Computer

ा
lHkh çfr;ksxh ijh{kkvksa ds fy, jkeck.k iqLrd
aए जाम ओ रएं टेड कंटट aसरल भाषा म लेखन

aसंि और सटीक नोटस

् aकं यटर
ू के नवीन वजन पर आधा रत

? काशक
Apni Padhai Publication
 Apni Padhai Publication
fl}eq[k eksM] jktx< ¼pw:½

© çdk'kdk/khu
- Apni Padhai
- Apni Padhai
- 7568716768 मू य - ₹ 100 /-

bl iqLrd ds fdlh Hkh Hkkx dks izdk'kd dh iwoZ vuqefr ds fcuk Nkiuk ;k fdlh bysDVªksfud ek/;e ls QksVksdkWih]
PDF] fjdkWfMZx ;k vU; fdlh fof/k ls forj.k ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS] blds lokZf/kdkj izdk'kd ds ikl lqjf{kr gS

bl iqLrd dks rS;kj djus esa iw.kZ lko/kkuh cjrh xbZ gS iqLrd esa fn;s x;s rF; o fooj.k mfpr o fo'oluh;
lzksrksa ls çkIr fd;s x;s gSa] fQj Hkh blesa fdlh çdkj dh =qfV] xyrh] deh ds fy, ys[kd] çdk'kd] lEiknd] eqæd]
foØsrk ftEesnkj ugha gksxsA vki mDr 'krsZ ekurs gq, gh ;g iqLrd [kjhn jgs gS

? काशक
Apni Padhai Publication
 Hkwfedk
fç; fo|kfFkZ;ksa
vkidh ftKklk] vkidk mRlkg vkSj vkids vVwV fo'okl us
eq>s daI;wVj czãkL= iqLrd fy[kus dh çsj.kk nh gS blds fy, esa vkidk
/kU;okn nsrk gw¡A çfr;ksxh ijh{kkvksa dh nqfu;k¡ esa] tgka le; dh deh vkSj
fo'kky ikBîØe Nk=ksa ds fy, pqukSrhiw.kZ gksrk gS] bl iqLrd dk vkxeu ,d
lPpk ekxZn'kZd lkfcr gksxkA

;g iqLrd fo'ks"k :i ls SSC] jsyos] fnYyh iqfyl] jktLFkku

iqfyl] iVokjh] VDO] prqFkZ Js.kh vkSj vU; dsaæh; rFkk jkT; Lrjh; çfr;ksxh
ijh{kkvksa ds ikBîØe ds vuqlkj fMtkbu dh xbZ gS] bl iqLrd dk eq[;
mís'; Nk=ksa dks laf{kIr] çHkkoh vkSj O;kid v/;;u lkexzh çnku djuk gSA
laf{kIr uksV~l ij vk/kkfjr ;g iqLrd xkxj esa lkxj dh vo/kkj.kk dks lkdkj
djrh gS] bl iqLrd esa ogha lkexzh lekfgr dh xbZ gS tks Examiner iwNrk gSA

bl iqLrd dh ,d vuwBh fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd ;g fiNys lHkh

ijh{kkvksa ds ç'uksa dks 'kkfey djrh gS] tks Nk=ksa dks ijh{kk iSVuZ dks le>us
vkSj rS;kjh ds fy, j.kuhfr cukus esa enn djsxhA blds vykok] ;g iqLrd
daI;wVj ds uohuÙke laLdj.k ij vk/kkfjr gS] vkSj laf{kIr uksV~l dk çk:i bls
vklku vkSj çHkkoh cukrk gS] ftlls vki de le; esa vf/kd lh[k ldrs gSaA

esa bZ'oj dk /kU;okn nsrk gw¡ ftUgksaus bl iqLrd dh jpuk dks laHko
cuk;kA esa bl iqLrd dks jksfgr lj dks lefiZr djuk pkgrk gw¡] ftUgksaus eq>s
yxkrkj çsfjr fd;k ,oa jkt (Tech- Head) o deys’k lj ¼d- vuqns’kd½ dk Hkh
egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgkA esa vki lHkh dk rgs fny ls vkHkkj O;ä djrk gw¡
bl jpukRed ;k=k esa esjs ekrk&firk vkSj cgu vf{krk tkafxM+
¼dof;=h½ ds vk'khokZn dk fo'ks"k LFkku gS] bl iqLrd dk ys[ku muds fcuk
laHko ugha Fkk] vkSj ;g muds çksRlkgu dk ifj.kke gSA
A.K. Sir
 INDEX
1. कं यटर
ू का प रचय 1-5
Introduction to Computer ............................................
2. इनपटु और आउटपटु िडवाइस 6 - 11
Input and Output Devices ............................................
3. कं यटर
ू मेमोरी 12 - 15
Computer Memory .......................................................
4. हाडवेयर एवं सॉ टवेयर 16 - 19
Hardware and Software ...........................................
5. ऑपरे िटंग िस टम 20 - 23
Operating System ......................................................
6. माइ ोसॉ ट वड 24 - 31
Microsoft Word ......................................................
7. माइ ोसॉ ट पॉवर पॉइंट 32 - 37
Microsoft PowerPoint .....................................................
8. माइ ोसॉ ट ए सेल 38 - 45
Microsoft Excel .....................................................
9. नेटवक एवं इंटरनेट 46 - 54
Network and Internet .....................................................
10. इनफामशन टे नोलॉजी 55 - 56
Information Technology ........................................
11. सं या णाली 57 - 58
Number System ....................................................
 1 CPU
क यटर
ू का प रचय
Moniter Laptop
Printer
Speaker

