IoT-Based Environmental Pollution Monitoring System with NodeMCU,

MQ2 Sensor, and W1209 Temperature Sensor

The IoT-based Environmental Pollution Monitoring System is a comprehensive

solution designed to monitor and analyze environmental parameters in real-time
using advanced sensors and IoT technology. The system utilizes a NodeMCU
microcontroller along with MQ2 gas sensor and W1209 temperature sensor to
collect data on air quality and temperature levels. Additionally, it incorporates an
alert mechanism through an IP-based system accessible via mobile phones for
efficient data monitoring and management.

Key Features:

1. **NodeMCU Microcontroller**: The NodeMCU serves as the central control

unit, responsible for collecting data from connected sensors, processing
information, and transmitting it to the cloud for analysis and visualization.

2. **MQ2 Gas Sensor**: The MQ2 sensor detects various gases present in the
environment, including carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH4), and liquefied
petroleum gas (LPG). It provides real-time measurements of air quality, enabling
early detection of potential pollutants.

3. **W1209 Temperature Sensor**: The W1209 sensor accurately measures

ambient temperature levels, allowing for the monitoring of thermal conditions in
the environment. This data is crucial for assessing temperature-related factors
influencing pollution levels.

4. **Real-Time Data Transmission**: The system leverages IoT technology to

transmit collected data to a cloud-based platform in real-time. This enables remote
access to environmental parameters from anywhere with an internet connection,
facilitating prompt analysis and decision-making.

5. **Alert Mechanism**: In case of abnormal or hazardous environmental

conditions, the system triggers alerts through an IP-based notification system.
Users receive instant alerts on their mobile phones, allowing for timely
intervention and mitigation measures.

6. **Phone-Based Data Monitoring**: Users can access the monitoring system via
a dedicated mobile application, providing a user-friendly interface for viewing
real-time data, historical trends, and receiving alerts. This enhances the
accessibility and convenience of monitoring environmental parameters.

7. **Scalability and Expandability**: The system is designed with scalability in

mind, allowing for the integration of additional sensors or modules to monitor
other environmental parameters such as humidity, particulate matter, or noise
levels. This ensures adaptability to evolving monitoring requirements.
8. **Data Analytics and Visualization**: Collected data is stored and analyzed on
the cloud platform, enabling comprehensive data analytics and visualization. Users
can generate reports, trends, and insights to better understand environmental trends
and patterns over time.

Overall, the IoT-based Environmental Pollution Monitoring System provides an

efficient and reliable solution for monitoring and managing environmental
pollution levels, contributing to environmental sustainability and public health.

NodeMCU is a low-cost open source IoT platform.[4][5] It initially

included firmware which runs on the ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC from Espressif Systems,
and hardware which was based on the ESP-12 module. [6][7] Later, support for
the ESP32 32-bit MCU was added

NodeMCU is an open source firmware for which open source prototyping board
designs are available. The name "NodeMCU" combines "node" and "MCU"
(micro-controller unit).[8]. The term "NodeMCU" strictly speaking refers to the
firmware rather than the associated development kits.[citation needed]

Both the firmware and prototyping board designs are open source.[9]

The firmware uses the Lua scripting language. The firmware is based on the eLua
project, and built on the Espressif Non-OS SDK for ESP8266. It uses many open
source projects, such as lua-cjson [10] and SPIFFS.[11] Due to resource constraints,
users need to select the modules relevant for their project and build a firmware
tailored to their needs. Support for the 32-bit ESP32 has also been implemented.
The prototyping hardware typically used is a circuit board functioning as a dual in-
line package (DIP) which integrates a USB controller with a smaller surface-
mounted board containing the MCU and antenna. The choice of the DIP format
allows for easy prototyping on breadboards. The design was initially was based on
the ESP-12 module of the ESP8266, which is a Wi-Fi SoC integrated with
a Tensilica Xtensa LX106 core, widely used in IoT applications (see related
projects).

HISTORY

NodeMCU was created shortly after the ESP8266 came out. On December 30,
2013, Espressif Systems[6] began production of the ESP8266.[12] NodeMCU started
on 13 Oct 2014, when Hong committed the first file of nodemcu-firmware to
GitHub.[13] Two months later, the project expanded to include an open-hardware
platform when developer Huang R committed the gerber file of an ESP8266 board,
named devkit v0.9.[14] Later that month, Tuan PM ported MQTT client library
from Contiki to the ESP8266 SoC platform,[15] and committed to NodeMCU
project, then NodeMCU was able to support the MQTT IoT protocol, using Lua to
access the MQTT broker. Another important update was made on 30 Jan 2015,
when Devsaurus ported the u8glib[16] to the NodeMCU project,[17] enabling
NodeMCU to easily drive LCD, Screen, OLED, even VGA displays.

