Part 1.
1. Measurement process
Schematic of a general measurement system
2. Different method on measurement
1. Direct method 2. Indirect method
3. Absolute or Fundamental method 4. Comparative
method 5. Transposition method
6. Coincidence method 7. Deflection method
8.Complementary method 9. Contact method
10. Contact less method
Direct method of measurement :
value of the quantity to be measured is obtained directly without any calculations
eg : scales, vernier callipers, micrometers
Indirect method of measurement :
value of quantity to be measured is obtained by measuring other quantities which are
functionally related to the required value
eg : angle measurement by sine bar
Absolute or Fundamental method :
based on the measurement of the base quantities used to define the quantity
Comparative method: the value of the quantity to be measured is compared with
known value of the same quantity or other quantity practically related to it
Transposition method:
Method of measurement by direct comparison in which the value of the quantity
measured is first balanced by an initial known value A of the same quantity, then the value
of the quantity measured is put in place of this known value and is
balanced again by another known value B. If the position of the element indicating
equilibrium is the same in both cases, the value of the quantity to be measured is AB
Eg: determination of a mass by means of a balance and known weights
Coincidence method: a differential method of measurement in which a very small
difference between the value of the quantity to be measured and the reference is
determined by the observation of the coincidence of certain lines or signals
Eg: measurement by vernier calliper, micrometer.
Deflection method:
value of the quantity to be measured is directly indicated by a deflection of a pointer on a
calibrated scale.
Complementary method:
value of the quantity to be measured is combined with a known value of the same
quantity. The combination is so adjusted that the sum of these two values is equal to
predetermined comparison value
Eg: determination of the volume of a solid by liquid displacement
Method of measurement by substitution:
It is a method of direct comparison in which the value of a quantity to be measured is
replaced by a known value of the same quantity, so selected that the effects produced in
the indicating device by these two values are the same
3. Discriminate accuracy and precision
Accuracy of a system can be estimated during calibration. If the input value of calibration is
known exactly, then it can called the true value. The accuracy of a measurement system
refers to its ability to indicate a true value exactly. Accuracy is related to absolute error, ε:
ε = true value − indicated value
from which the percent accuracy is found by
Precision: or repeatability of a measuring system refers to the ability of the system to indicate a
particular value upon repeated but independent applications of a specific value input. Precision
of a measurement describes the units used to measure something
Part 2 Electrical
1. Linear – non linear method current voltage
Requirement : describe principle, draw circuit , explain.
2. Range extension . requirement for additional components ( accuracy , range )
Pro and con
Simple and theoretical oriented
Requires two meter and calculations
Subject to error: Voltage drop in ammeter (Fig. (a))
Current in voltmeter (Fig. (b))
3. loading effect
4. Bridge circuit
5. Power and energy ( draw, describe, explain circuit)
6. Capacitor , Resistance, Inductance
a. measurement of resistance
measurement of low resistance
measurement of medium resistance
measurement of high resistance
b. measurement of capacitance
c. measurement of inductance
Part 3 Non-electrical
1. Choose 1 method measuring temperature
a. depend on the range
b. depend on application (describe principle , explain, draw principles) principal
nguyên tắc .
2. Load cell (force sensor)
( Choose the load cell , describe principle)
- Definition : Load cell is an electromechanical device
+A load cell is a force transducer that converts force or weight acting on it into an
electrical signal
+Load cell can be used to measure force, torque and pressure
+Load cell can measure a wide range of force, from 25 grams to over 1000 tons
- classification:
+Mechanical type load cell
Hyddraulic
Pneumatic
Electrical type load cell
Resistance based (strain gauge load cell)
Capacitance based
Inductance based (LVDT load cell)
Among the many kinds of load cell, the most common type is strain gauge load cell.
A strain gauge is a device used to measure the strain of an object and convert the
load acting on them into electrical signals
Due to application of load, strain changes the electrical resistance of the gauge in
proportion to the applied load
Strain gauge shows a very high accuracy of 0.03%
Principle:
mechanical load cell :
Hydraulic load cells are force balance-devices, measuring weight as a change in pressure
of the internal filling fluid. It is ideal for use in hazardous areas as there are no any
electrical component in it.
The inside chamber of the device is filled with oil which has a pre-load pressure. The
force is applied on the upper portion and this increases the pressure of the fluid inside
the chamber. This pressure change is measured using a pressure transducer or is
displayed on a pressure gauge dial using a Bourdon Tube.
Even at a fully forced condition, it will only deflect up to 0.05mm used for calculating
forces whose value lies between 500N and 200kN. The force monitoring device can be
placed at a distance far away from the device with the help of a fluid-filled hose.
No need of any electrical assistance for the device used for calculating both tensile
and compressive forces. The error percentage does not exceed more than 0.25%.
The device will have to be calibrated according to the temperature in which it is used as
it is temperature sensitive.
Pneumatic load cells also operate on the force-balance principle. These device use
multiple dampener chambers to provide higher accuracy than hydraulic load cell.
Pneumatic load cells are often used to measure relatively small weights in industries
where cleanliness and safety of prime concern.
The pneumatic load cell has an inside chamber which is closed with a cap. An air
pressure is built up inside the chamber until its value equals the force on the cap. If the
pressure is increased further, the air inside the chamber will forcefully open the cap and
the process will continue until both the pressures are equal. At this point, the reading of
the pressure in the chamber is taken using a pressure transducer and it will be equal to
the input force.
electric load cell
-Strain Gauge Load cell
o A strain gauge is a device used to measure the strain of an object and convert the
load acting on them into electrical signals
o Due to application of load, strain changes the electrical resistance of the gauge in
proportion to the applied load
o Strain gauge shows a very high accuracy of 0.03%
3. architecture of measurement devices
determine the function , explain?
4. temperature 3 bridge circuit( mạch cầu 3 dây)