Mouse Key Board

@ “COMPUTER” ySfVu Hkk"kk dk 'kCn gS ftldk vkfo"dkj fd;k Fkk

vFkZ x.kuk djuk gksrk gS @ iapdkMZ lqpuk buiqV dh lcls iqjkuh ;qfä gS
@ daI;wVj ,d bysDVª‚fud midj.k gS tks MsVk çkIr ftldk çFke ç;ksx – tkslsQ esjh us fd;k Fkk
djrk gS] çkslsl djrk gS] x.kuk djrk gS] mldk @ tux.kuk ds vk¡dMksa dks laxzfgr djus ds fy,
fo'ys"k.k djrk gS] vkmViqV rS;kj djrk gS] MsVk vesfjdk esa 1890 esa geZu gksyfjFk }kjk “lsUll
dks bUQkWesZ’ku esa cnyrk gS vkSj Hkfo"; esa mi;ksx VscqyfVax e’khu” fodflr dh xbZ FkhA
ds fy, MsVk dks LVksj djrk gS @ igyk daI;wVj çksxzke “ysMh ,Mk v‚xLVk” us
@ x.kuk djus dk igyk ;a= “vcsdl” Fkk fodflr fd;k
@ lu~ 1642 esa Cyst ikLdy us “ikLdykbu” uked @ Hkkjr esa igyk ,ukykWx dEI;wVj fMtkbZu fd;k &
igyk ;kaf=d dSydqysVj cuk;k Fkk lejsUnz dqekj fe=k
@ 1837 esa pkyZ~l cScst us igys eSdsfudy dEI;wVj @ Hkkjr esa lqij daI;wVj dk tud & fot; HkVdj
“,ukfyfVdy batu” ds fMtkbZu dks is'k fd;k @ 1924 esa LFkkfir IBM (baVjus'kuy fctusl e’khu)
ftldk iw.kZ fuekZ.k 1842 esa gqvk ftls “vk/kqfud dEiuh ds lg;ksx ls “gksokMZ vkbdu” us 1944
daI;wVj dk iwoZt” dgk x;k “MARK-1” çFke fo|qr ;kaf=d daI;wVj cuk;k
@ daI;wVj dk tud / vkfo"dkjd – pkyZ~l cScst @ IBM dEiuh dks “fcx Cyq” ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS
@ vk/kqfud daI;wVj dk tud – ,yu Vîwfjax @ igys izksxzkescy] bysDVªksfud] fMftVy daI;wVj
@ fo'o esa lqij daI;wVj dk tud – lsewj Øs “ENIAC” dk vfo"dkj ts-ih- ,dVZ vkSj t‚u ekslys
@ —f=e cqf)eÙkk (AI) ds laLFkkid – ,yu Vîwfjax us 1946 esa fd;k Fkk
@ —f=e cqf)eÙkk (AI) ds tud – t‚u eSdkFkhZ @ Hkkjr esa LFkkfir igyk daI;wVj “HEC-2M” Fkk
@ igyk daI;wVj vkfdZVsDpj (ewy <akpk) fn;k – ftls baXysaM ls vk;kr dj ds 1955 - 56 esa Hkkjrh;
t‚u o‚u U;weSu (1948) lkaf[;dh laLFkku ¼ISI½] dydÙkk esa LFkkfir fd;k
@ lu 1890 esa geZu g‚yfjFk us iap dkMZ dk @ “fl)kFkZ” Hkkjr }kjk fodflr igyk daI;wVj Fkk
1
 कं यटर
ू ( ा ) Apni Padhai
v vU; egRoiw.kZ rF; & @ CPU dh xfr gVZ~t ;k esxk gVZ~t esa ekih tkrh gS
@ lqij daI;wVj dh xfr FLOPS (Floating- Point
@ fo'o daI;wVj lk{kjrk fnol – 2 fnlEcj Operations per Second) esa ekih tkrh gS
@ UNIVAC igyk O;kikfjd daI;wVj Fkk @ MsVk çkslsflax – mi;ksxh tkudkjh cukus ds fy, MsVk
@ baLVªD'ku dksM fcV~l dk ,slk lewg gS tks daI;wVj dks ,d= djus] O;ofLFkr djus vkSj fo'ys"k.k djus dh
fo'ks"k dk;Z djus dks dgrk gS çfØ;k dks MsVk çkslsflax dgrs gS blesa buiqV]
@ 1987 esa LFkkfir C-DAC (Centre for Development of vkmViqV vkSj çkslsflax 'kkfey gksrh gS
Advanced Computing) Hkkjr esa vxz.kh daI;wVj MkVk lwpuk tkudkjh
fuekZrk gS ftlus ije lqij daI;wVj dk fuekZ.k fd;k (Data) (Information) (Knowledge)
@ C-DAC dk eq[;ky; & iq.ks ¼egkjk"Vª½ esa gS @ usiky us 2028 ch,l- dh tux.kuk ds fy, f}rh;
@ ySiV‚i vkSj uksVcqd fdlh Hkh txg vklkuh ls ys tk ih<+h ds IBM-1401 daI;wVj dks yht ij fy;k Fkk
ldus okys iksVsZcy daI;wVj gksrs gS @ 1980 esa fczVsu }kjk çeq[k daI;wfVax dk;ZØe
@ IBM dks 1924 ls igys dEI;wfVax VScqysfVax fjdkWfMZx "n fop daI;wVj" 'kq: fd;k x;k Fkk
dEiuh ds uke ls tkuk tkrk Fkk @ ekbØks çkslslj & MkVk vkSj çksxzke esa varj djrk gS
@ eksysD;qyj daI;wVj dks uSuks daI;wVj Hkh dgrs gS

daI;wVj ls lacaf/kr laf{kIrhdj.k (Abbreviations)

