GRADE 10 – COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

NETWORKING
Internet
Internet is a computer based global information system. The internet is composed of many
interconnected computer networks. Each network may link tens, hundreds or even thousands
of computers enabling them to share information with one another and to share computational
resources such as powerful supercomputers and databases of information.
The internet has made it possible for people all over the world to effectively and inexpensively
communicate with one another. Unlike traditional broadcasting. The internet’s success arises
from its flexibility. No network is too large or too small, too fast or too slow to be connected to
the internet. Thus the internet includes inexpensive networks that can only connect a few
computers within a single room as well as expensive networks that can span a continent and
connect thousands for computers.
From its inception in 1970s until the late 1980s the Internet was a US government funded
communication and research tool restricted almost exclusively to academic and military uses.
As government restrictions were lifted in the early 1990s, the internet became commercial.

Internet protocols
Common Internet protocols include TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol),
UDP/IP (User Datagram Protocol/Internet Protocol), HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) and
FTP (File Transfer Protocol).
TCP/IP specifies how data is exchanged over the internet by providing end-to-end
communications. TCP defines how applications can create channels of communication across a
network. It also manages how a message is assembled into smaller packets before they are
then transmitted over the internet and reassembled in the right order at the destination
address. IP defines how to address and route each packet to make sure it reaches the right
destination. Each gateway computer on the network checks this IP address to determine where
to forward the message.

Internet history
The origins of the Internet date back to research commissioned by the federal government of
the United States in the 1960s to build robust, fault-tolerant communication with computer
networks.[1] The primary precursor network, the ARPANET, initially served as a backbone for
interconnection of regional academic and military networks in the 1980s. The funding of
the National Science Foundation Network as a new backbone in the 1980s, as well as private
funding for other commercial extensions, led to worldwide participation in the development of
new networking technologies, and the merger of many networks. The ARPANET project led to

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the development of protocols for internetworking, by which multiple separate networks could
be joined into a network of networks.
The overreaching definitions of the two principal name spaces in the Internet, the Internet
Protocol address (IP address) space and the Domain Name System (DNS), are directed by a
maintainer organization, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN).

World Wide web

The World Wide Web (WWW) is a network of online content that is formatted in HTML and
accessed via HTTP. The term refers to all the interlinked HTML pages that can be accessed over
the Internet. The World Wide Web was originally designed in 1991 by Tim Berners-Lee while he
was a contractor at CERN. Berners-Lee developed hypertext, the method of instant cross-
referencing that supports communications on the Web, making it easy to link content on one
web page to content located elsewhere. The introduction of hypertext revolutionized the way
people used the internet.
The World Wide Web is most often referred to simply as "the Web." The World Wide
Web (WWW) is combination of all resources and users on the Internet that are using the
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).

WEB SERVERS
Web server is the software and hardware that makes web pages available to the user.
A Web server is a program that uses HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) to serve the files that
form Web pages to users, in response to their requests, which are forwarded by their
computers' HTTP clients. Dedicated computers and appliances may be referred to as Web
servers as well.
The process is an example of the client/server model. All computers that host Web sites must
have Web server programs. Leading Web servers include Apache (the most widely-installed
Web server), Microsoft's Internet Information Server (IIS) and nginx (pronounced engine X)
from NGNIX. Other Web servers include Novell's NetWare server, Google Web Server (GWS)
and IBM's family of Domino servers.
Web servers often come as part of a larger package of Internet- and intranet-related programs
for serving email, downloading requests for File Transfer Protocol (FTP) files, and building and
publishing Web pages.

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WEB CLIENTS
The client, or user, side of the Web. It typically refers to the Web browser in the user's machine.
It may also refer to plug-ins and helper applications that enhance the browser to support
special services from the site. The term may imply the entire user machine or refer to a
handheld device that provides Web access.

WEB SITES & WEB PAGES

A website is a collection of related network web resources, such as web
pages, multimedia content, which are typically identified with a common domain name, and
published on at least one web server.
Web pages, which are the building blocks of websites, are documents, typically composed
in plain text interspersed with formatting instructions of Hypertext Markup Language
(HTML, XHTML). They may incorporate elements from other websites with suitable markup
anchors. Web pages are accessed and transported with the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP),
which may optionally employ encryption (HTTP Secure, HTTPS) to provide security and privacy
for the user. The user's application, often a web browser, renders the page content according
to its HTML markup instructions onto a display terminal.

WEB BROWSERS
A web browser is a software program that allows a user to locate, access, and display web
pages. In common usage, a web browser is usually shortened to "browser." Browsers are used
primarily for displaying and accessing websites on the internet, as well as other content created
using languages such as Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) and Extensible Markup Language
(XML).
Browsers translate web pages and websites delivered using Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
into human-readable content. They also have the ability to display other protocols and prefixes,
such as secure HTTP (HTTPS), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), email handling (mailto:), and files
(file:). In addition, most browsers also support external plug-ins required to display active
content, such as in-page video, audio and game content.
The most common browser software: Microsoft Internet Explorer, Google's Chrome, Mozilla
Firefox, Apple's Safari, and Opera. Browser availability depends on the operating system your
computer is using (for example: Microsoft Windows, Linux, Ubuntu, Mac OS, among others).

Blogs
A blog is a type of website where the content is presented in reverse chronological order
(newer content appear first). Blog content is often referred to as entries or “blog posts”.

