continuing to
bounce after spring
compression and extension.

Control arm bushing :–

sleeves that allows the control
arm to swing
up and down on the frame.
Fig. Unsprung and sprung weight
Non-independent suspension:- It has both right and
left wheel attached to the same solid axle. When one
wheel hits a bump in the road, its upward movement
causes a slight tilt of the other wheel.
Independent suspension:- Independent
suspension is a broad term for
any automobile suspension system that allows each
wheel on the same axle to move vertically independently
of each other
SPRINGS
 Support the load of the car
 Absorb the up-and-down motion of wheels
 Coil spring: most common spring used in front
and rear of passenger cars
 Variable rate spring: becomes stiffer as compressed
 Smoother ride over small bumps
SPRINGS (CONT'D.)
• Leaf spring: long, flat strip of spring steel rolled at
both ends to accept rubber insulated bushing
– As leaf spring is deflected it becomes stiffer
• Air spring: rubber air chamber attached by tubing to
an air compressor

Fig. Leaf spring

Fig. Bump condition
Non-
Independent
suspension

Independent
Suspension
 LEAF SPRING
 Used in many early
applications
 Internal friction
provides damping
 Provide Lateral
location for the axle
 Heavy
Fig. Multi LEAF SPRING
 Prone to weaken
over time
 Leaf springs are
now limited to the
rear of some cars
Fig. COIL SPRING AND LEAF SPRING
 COIL SPRING
 Little to no internal
damping
 Low cost
 Compact Size
 Used in many
Suspension types
 Coil spring is the
most common type
of spring found on Fig. COIL SPRING
modern vehicles
 SHOCK ABSORBERS
•A shock absorber is a mechanical device designed to
smooth out or damp shock impulse, and dissipate kinetic
energy.
•Limits spring compression-
extension
movements to smooth the
vehicle’s ride.
•Without shock absorbers,
the vehicle would continue to
bounce up and down long
after striking dip or hump in
the road.
Strut assembly (MacPherson struts)
SHOCK ABSORBERS
 One at each vehicle corner
 Dampen spring oscillations
 Convert spring energy into heat energy
 Poor shock absorbers
 Aggravate SUV rollovers
 Especially top-heavy vehicles
HYDRAULIC SHOCK ABSORBER
OPERATION
• One end attached to suspension
– Other to car body or frame
• Force oil through passageways controlled by valves
– Generates hydraulic friction
– Converts motion energy into heat energy

• Two chambers with piston

– Forces fluid through valve from one chamber to the other
• Either twin-tube or monotube
Fig. Shock absorber staggered on each side of the rear axle
 AIR SUSPENSION

Air suspension:- Air

Suspension is a type of
vehicle suspension powered
by an electric or engine
driven air pump
or compressor. This
compressor pumps the air
into a flexible bellows, usually
made from textile-reinforced
rubber. This in turn inflates
the bellows, and raises the Pneumatic Spring On
chassis from the axle. Semitrailer
AIR SHOCKS/LEVELING DEVICES
 Shocks not designed to carry vehicle weight
 Some aftermarket devices use shock absorbers to
correct vehicle height
 Air shocks
 Coil springs mounted on outside of shock body

 Disadvantages of leveling vehicle using shocks

 Shocks and shock mounts prone to breakage
 Coil spring shock prevents body roll
 ADVANTAGES:

•These maintain a constant frequency of vibration

whether the vehicle is laden or unladen.
•Constant frame height is maintained.
•It helps to reduce the load while the vehicle in motion
i.e. the dynamic loading as the spring rate variation
between laden and unladen weight is much less.
•It gives smooth and comfort ride of the vehicle.
•The stiffness of the system increases with the increase
of the deflection.