A-B-C
w AI - Artificial Intelligence w BIT - Binary Digit
w AIDC - Automatic Identification and Data Capture w BPI - Bits per inch
w ARPANET - Advanced Research Projects Agency w BPS - Bits Per Second
Network w CAD - Computer-Aided Design
w ASCII - American Standard Code for Information w CAM - Computer-Aided Manufacturing
Interchange w CC - Carbon Copy (used in emails)
w ASP - Application Service Provider w CCTV - Closed-Circuit Television
w ALGOL - Algorithmic Language w CGI - Common Gateway Interface
w ALU - Arithmetic Logic Unit w COBOL - Common Business-Oriented Language
w API - Application Programming Interface w CPU - Central Processing Unit
w ATM - Automated Teller Machine w CRT - Cathode Ray Tube
w AVI - Audio Video Interface w CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access
w AEPS - Aadhaar Enabled Payment System w CDROM - Compact Disc Read-Only Memory
w BASIC - Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction w CLI - Command Line Interface
Code w CU - Control Unit
w BCD - Binary Coded Decimal w CUI - Character User Interface
w BCR - Bar Code Reader w CDRW - Compact Disc Rewritable
w BHIM - Bharat Interface for Money w CMOS - Complementary Metal-Oxide
w BIOS - Basic Input Output System w CSA - Computer Speed Addition
5
 कं यटर
ू ( ा ) Apni Padhai
w la;kstu dqath (Combination Keys) & budk mi;ksx fdlh ,d v‚CtsDV dks pqurk gSA
vU; dqaft;ksa dh lkFk fd;k tkrk gS ¼2½ Mcy fDyd (Double Click) - bldk ç;ksx ,d
@ bUgsa eksfMQk;j ¼la'kks/kd½ dqath Hkh dgrs gS M‚D;wesUV ;k çksxzke dks [kksyus ds fy, djrs gSa
@ ;s Alt, Shift vkSj Ctrl] dh&cksMZ esa nks ckj gksrh gS ¼3½ nk;k¡ fDyd (Right Click) - ;g LØhu ij vkns'kksa
w VkWxy dqath & ;s dh&cksMZ dh dqaft;ksa dks on / off dh lwph (d‚UVsDLV esU;w ) dks fn[krk gS
djrs gS & dSIl y‚d] LØ‚y y‚d vkSj uacj y‚d ¼4½ MªSx vkSj MªkWi (Drag and Drop) - bldk ç;ksx fdlh
l dSIl y‚d pkyw gksus ij v{kj dSfiVy ySVj ,oa v‚CtsDV dks LØhu ij ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij
can gksu ij Le‚y ySVj esa Vkbi gksrk gS ys tkus ds fy, djrs gSa
v dh&cksMZ dh vU; fo'ks"k dqaft;k¡ & ¼5½ LØksfyax & LØksy cVu ds mi;ksx ls ist dks mij
w ikWt / czsd dqath & blds }kjk dk;Z ;k çkslsflax dks fups fd;k tk ldrk gS
chp esa jksdk tk ldrk gS v VªSdckWy &
w fçaV LØhu & bldk mi;ksx LØhu'k‚V ds fy, fd;k
tkrk gS
w ,aVj & blds }kjk daI;wVj dks buQkesZ'ku vkSj dekaM
nsus dk dk;Z fd;k tkrk gS @ ;g ,d çdkj dh Io‚bf.Vax fMokbl gS
w VSc cVu & bldk mi;ksx LØhu ij tkus vkSj @ blesa Åijh lrg ij ,d c‚y gksrh gS ftldk ç;ksx
iSjkxzkQ dks baMsaV djus ds fy, gksrk gS dlZj dks d.Vªksy djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS
w cSdLisl dqath & blds }kjk ck;ha vksj ds v{kj gVk @ ;g eks'ku MsVk dks dSIpj djrk gS
ldrs gS @ bldk mi;ksx CAD (Computer Aided Design)] tgkt
w fMyhV dqath & blds }kjk nkbZa vksj ds v{kj gVk esa lksukj ;a= vkSj fpfdRlk ds {ks= esa fd;k tkrk gS
ldrs gS vkSj fdlh v‚CtsDV dks gVk ldrs gS v tkW;fLVd (Joystick) &
l Shift + Del ls Qkby dks ges'kk ds fy, gVk ldrs gS @ t‚;fLVd dk ç;ksx ¶ykbV flE;qysVj
w ,Ldsi dqath & çksxzke ls ckgj vkus ;k mls dSafly dEI;wVj xsfeax] jkscksfVDl vkfn esa gksrk gS
djus ds fy, bldk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS @ blesa ,d gS.My yxk gksrk gS
w Lislckj dqath & ;g lcls yEch dqath gksrh gS ftldh lgk;rk ls dlZj ds
blls dlZj ,d LFkku nkbZ vksj gks tkrk gS ewoes.V dks d.Vªksy djrs gSaA
v ekml & Left button v LVkbyl isu &
Scroll button @ ;g gkFk ls pykus okyk Io‚bf.Vax fMokbl gS] ftldk
Right button
ç;ksx Mª‚baXl] xzkfQDl cukus ds fy, vkSj esU;w pquko
ds fy, djrs gSaA

@ ;g GUI ij vk/kkfjr IokbafVax-,aM-Mª‚ fMokbl gS

@ dlZj dks ,d LFkku ls nqljs LFkku rd ys tkus ds
fy, mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS v ykbV isu &
@ vfo"dkj & lu~ 1963 esa Mxyl ,atycVZ }kjk @ bldk mi;ksx çdk'k laosnh LØhu ij
@ ;s rhu çdkj dk gksrs gS fy[kus vkSj fp= cukus ds fy,
1. ok;jysl 2. eSdsfudy 3. v‚fIVdy fd;k tkrk gS
v ekml ds çeq[k 5 dk;Z gSa & @ blesa QksVks lsy okyk
¼1½ ck;k¡ fDyd (Click or Left Click) - ;g LØhu ij v‚fIVdy flLVe gksrk gS
7
 कं यटर
ू ( ा ) Apni Padhai
v Vp LØhu & v LdSuj &
@ bldk mi;ksx maxyh;ksa dks LØhu ij @ ;g ,d QksVksd‚ih e'khu ds rjg fn[krk gS
Vp djds buiqV nsus esa djrs gS @ ¶yksjkslsaV cYc ds mi;ksx ls ;g 'kCnksa vkSj fp=ksa dh
@ bldk mi;ksx eksckby] cSad] ATM esa fd;k tkrk gS d‚ih djrk gS vkSj mUgsa fMftVy :i esa ifjofrZr
@ ;g buiqV vkSj vkmViqV nksuksa :i esa dke djrk gS djrk gS
v ckjdksM jhMj (BCR) & @ blesa LdSu dh x;h Qkby dks PDF ;k JPEG esa
@ bldk mi;ksx fdlh çksMDV ij Nis gq, lso fd;k tkrk gS ;s rhu çdkj ds gksrs gS
ckjdksM (Universal Product Code) (1) ¶ysV csM & bldk ç;ksx QksVks d‚ih e'khu esa fd;k
dks i<+us ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS tkrk gS
@ bldk mi;ksx lqij ekdsZV (2) 'khV csM & bldk ç;ksx QSDl e'khu esa gksrk gS
iqLrdky;ksa vkSj cSad esa (3) gS.M gsYM & eksckby dSejk ds tSls LdSu djrk gS
fd;k tkrk gS
v vWkfIVdy ekdZ jhMj (OMR) &
@ bldk mi;ksx çfr;ksxh ijh{kkvksa esa v‚CtsfDVo ç'uksa
ds mÙkj dh tk¡p ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
v LekVZ dkMZ jhMj (SCR) &
@ bldk mi;ksx LdSfuax vkSj v‚uykbu Hkqxrku ds fy,
djrs gS] tSls & ØsfMV dkMZ] ID dkMZ] MsfcV dkMZ