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Blogs are typically run by an individual or a small group of people to present information in a
conversational style. However, now there are tons of corporate blogs also.
Blogs evolved from online diaries and journals in the mid-90s. At that time, internet users were
already running personal web pages where they published regular updates about their personal
lives, thoughts, and social commentary.

What is The Difference Between Blog and Website?

Blogs are a type of website. The only real difference between a blog and other types of website
is that blogs are regularly updated with new content, which is displayed in reverse
chronological order (newer posts first).
Typical websites are static in nature where content is organized in pages, and they are not
updated frequently. Whereas a blog is dynamic, and it is usually updated more frequently.
Some bloggers publish multiple new articles a day.
Blogs can be part of a larger website. Often businesses have a blog section where they regularly
create content to inform and educate their customers.
You can use WordPress to create both, a website and blog. All blogs can be a website or part of
a website. However, not all websites can be called blogs.

NEWS GROUPS
A newsgroup is a discussion about a particular subject consisting of notes written to a central
Internet site and redistributed through Usenet, a worldwide network of news discussion
groups. Usenet uses the Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP).
Newsgroups are organized into subject hierarchies, with the first few letters of the newsgroup
name indicating the major subject category and sub-categories represented by a subtopic
name. Many subjects have multiple levels of subtopics. Some major subject categories are:
news, rec (recreation), soc (society), sci (science), comp (computers), and so forth (there are
many more). Users can post to existing newsgroups, respond to previous posts, and create new
newsgroups.
Some newsgroups are moderated by a designated person who decides which postings to allow
or to remove. Most newsgroups are unmoderated.

Newsgroups are decentralized, which means that the messages are not maintained on a single
server, but are replicated to hundreds of servers around the world.

Newsgroups are most effective when:

 You don't need an immediate answer.

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 You want to communicate with more than one person.
 You want to communicate with a group of people interested in the same topic.
 You need or want to provide extensive information about that topic.

HTML
HTML Stands for "Hypertext Markup Language." HTML is the language used to create webpages.
"Hypertext" refers to the hyperlinks that an HTML page may contain. "Markup language" refers
to the way tags are used to define the page layout and elements within the page.
Web browsers receive HTML documents from a web server or from local storage and render the
documents into multimedia web pages. HTML describes the structure of a web
page semantically and originally included cues for the appearance of the document.
HTML elements are the building blocks of HTML pages. With HTML constructs, images and other
objects such as interactive forms may be embedded into the rendered page. HTML provides a
means to create structured documents by denoting structural semantics for text such as
headings, paragraphs, lists, links, quotes and other items.

WEB ADDRESS
A website address, also known as a URL (uniform resource locator), is an Internet or intranet
name that points to a location where a file, directory or website page is hosted. Website
addresses can represent the home page of a web site, a script, image, photo, movie or other file
made available on a server for viewing, processing or download. They can also be embedded into
the code of web pages in the form of hyperlinks to direct the user to other locations on the
Internet.
A website address begins with the protocol then the domain with the domain extension, the path
is the section of the web address after the domain extension that indicates to your browser which
folder or file to open.
Examples of protocols used are http and https. Next, a unique name obtained by a domain name
registration service is used. A variety of different domains extensions exist, including but not
limited to: .com, .net, .org and .gov.

An example of a website address is https://www.gulfnews.com/gulfnews/sport/football.html

Protocol: https
Domain: www.gulfnews.com
Path: gulfnews/sport
File: football.html

The DNS (domain name service) is one of the most important technologies related to the website
address. Without a DNS, websites could only be accessed through their respective IP address,
which includes a series of numbers (for example, 192.168.1.1). This would require reliance on
numbers to get to your favorite websites on the Internet.

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E MAIL ADDRESS
An email address is a unique identifier for an email account. It is used to both send and receive
email messages over the Internet. Similar to physical mail, an email message requires an address
for both the sender and recipient in order to be sent successfully.
Every email address has two main parts: a username and domain name. The username comes
first, followed by an at (@) symbol, followed by the domain name. In the example below, "mail"
is the username and "techterms.com" is the domain name.
[email protected]
When a message is sent (typically through the SMTP protocol), the sending server checks for
another mail server on the Internet that corresponds with the domain name of the recipient's
address. For example, if someone sends a message to a user at techterms.com, the mail server
will first make sure there is a mail server responding at techterms.com. If so, it will check with
the mail server to see if the username is valid. If the user exists, the message will be delivered.
IMAP and POP3 are the two most commonly used Internet mail protocols for retrieving emails.
Both protocols are supported by all modern email clients and web servers.
SMTP – SIMPLE MAIL TRANSFER PROTOCOL
POP – POST OFFICE PROTOCOL
IMAP – INTERNET MESSAGE ACCESS PROTOCOL

DOWNLOADING AND UPLOADING FROM REMOTE SITE

In the context of the web, to upload something means to send data from an individual user's
computer to another computer, network, website, mobile device, or some other remotely
connected networked location.
To download something on the web means to transfer data from a website or network or web
server, saving that information on your computer, tablet, or mobile device.
All sorts of information can be downloaded on the web: books, movies, software, etc. For
example, you can download movies to your smartphone or mobile device to watch while you're
on the go. If you can download software or applications to increase your computing capabilities
(like finance applications to track your money or social media apps to connect with friends).