In the summer of 2015 the original creators abandoned the firmware project and a
group of independent contributors took over. By the summer of 2016 the
NodeMCU included more than 40 different modules.

ESP8266 Arduino Core

As Arduino.cc began developing new MCU boards based on non-AVR processors
like the ARM/SAM MCU and used in the Arduino Due, they needed to modify
the Arduino IDE so that it would be relatively easy to change the IDE to support
alternate toolchains to allow Arduino C/C++ to be compiled for these new
processors. They did this with the introduction of the Board Manager and the SAM
Core. A "core" is the collection of software components required by the Board
Manager and the Arduino IDE to compile an Arduino C/C++ source file for the
target MCU's machine language. Some ESP8266 enthusiasts developed an Arduino
core for the ESP8266 WiFi SoC, popularly called the "ESP8266 Core for the
Arduino IDE".[18] This has become a leading software development platform for the
various ESP8266-based modules and development boards, including NodeMCUs.

SMOKE DETECTION AND ALERTING SYSTEM

Smoke Sensor

The MQ-2 is a flammable gas and smoke sensor detects the concentrations of
combustible gas in the air and outputs its reading as an analog voltage.The sensor
can measure concentrations of flammable gas of 300 to 10,000 ppm.The MQ-2 gas
sensor is sensitive to LPG, i-butane, propane, methane, alcohol, Hydrogen and
smoke.They are used in gas leakage detecting equipments in family and industry
and in portable gas detector.For details
Specification

 upply Voltage:5V
 Sensitive to H2, LPG, CH4, CO, Alcohol, Smoke or Propane
 Analog and Digital Output
 Digital Out is High or Low based on a adjustable preset threshold.

H - Out of the two H pins, one pin is connected to supply and the other
1
Pins to ground

A- The A pins and B pins are interchangeable. These pins will be tied
2
Pins to the Supply voltage.

B- The A pins and B pins are interchangeable. One pin will act as
3
Pins output while the other will be pulled to ground.
Smoke detection.

This is a section on Smoke detection and alarming system. The proposed system is
very useful for home and industrial environment. The system detects the Smoke
and control alarm works automatically. The main part of the project is the GAS
sensor and a controller circuit. The GAS sensor communicates with the controller
through a voltage comparator circuit to adjust the response time. The output of the
sensor is feed to a comparator designed using Op-Amp. The comparator input
from the voltage divider network is compared with a reference voltage correspond
to the voltage of set GAS intensity. The output of the comparator is feed to a motor
driver through a timer, to start the motor.
OVER TEMPERTURE DETECTOR

In this section our aim is to detect over temperature, for that we needs a

temperature sensor as a (THERMISTOR) which is a N.T.C type for sensing the

temperature and for comparing the temperature we needs a OP-AMP which is

configured as an voltage comparator (LM393) which compares the two input

voltage and gives the corresponding outputs according to the temperature. In the

temperature sensor is a circuit that converts temperature to the corresponding

voltage.
Connection :

The temperature sensor (THERMISTOR) one end of the terminal of the thermister

is connected to a Vcc and the other end terminal is connected to the GND through

a series connected resistances, which forms a voltage divider network. At constant

room temperature, the corresponding voltage will be available at the output. If the

temperature increases the corresponding voltage will increase according to the

increase in temperature. That output signal is given to the comparator for

comparing the voltage. If the comparator input is connected to the inverting

terminal (+) reference value is greater than the non-inverting terminal (-), the

comparator output is high i.e. ON condition. Similarly, if the comparator input is

connected to the non-inverting terminal (-) reference value is greater than the

inverting terminal (+), the comparator output is low i.e. OFF condition. But, here

both of the comparator input of inverting and non-inverting of both of the

comparator is connected to the temperature sensor and the set value input inverting

and non-inverting of both of the comparator through a variable resistance (10k).

That output signal is given to the LED indicator section for indication purpose for

the availability of the signal at the output of the comparator.

 Operation: At constant room temperature suppose in 30°C, the output at the

of the sensor circuit that forms a voltage divider network gives a corresponding

voltage suppose 3V. That voltage goes to the input of the comparator.

The output of the signal sampling voltage (3v) goes to the input of both of the

comparator. In the comparator we have set the voltage say 3.5Vto the inverting

terminal. In this case inverting terminal is greater than the non-inverting terminal.