v eSXusfVd bad djSDVj fjdWkfXu'ku (MICR) &

@ M‚D;wesaV dh oS/krk dks lR;kfir djus fy, eSXusfVd
bad ls fy[ks v{kjksa dks igpkurk gS fo'ks"k :i ls cSad
ds psd esa mi;ksx fy;k tkrk gSA blesa igys 3 vad
'kgj vxys 3 vad cSad uke vkSj vafre 3 vad v D;wvkj dksM jhMj (Quick Response Code) &
cSad 'kk[kk dks crkrs gS @ bldk vkfo"dkj 1994 esa tkiku dh MsUlks oso
v‚VkseksfVo daiuh }kjk dkj ikVZ~l dks VªSd djus ds
fy, fodflr fd;k x;k
@ fMftVy isesaV ds fy, lokZf/kd mi;ksx esa gksrk gS
v vWkfIVdy djSDVj fjdWkfXu'ku (OCR) & @ blesa 3 iksth'ku fMVsD'ku iSVuZ gksrs gS
@ blds mi;ksx ls dkxt ij fy[ks v{kjksa dks i<+k vkSj
,fMV fd;k tk ldrk gS
@ ;g v{kjksa dks ASCII (American Standard Code
For Information Interchange ) esa cnyrk gS

v vU; buiqV fMokbl &

@ osc dSejk] fMftVy dSejk] ekbØksQksu] fMthVkbZtj]
o‚;l fjdfXu'ku flLVe (VRS)] lsalj] ck;ksesfVªd e'khu
8
 3 कं यटर े
ू ममोरी
@ daI;wVj dk og cqfu;knh Hkkx tks MsVk vkSj funsZ'kksa v jSe (RAM) ds çdkj &
dks vLFkk;h ;k LFkk;h :i ls laxzfgr j[krk gS l SRAM (Static Random Access Memory) -
eseksjh ;k LVksjst dgykrk gS @ ;g dS'k eseksjh (Cache) ds :i esa mi;ksx gksrh gS
@ eseksjh vLFkk;h vkSj LVksjst LFkk;h gksrk gS @ SRAM esa çR;sd lsy ,d f¶yi ¶y‚i ls curk gS
tks fcV ij LVksj gksrk gS
v eseksjh ds çdkj & @ ;g VªkaftLVj vkSj dsisflVj }kjk cuk;h tkrh gS
@ le; le; ij fjÝs'k dh vko';drk ugha gksrh gS
eseksjh @ DRAM dh rqyuk esa vf/kd rst gksrh gS
l DRAM ( Dynamic Random Access Memory) -
çkFkfed eseksjh f}rh;d eseksjh @ fu;er :i ls fjÝs'k dh vko';drk gksrh gS
@ bldk ç;ksx ck;ksl (BIOS) çksxzke dks yksM djus ds
RAM ROM Magnetic Optical Electronic
Device
fy, eq[; eseksjh ds :i esa gksrk gS
SRAM PROM Storage Disk
l SDRAM (Synchronous Dynamic Random Access
DRAM EPROM Magnetic Tape CD Pen Drive
EEPROM Memory) -
Magnetic Disk DVD Memory
Card @ ;g lkekU; ls rst gksrh gS
Floppy Disk Blue Ray
Disk SSD @ ;g Dy‚d LihM ds lkFk flaØksukbt gksrh gS
l NV RAM (Non Volatile Random Access Memory) -
v çkFkfed eseksjh (Primary Memory) & @ usVodZ fMokbl esa gkMZfMLd ds :i esa ç;ksx gksrh gS
@ bls vkarfjd eseksjh Hkh dgrs gS l DDR RAM ( Double Data Rate RAM ) -
@ ;g enj cksMZ ij fLFkr CPU dk Hkkx gksrh gS
@ MsVk çkslsflax ds le; CPU }kjk vLFkkbZ MsVk ds (2) jkse / ROM (Read Only Memory) &
LVksjst ds fy, bldk mi;ksx gksrk gS
@ vkdkj esa lhfer gS ijUrq xfr esa cgqr rst gS
@ çkFkfed eseksjh ds eq[; nks çdkj gS
(1) jSe / RAM (Random Access Memory) &

@ ;s u‚u-oksysVkby vFkkZr LFkkbZ eseksjh gksrh gS

@ ;g daI;wVj dh bufcYV eseksjh dk fgLlk gS
@ ;g baVhxzsVsM lfdZV ls cuh gksrh gS
@ fuekZ.k ds le; gh MsVk vkSj funsZ'k dks LVksj fd;k
tkrk gS tSls dSydqysVj vkSj fofM;ks xse vkfn
@ ;g Volatile vFkkZr ifjorZu'khy eseksjh gS @ blesa LVksj l‚¶Vos;jksa dks QeZos;j dgrs gS
@ blesa MkVk dks Øec) i<us dh vko';drk ugh gS @ blds LFkkbZ funsZ'kksa dks cnyk ugha tk ldrk gS
@ daI;wVj ds can gksus ij MkVk u"V gks tkrk gS @ blesa ck;ksl (BIOS) çksxzke LVksj gksrk gS
@ daI;wVj dh xfr c<+kus ds fy, vko';d gS @ blesa gh cwfVax ds funsZ'k laxzfgr gksrs gS
12
 6
@ ekbØksl‚¶V v‚fQl dk vkfo"dkj o"kZ 1988 esa
माइ ोसॉ ट वड
w ,DlVsa'ku & Qkby uke ds var esa M‚V (.) ds lkFk
fcy xsV~l o i‚y ,yu dh ekbØksl‚¶V daiuh dqN v{kj tks Qkby ds Vkbi dks crkrs gS
(okf'kaxVu) us fd;k @ 2003 rd ds laLdj.k / otZu esa ,DlVsa'ku .doc Fkk
@ MS v‚fQl dk çFke laLdj.k 1990 esa vk;k @ 2007 vkSj mlds ckn ds laLdj.k esa .docx gS
@ MS v‚fQl esa eq[; ik¡p ,Iyhds'ku l‚¶Vos;j gS @ MS oMZ dks pykus dh ju dekaM winword.exe gS
(1) MS Word (Word Processing Software) @ uksViSM] oMZiSM] istesdj] oMZ LVkj] xwxy M‚Dl] oMZ
(2) MS Power Point (Presentation Software) ijQsDV] vksiu v‚fQl jkbVj] vkfn oMZ çkslsflax ds
(3) MS Excel (Tabular Data Formating Software) vU; l‚¶Vos;j gSa
(4) MS Acess (Database Management Software) v ekbØksl‚¶V oMZ ds ,fyesaV~l &
(5) MS Outlook (E-mail Client Software) l VkbVy ckj & oMZ esa VkbVy ckj foaMks ds 'kh"kZ ij
@ MS v‚fQl ;k v‚fQl 'kwV dk uohuÙke otZu ,d {kSfrt iêh gS tks nLrkost dk uke vkSj vU;
1 vDVwcj 2024 dks y‚Up gqvk gS tkudkjh çnf'kZr djrh gS
@ vkbZQksu vkSj ,aMª‚;M Qksu esa MS v‚fQl dh txg @ VkbVy ckj ds ckbZ vkSj W 'ksi dk cVu gksrk gS
WPS (Writer, Presentation, Spreadsheet) gksrk gS ftls daVªksy cVu dgrs gSa blesa fuEu v‚I'ku gS
v ekbØksl‚¶V oMZ (Microsoft Word) & w Restore w Size w Move
@ bldk mi;ksx i=] fuea=.k] fjiksVZ vkfn nLrkost w Minimize w Maximize w Close
laikfnr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS l fDod ,Dlsl Vwyckj & blesa rqjar dke djus ds
@ oMZ Qkby dk By Default uke Document -1 gksrk gS fy, jhMw] vuMw] lso dekaM gksrh gS

