Scribd
Upload
30 views

Communication System

The document outlines a course on communication systems, covering topics such as signals, modulation processes, types of communication, and noise in communication systems. It introduces key concepts like continuous and discrete time signals, analog and digital signals, and the elements of a communication system including the transmitter, channel, and receiver. Recommended textbooks are also provided for further reading.

Uploaded by

gul jahan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
30 views

Communication System

The document outlines a course on communication systems, covering topics such as signals, modulation processes, types of communication, and noise in communication systems. It introduces key concepts like continuous and discrete time signals, analog and digital signals, and the elements of a communication system including the transmitter, channel, and receiver. Recommended textbooks are also provided for further reading.

Uploaded by

gul jahan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 7

COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Course Instructor: Gul Jahan


Course contents
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS:
 Introduction to Signals and Systems;
 The parts of Communication systems and communication process,
 Modulation process and Modulation schemes;
 Analog and Digital types of Communication,
 Transmission of baseband signals, Transmission of Passband signals.
 Noise in Communication Systems: Types of Noise; Thermal noise; Calculation of
Thermal Noise; Shot Noise; Signal to Noise Ratio; Noise Figure and Noise
Temperature;
 Ideal Filter; Real Filter; Low-Pass, Band Pass, and High-Pass filters

RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. H. Taube and D.L. Schilling „Principles of Communication Systems‟ 2/e
McGraw-Hill (1986)
2. B.P Lathi‟ Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems „3/e Oxford
University Press (1998)
3. A.B Carlson‟ Communication Systems „4/e McGraw-Hill (2001)
4. S. Hay kin‟ Communication Systems „4/e John Wiley (2001)
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communication System

INTRODUCTION TO SIGNAL AND SYSTEM


Signals
A signal, as the term implies, is a set of information or data. OR a signal is defined as any
physical quantity that varies with time, space or any other dependent variables.
For Examples a telephone or a television signal, speech signals, Heart rate, the monthly sales
figures of a corporation, and closing stock prices. In all these examples, the signals are
functions of the independent variable time.

CLASSIFICATION OF SIGNALS
There are various classes of signals. Here we shall consider only the following pairs of
classes,
1) Continuous time and discrete time signals
2) Analog and digital signals
3) Periodic and aperiodic signals
4) Energy and power signals
5) Deterministic and probabilistic signals
Continuous Time and Discrete Time Signals
A signal that is specified for every value of time t is a continuous time signal, and a signal
that is specified only at discrete points of t = nT is a discrete time signal. Audio and video
recordings are continuous time signals, whereas the quarterly gross domestic product (GDP),
monthly sales of a corporation, and stock market daily averages are discrete time signals.

2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communication System

Analog and Digital Signals


A signal whose amplitude can take on any value in a continuous range is an analog signal.
That means an analog signal amplitude can take on an (uncountably) infinite number of
values. A digital signal, on the other hand, is one whose amplitude can take on only a finite
number of values. Signals associated with a digital computer are digital because they take on
only two values (binary signals). For a signal to qualify as digital, the number of values need
not be restricted to two. It can be any finite number. A digital signal whose amplitudes can
take on M values is an M -ary signal of which binary (M = 2) is a special case.
The terms "continuous time" and "discrete time" qualify the nature of signal along the time
(horizontal) axis. The terms "analog" and "digital," on the other hand, describe the nature of
the signal amplitude (vertical) axis.

3
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communication System

It is clear that analog is not necessarily continuous time, whereas digital need not be discrete
time. Figure shows an example of an analog but discrete time signal. An analog signal can be
converted into a digital signal (via analog-to-digital, or A/D, conversion) through
quantization (rounding off).
Periodic and Aperiodic Signals
A signal g(t) is said to be periodic if there exists a positive constant To such that
g(t) = g(t + To) for all t
The smallest value of To that satisfies the periodicity condition of above Eq. is the period of
g(t). The signal in Fig. 2.2b is a periodic signal with period of 2. Naturally, a signal is
aperiodic if it is not periodic.

Figure: 2.2

Energy and power signals

4
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communication System

Systems
Signals may be processed further by systems, which may modify them or extract additional
information from them.
Thus, a system is an entity that processes a set of signals (inputs) to yield another set of
signals (outputs). A system may be made up of physical components, as in electrical,
mechanical, or hydraulic systems (hardware realization), or it may be an algorithm that
computes an output from an input signal (software realization).

5
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communication System

Communication System
Definition: A communication system conveys information from its source to a destination
some distance away.
Elements of a communication system
There are three essential parts of any communication system
Transmitter, transmission channel and receiver. Each parts plays a particular role in signal
transmission, as fellows

Fig: Elements of communication system

The source originates a message, such as a human voice, a television picture, an e-mail
message, or data. If the data is nonelectric (e.g., human voice, e-mail text, television video), it
must be converted by an input transducer into an electric waveform referred to as the
baseband signal or message signal through physical devices such as a microphone, a
computer keyboard, or a CCD camera. The transmitter modifies the baseband signal for
efficient transmission. The transmitter may consist of one or more subsystems: an A/D
converter, an encoder, and a modulator. Similarly, the receiver may consist of a demodulator,
a decoder, and a D/A converter.
6
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communication System

The channel is a medium of choice that can convey the electric signals at the transmitter
output over a distance. A typical channel can be a pair of twisted copper wires (telephone and
DSL), coaxial cable (television and internet), an optical fiber, or a space (radio link).
Additionally, a channel can also be a point-to-point connection in a mesh of interconnected
channels that form a communication network. Every channel introduces some amount of
transmission loss or attenuation, so the signal power, in general, progressively decreases with
increasing distance.
The receiver reprocesses the signal received from the channel by reversing the signal
modifications made at the transmitter and removing the distortions made by the channel. The
receiver output is fed to the output transducer, which converts the electric signal to its
original form-the message.
MODES of Communication

You might also like