Maximize
Quick Access Toolbar Menu Bar Title Bar Minimize

Close

Ribbon

Dialog Box Launcher

Scroll Bar
Cursor

Apni Padhai Publication

Text Area View Buttons Zoom Control

Status Bar

24
 कं यटर
ू ( ा ) Apni Padhai
v MS oMZ ls lacaf/kr 'k‚VZdV dq¡ft;k & w Ctrl + Shift + W – Underline words only (no spaces)
w Ctrl + N – New document w Ctrl + Shift + D – Double underline
w Ctrl + O – Open document w Ctrl + = – Subscript
w Ctrl + S – Save w Ctrl + Shift + + – Superscript
w Ctrl + Shift + S – Save As w Ctrl + D – Font settings
w Ctrl + P – Print w Ctrl + Shift + < / > – Decrease/Increase font size
w Ctrl + F12 – Open (alternative to Ctrl + O) w Ctrl + [ / ] – Decrease/Increase font size by 1pt
w Ctrl + W – Close document w Ctrl + Space – Clear formatting (reset to default)
w Alt + F4 – Close Word w Ctrl + E – Center align
w Ctrl + F4 – Close current window (if multiple are open) w Ctrl + L – Left align
w Ctrl + C – Copy w Ctrl + R – Right align
w Ctrl + X – Cut w Ctrl + J – Justify
w Ctrl + V – Paste w Ctrl + 1 – Single line spacing
w Ctrl + Shift + V – Paste as plain text w Ctrl + 2 – Double line spacing
w Ctrl + Alt + V – Paste Special (opens dialog) w Ctrl + 5 – 1.5 line spacing
w Ctrl + Z – Undo w Ctrl + 0 – Add/Remove space before paragraph
w Ctrl + Y / F4 – Redo/Repeat w Ctrl + M – Indent paragraph
w Ctrl + F – Find w Ctrl + Shift + M – Decrease indent
w Ctrl + H – Replace w Ctrl + T – Hanging indent
w Ctrl + G – Go To (page, section, line) w Ctrl + Shift + T – Decrease hanging indent
w F3 – Insert Auto Text (after typing a few letters) w Alt + Shift + Up/Down Arrow – Move row up/down
w Ctrl + Backspace – Delete previous word w Ctrl + Shift + L – Toggle bullet list in table
w Ctrl + Delete – Delete next word w Alt + Ctrl + P – Print Layout
w Alt + Shift + R – Copy header/footer from previous w Alt + Ctrl + O – Outline View
section w Alt + Ctrl + N – Draft View
w Ctrl + Arrow Keys – Jump by word w Ctrl + Scroll Wheel – Zoom in/out
w Home / End – Start/End of line w F7 – Spell check
w Ctrl + Home / Ctrl + End – Start/End of document w Alt + F7 – Next spelling error
w Page Up / Page Down – Scroll up/down w Shift + F7 – Thesaurus
w Ctrl + Page Up – Move to previous w Ctrl + Shift + F8 – Column selection (block select)
w Ctrl + Page Down – Move to next page w Ctrl + Shift + F5 – Edit bookmark
w Shift + Arrow Keys – Select text w Alt + H – Home tab
w Ctrl + Shift + Arrow Keys – Select whole words w Alt + N – Insert tab
w Shift + Home / Shift + End – Select to start/end of line w Alt + P – Page Layout tab
w Ctrl + A – Select all w Alt + S – References tab
w F8 – Extend selection w Alt + M – Mailings tab
w Esc – Exit selection mode w Alt + R – Review tab
w Ctrl + B – Bold w Alt + W – View tab
w Ctrl + I – Italic w F1 – Help
w Ctrl + U – Underline w F5 – Go To
31
 7 माइ ोसॉ ट पॉवर पॉइंट
@ ekbØksl‚¶V i‚oj i‚baV dk mi;ksx xzkfQDl ds @ i‚oj i‚baV ds esuw ckj eas File, Home, Insert, Draw,
çstsaVs'ku ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS Design, Trasitions, Animations, Slide show, Review,
@ blds fy, ju dekaM Powerpnt / Powerpnt.exe gS view vkfn VSc gksrh gS
@ blesa cuh Qkby dks ppt Hkh dgrs gS v Qkby VSc &
@ çtsaVs'ku Qkby dk ,DlVsa'ku .ppt / .pptx gksrk gS @ bl VSc esa U;w] lso] lso ,t] vksiu] bUQks] Dykst]
@ by default uke Presentation-1 gksrk gS fjlsaV] fçaV] 'ks;j] ,DliksVZ vkfn dekaM gksrs gSa
@ blesa çR;sd ist dks LykbM dgrs gS l U;w / New (Ctrl+N) & bl dekaM ls u;h çtsaVs'ku
@ LykbM dk vksfj,aVs'ku by default ySaMLdsi gksrk gS Qkby cukbZ tk ldrh gS
@ i‚oj i‚baV esa çR;sd LykbM ds fy, U;quÙke 10% l vksiu / Open (Ctrl + O/ Ctrl + F12) & daI;wVj esa
vkSj vf/kdÙke twe 400% gks ldrk gS ekstwn çtsaVs'ku QkbYl dks [kksyus ds fy, mi;ksx
@ blesa by default twe 69% gksrk gS fd;k tkrk gS
@ i‚oj i‚baV esa VsDLV ds lkFk fiDpj] v‚fM;ks] @ blesa igys ls fMtkbZu Qkby dks VsEiysV dgrs gS
fofM;ks] ,uhes'ku vkfn dk çstsaVs'ku gks ldrk gS @ i‚oj i‚baV esa by default Cysad VsEiysV u;h çtsaVs'ku
Qkby esa [kqyrk gS
v ekbØkslkW¶V ikWoj ikWbaV ds ,fyesaV &
@ i‚oj i‚baV dk igyk laLdj.k Windows ds fy,
@ VkbVy ckj] esuw ckj] Vwyckj] fjcu] LØksy ckj] 22 ebZ 1990 dks vk;k
LVsVl ckj] fDod ,Dlsl Vwyckj vkfn dk v/;;u @ çkjEHk esa bldk uke çtsaVj Fkk
MS oMZ esa fd;k tk pqdk gS @ i‚oji‚baV çtsaVs'ku LykbM~l dk leqg gksrk gS
Menu Bar Title Bar

Ribbon
Scroll Bar

View Buttons Zoom Control

Status Bar

32
 कं यटर
ू ( ा ) Apni Padhai

aSUM ( ) tksM+us ds fy, aFV ( ) Fix Deposite ds C;kt x.kuk ds fy,

aSUB ( ) varj Kkr djus ds fy, aLOG ( ) y?kqx.kd ds eku ds fy,
aPRODUCT ( ) xq.kk djus ds fy, aTODAY ( ) vkt dk fnukad bUlVZ gksrk gS
aAVERAGE ( ) vkSlr Kkr djus ds fy, aNOW ( ) orZeku le; vkSj fnukad bUlVZ gksrk gS
aMAX ( ) lcls cM+h la[;k Kkr djus ds fy, aDATE ( ) uacj] fnukad Q‚esZV esa cnyrk gS
aMIN ( ) lcls NksVh la[;k Kkr djus ds fy, aTIME ( ) uacj] Vkbe Q‚esZV esa cnyrk gS
aSQRT ( ) oxZewy Kkr djus ds fy, aLEN ( ) 'kCn ds v{kjksa dh la[;k crkrk gS
aPOWER ( ) ?kkr dk eku Kkr djus ds fy, aUPPER ( ) v{kjksa dks vij dsl esa cnyrk gS
aODD ( ) vxyh fo"ke la[;k ds fy, aLOWER ( ) v{kjksa dks yksvj dsl esa cnyrk gS
aEVEN ( ) vxyh le la[;k ds fy, aCONCATENATE ( ) 'kCnksa ds chp ds Lisl dks gVkrk gS
aINT ( ) la[;k ds iw.kkaZd eku dks n'kkZrk gS aTRIM ( ) 'kCn ds nksuksa vkSj ds Lisl dks gVkrk gS
aMOD ( ) 'ks"kQy Kkr djus ds fy, aCEILING ( ) lsy oSY;w ds cjkcj ;k T;knk oSY;w nsrk gS
aROUND ( ) n'keyo la[;k dh iw.kZ oSY;w ds fy, aFLOOR ( ) lsy oSY;w ds cjkcj ;k de oSY;w nsrk gS
aABS ( ) ldjkRed ifj.kke nsrk gS aCLEAN ( ) u‚u fçaVscy VsDLV dks gVk nsrk gS
aCOUNT ( ) lsy esa fLFkr uacj fxuus ds fy, aLEFT ( ) 'kCn ds ck;ha vkSj ds v{kj crkrk gS
aACCRINT ( ) vftZr C;kt dh x.kuk ds fy, aRIGHT ( ) 'kCn ds nk;ha vkSj ds v{kj crkrk gS
aPMT ( ) yksu dh ekfld fdLr ds fy, aMID ( ) 'kCnksa esa chp ds v{kj dks n'kkZrk gS
l vU; egÙoiw.kZ QkWewZyk & w HLOOKUP (Horizontal LookUp) & odZ'khV ds 'kh"kZ
w LOOKUP & j‚ ;k d‚ye esa fdlh fuÆn"V eku dks iafä esa fdlh fuÆn"V eku dks [kkstus esa enn djrk gS
[kkstrk gS w FLOOR & fudVÙke eYVhiy (xq.kt) dk irk pyrk gS
w VLOOKUP (Vertical LookUp) & odZ'khV ds d‚ye esa tSls FLOOR (15,4) bldk ifj.kke 4 dk eYVhiy 12
fdlh fuÆn"V eku dks [kkstus esa enn djrk gS gksxk tks 15 ds fudVÙke gS

Data Tab

v MkVk VSc & blesa odZ'khV esa ckgjh MsVk dks bUlVZ (2) dusD'ku Cy‚d & blds }kjk odZ'khV esa lHkh MsVk ds
djus] mls 'kkWVZ ,aM fQYVj djus] dusD'ku cukus vkfn lkslZ vkSj dusD'ku ns[ks tk ldrs gS rFkk fjÝs'k dekaM
ds fy, dekaM~l gksrh gS dh lgk;rk ls MsVk dks viMsV fd;k tk ldrk gS
(1) xsV ,aM VªkalQ‚eZ MsVk Cy‚d & ckgjh MsVk dks ,Dlsy (3) 'kkWVZ ,aM fQYVj Cy‚d & MsVk ds fo'ys"k.kkRed
esa bUlVZ djus vkSj dusD'ku ns[kus ls lEcaf/kr dekaM v/;;u ds fy, bl Cy‚d dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS
gksrh gS tSls ekbØksl‚¶V ,Dlsl] osclkbV] VsDLV l 'kkWVZ & lysDVsM lsYl esa MsVk dks vkjksgh] vojksgh Øe
Qkby ls MsVk dks ,Dlsy esa bUlVZ fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj vaxzsth o.kZekyk ds Øe esa O;ofLFkr djus gsrq
43
 9 े
नटवक और इंटरनटे
@ daI;wVj usVodZ ,d lapkj ç.kkyh gS ftlesa dbZ @ ;g MsVk çlkj.k dk lcls rst ek/;e gS
fMokbl (daI;wVj] eksckby] fçaVj] loZj vkfn) @ v‚fIVdy Qkbcj cukus ds fy, dkap ]IykfLVd vkSj
,d&nwljs ls tqM+s gksrs gSa flfydk dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS
@ ;g tqM+ko HkkSfrd ek/;e (rkj] Qkbcj v‚fIVd) ;k @ blesa 1000 Mbps dh xfr ls MsVk Hkstk tk ldrk gS
ok;jysl ek/;e (jsfM;ks rjaxsa] lSVsykbV) ls gksrk gS @ blesa flXuy dh rhozrk esa deh ugha gksrh gS blfy,
@ ,d flLVe ls nqljs flLVe esa MkVk vkSj lwpukvksa yEch nwjh ds fy, bldks loksZÙke ekuk tkrk gS
ds vknku çnku dh çfØ;k dks lapkj ra= dgrs gS w Qkbcj esa MsVk foftcy ykbV ds :Ik esa çlkfjr
v mís'; & fd;k tkrk gS tcfd fV~oLVsM is;j dscy ,oa
w MsVk VªkalQj & Qkbysa] ohfM;ks] v‚fM;ks Hkstuk dks,fDl;y dscy esa MsVk fo|qr vko`fÙk ds :Ik esa
w lk>k djuk & fçaVj] LdSuj] gkMZ Mªkbo dk mi;ksx çlkfjr fd;k tkrk gS
w lapkj & bZesy] eSlsftax] o‚bl d‚y
w lqj{kk vkSj cSdvi & MsVk dks lqjf{kr j[kuk vkSj
d‚ih djuk
v Vªkalfe'ku ehfM;k & MkVk dk lapj.k vke rkSj ij
nks çdkj ds Vªkalfe'ku ehfM;k ls gksrk gS
(1) ok;MZ ehfM;k & bl çdkj ds Vªkalfe'ku (lapj.k)
esa dscy }kjk nks daI;wVjksa ds chp MkVk dk vknku
çnku gksrk gS ;s fuEu çdkj dk gksrk gS
l fV~oLVsM is;j dscy & blesa nks balqysVsM rkacs ds
rkj gksrs gS tks vkil esa dqaMfyr :i esa gksrs gS
@ bldk mi;ksx VsyhQksu usVodZ esa fd;k tkrk gS
;s nks çdkj dh gksrh gS &
(1) UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair)
(2) STP (Shielded Twisted Pair)
l dks,fDl;y dscy & bl dscy dks balqysVsM (2) ok;jysl Vªkalfe'ku ehfM;k &
IykfLVd doj }kjk doj fd;k tkrk gS rkfd @ ok;jysl ehfM;k esa MsVk gok ;k varfj{k esa rjaxksa ds
ckgjh 'kksj ¼Noise½ @ vk?kkr ls cpk;k tk lds tfj, tkrk gS
@ blds vUnj rkacs dk rkj gksrk gS @ bls vuxkbMsM ehfM;k Hkh dgrs gS
@ bldk mi;ksx Vhoh çlkj.k] de nwjh ds LAN @ mnkgj.k & jsfM;ks rjaxsa] ekbØksoso] bUÝkjsM] lSVsykbV
çlkj.k vkSj VsyhQksu lapkj ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS lapkj] CywVwFk] okbZ&QkbZ] Zigbee] Li-Fi vkfn
@ MsVk lapj.k dh xfr fV~oLVsM is;j dscy ls vf/kd l jsfM;ks rjaxsa (Radio Waves) &
gksrh gS @ fo|qr pqEcdh; rjaxks dk mi;ksx
l vWkfIVdy Qkbcj & blesa MsVk foftcy ykbV ds @ mi;ksx& jsfM;ks (FM/AM)] jMkj] czksMdkfLVax vkfn esa
:i esa çlkfjr fd;k tkrk gS tks iw.kZ vkUrfjd @ ÝhDosalh jsat & 3 kHz ls 300 Ghz
ijkorZu ds dkj.k çlkfjr gksrk gS @ yach nwjh rd VªSoy dj ldrh gSa

46
10 इ फॉमशन टे नोलॉजी (IT)
l lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh (IT) & og rduhd tks lwpukvksa l IT Act dk mís'; &
dks eSust djus ds fy, gkMZos;j] l‚¶Vos;j vkSj @ fMftVy gLrk{kj vkSj bysDVª‚fud fjd‚MZ dks
usVodZ dk mi;ksx djrh gS ekU;rk
@ ;g 1940 ds n'kd esa igys fMftVy daI;wVj @ lkbcj vijk/kksa ¼gSfdax] MsVk pksjh½ ij jksd
(ENIAC) ls 'kq: gqbZ] fQj 1970 esa ilZuy daI;wVj] @ bZ&xousaZl dks c<+kok
1980 esa baVjusV] 1990 esa WWW vkSj 2000 ds @ lks'ky ehfM;k vkSj fMftVy IysVQ‚eZ ij tokcnsgh
n'kd esa LekVZQksu o DykmM rd fodflr gqbZ l IT Act] 2000 dh çeq[k /kkjk,¡
@ bldk mi;ksx f'k{kk (v‚uykbu Dyklst)] O;kikj
w /kkjk 43 & vuf/k—r daI;wVj ,Dlsl] MsVk uqdlku ;k
(bZ&d‚elZ)] LokLF; (VsyhesfMflu)] lapkj (bZesy) vkSj ok;jl QSykus ij tqekZuk
euksjatu esa gksrk gS w /kkjk 66 & gSfdax] MsVk pksjh ;k /kks[kk/kM+h ¼3 lky dh
@ DykmM daI;wfVax (v‚uykbu LVksjst)] AI (LekVZ
tsy ;k 5 yk[k tqekZuk½
flLVe½] IoT (LekVZ fMokbl½] vkSj lkbcj flD;ksfjVh w /kkjk 66A & ¼2015 esa jí½ & vkifÙktud v‚uykbu
(MsVk lqj{kk½ vkfn blds çeq[k {ks= gSa lans'k Hkstus ij ltk
w /kkjk 66C& fMftVy vkbMsafVVh pksjh & 3 lky dh
v lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh vf/kfu;e (IT Act, 2000) &
tsy + tqekZuk
@ ;g Hkkjr dk og dkuwu gS tks lkbcj vijk/kksa dks w /kkjk 66D & bailZus'ku ¼fdlh vkSj dh vkbZMh ls
ifjHkkf"kr djrk gS vkSj bZ&d‚elZ dks dkuwuh ekU;rk /kks[kk/kM+h½ & 3 lky dh tsy + tqekZuk
nsrk gS w /kkjk 66E & çkboslh mYya?ku (Privacy Violation) &
@ bls 17 vDVwcj 2000 dks ykxw fd;k x;kA v'yhy rLohjsa/ohfM;ks yhd djus ij 3 lky dh tsy
@ blesa 94 vuqHkkx] 13 v/;k; vkSj 4 vuqlwfp;ka Fkh w /kkjk 66F & lkbcj vkradokn & vkthou dkjkokl
@ 27 vDVwcj 2008 dks la'kks/ku & /kkjk 66A w /kkjk 67 & v'yhy lkexzh ¼Pornography½ v‚uykbu
¼vkifÙktud lans'k½] /kkjk 69 ¼fuxjkuh½ tksM+h xbZ çdkf'kr djus ij ltk ¼5 lky rd dh tsy½
@ 2015 esa lqçhe dksVZ us /kkjk 66A dks vlaoS/kkfud w /kkjk 69 & ljdkj dks MsVk fMfØIV djus ;k VªSd
?kksf"kr fd;k djus dk vf/kdkj ¼jk"Vªh; lqj{kk ds ekeyksa esa½
l fMftVy bafM;k ,DV (DIA-2023) dk çLrko & v lkbcj lqj{kk dh orZeku fLFkfr ¼2025½ &
w IT Act, 2000 dks viMsV djuk
@ 2022 esa 65]893 lkbcj vijk/k ¼NCRB MsVk½] 2025
w v‚uykbu ;wtlZ dh lqj{kk & lkbcj cqfyax] MsVk rd vkSj c<+ksrjh laHkkfor
çkboslh] Qsd U;wt vkSj MhiQsd ls lqj{kk @ jSuleos;j ¼WannaCry½ vkSj AI&vk/kkfjr geys c<+s
w u, rduhdh jsxqys'ku & AI, esVkolZ] fØIVksdjsalh @ Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT)
vkSj IoT ¼baVjusV v‚Q fFkaXl½ ds fy, fu;e dk xBu
w lks'ky ehfM;k vkSj OTT IysVQ‚eZ~l ij fu;a=.k & @ 2025 rd fMftVy ilZuy MsVk çksVsD'ku ,DV
gsV Lihp] felbuQ‚esZ'ku] v'yhy lkexzh dks jksduk ¼DPDP Act] 2023½ ykxw] IT ,DV ds lkFk leUo;
55
11 कं यटर
ू नंबर िस टम
l la[;k ç.kkyh (Number System) - la[;kvksa dks @ mnkgj.k & 13 dks ckbujh esa cnyuk
fy[kus vkSj O;ä djus dk ,d rjhdk gS] tks ,d 13 ÷ 2 ¾ 6] 'ks"k 1
fuf'pr vk/kkj (Base) ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gS 6 ÷ 2 ¾ 3] 'ks"k 0
@ vk/kkj og la[;k gksrh gS tks ;g r; djrh gS fd 3 ÷ 2 ¾ 1] 'ks"k 1
fdrus vad (Digits) ml ç.kkyh esa mi;ksx gksaxs 1 ÷ 2 ¾ 0] 'ks"k 1
v çeq[k la[;k ç.kkfy;k¡ & @ ifj.kke ¼uhps ls Åij½ & 1101
(1) n'keyo la[;k ç.kkyh (Decimal Number System) - (2) ckbujh ls n'keyo (Binary to Decimal) -
@ vk/kkj - 10] ( )10 @ rjhdk & çR;sd vad dks 2 dh ?kkr ¼Power½ ls xq.kk
@ vad & 0] 1] 2] 3] 4] 5] 6] 7] 8] 9 djuk vkSj tksM+uk
@ mi;ksx & jkstejkZ dh x.kuk ¼ekuo }kjk½ @ mnkgj.k & 1011
@ mnkgj.k & 25] 149 = 1×2³ + 0×2² + 1×2¹ + 1×2⁰ ¾ 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 ¾ 11
(2) ckbujh la[;k ç.kkyh (Binary Number System) - @ ifj.kke ¾ 11
@ vk/kkj - 2] ( )2 (3) n'keyo ls vkWDVy ¼Decimal to Octal½ &
@ vad & 0] 1 (v‚Q] v‚u) @ rjhdk & 8 ls ckj&ckj Hkkx nsuk
@ mi;ksx & daI;wVj esa MsVk çkslsflax @ mnkgj.k & 19
@ mnkgj.k & 1010] 1111] 1110001 19 ÷ 8 ¾ 2] 'ks"k 3
@ egRo & daI;wVj dsoy 0 vkSj 1 le>rk gS 2 ÷ 8 ¾ 0] 'ks"k 2
(3) vkWDVy la[;k ç.kkyh (Octal Number System) - @ ifj.kke & 23
@ vk/kkj - 8] ( )8 (4) vkWDVy ls n'keyo ¼Octal to Decimal½ &
@ vad & 0] 1] 2] 3] 4] 5] 6] 7 @ rjhdk & 8 dh ?kkr ls xq.kk
@ mi;ksx & ckbujh dks NksVk djus ds fy, @ mnkgj.k & 23
@ mnkgj.k & 12] 17] 121 2×8¹ + 3×8⁰ ¾ 16 + 3 ¾ 19
(3) gsDlkMsfley la[;k ç.kkyh (Hexadecimal Number @ ifj.kke ¾ 19
System) - (5) n'keyo ls gsDlkMsfley ¼Decimal to Hexadecimal½
@ vk/kkj - 16] ( )16 @ rjhdk & 16 ls ckj&ckj Hkkx nsukA
@ vad & 0&9 vkSj A-F (A¾10, B¾11, C¾12, D¾13, @ mnkgj.k & 26
E¾14, F¾15) 26 ÷ 16 ¾ 1] 'ks"k 10 ¼A½
@ mi;ksx & eseksjh ,Mªsl vkSj jax dksfMax 1 ÷ 16 ¾ 0] 'ks"k 1
@ mnkgj.k & 1A 5F @ ifj.kke & 1A
v la[;k ç.kkfy;ksa dk vkil esa ifjorZu & (6) gsDlkMsfley ls n'keyo ¼Hexadecimal to Decimal½
@ rjhdk & 16 dh ?kkr ls xq.kkA
(1) n'keyo ls ckbujh ¼Decimal to Binary) -
@ mnkgj.k & 1A
@ rjhdk & la[;k dks 2 ls ckj&ckj Hkkx nsuk vkSj 'ks"k
(Remainder) fy[kuk 1×16¹ + 10×16⁰ ¾ 16 + 10 ¾ 26

57
कं यटर
ू ( ा ) Apni Padhai

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60