That means output of the comparator is LOW i.e, the line voltage is in normal

condition.

If the temperature increases, the corresponding voltage will increase

due to the increase in temperature say 6V. That voltage goes to the input of the

non-inverting terminal(which is a reference voltage) of the OP-amp which is

configured as a voltage comparator.

In this comparator we have set the voltage say 3.5V to the inverting terminal. In

this case non- inverting terminal is greater than the inverting terminal. That means

output of the comparator goes to +Vsat is HIGH this means that over temperature

has occurred.
 OVER TEMPERATURE DETECTOR
V cc =+12V

470E

T HERM IST ER 10k L ED

15k

8
3
+

V+
68k
1
OUT
V cc =+12V 2 BC 547
-

V-
4 L M 393
10k
10K
V cc =+5V

10K
10k

1.5k
BC 547

RELAY DRIVER
 The relay driver is design by using a BC547 transistor .The relay used here

having the specification as follows

 Coil resistance =400ohm

 Coil voltage=12Vdc

 Contact capacity=230V, 7A

The above specification indicates that the coil requires 12V dc and 200mA current

dc. The Microcontroller can’t supply more then 10mA current. So driver section is

very much required. BC547 has a typical current gain of 200 and maximum current

capacity of 1A. So a typical base current of 200 A can trigger to on the relay.

ELECTRO MAGNETIC RELAY

These are very much reliable devices and widely used on field. The operating

frequency of these devices are minimum 10-20ms.That is 50Hz – 100Hz.The

relay which is used here can care 25mA currents continuously. The

electromagnetic relay operates on the principle magnetism. When the base

voltage appears at the relay driver section, the driver transistor will be driver

transistor will be driven into saturation and allow to flow current in the coil of the

relay, Which in turn create a magnetic field and the magnetic force produced due

to that will act against the spring tension and close the contact coil. Whenever the
base voltage is withdrawn the transistor goes to cutoff .So no current flow in the

coil of the relay. Hence the magnetic field disappears so the contact point breaks

automatically due to spring tension. Those contact points are isolated from the

low voltage supply, so a high voltage switching is possible by the help of

electromagnetic relays.

The electromagnetic relays normally having 2 contact points. Named as normally

closes (NC), normally open (NO). Normally closed points will so a short CKT

path when the relay is off. Normally open points will so a short CKT path when

the relay is energized.

 RELAY DRIVER

V CC

5
3
4
1
2
IN 4 0 0 7
10u F REL A Y S P DT

1 .5 K
DATA
INPUT BC 5 4 7

INDIVIDUAL BLOCK EXPLANATION

III (a) RESISTOR

A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component designed to oppose an electric

current by producing a voltage drop between its terminals in proportion to the
current, that is, in accordance with Ohm's law:
 V = IR
Resistors are used as part of electrical networks and electronic circuits. They are
extremely commonplace in most electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be
made of various compounds and films, as well as resistance wire (wire made of a
high-resistivity alloy, such as nickel/chrome). The primary characteristics of
resistors are their resistance and the power they can dissipate. Other characteristics
include temperature coefficient, noise, and inductance. Less well-known is critical
resistance, the value below which power dissipation limits the maximum permitted
current flow, and above which the limit is applied voltage. Critical resistance
depends upon the materials constituting the resistor as well as its physical
dimensions; it's determined by design.

Resistors can be integrated into hybrid and printed circuits, as well as integrated
circuits. Size, and position of leads (or terminals) are relevant to equipment
designers; resistors must be physically large enough not to overheat when
dissipating their power.

III (b) CAPACITOR

 A capacitor or condenser is a passive electronic component consisting
of a pair of conductors separated by a dielectric. When a voltage potential
difference exists between the conductors, an electric field is present in the
dielectric. This field stores energy and produces a mechanical force between the
plates. The effect is greatest between wide, flat, parallel, narrowly separated
conductors.
An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value,
capacitance, which is measured in farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on
each conductor to the potential difference between them. In practice, the dielectric
between the plates passes a small amount of leakage current. The conductors and
leads introduce an equivalent series resistance and the dielectric has an electric
field strength limit resulting in a breakdown voltage.
The properties of capacitors in a circuit may determine the resonant frequency and
quality factor of a resonant circuit, power dissipation and operating frequency in a
digital logic circuit, energy capacity in a high-power system, and many other
important aspects.
III (C) RECTIFIER AND FILTER

A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current

(AC), which periodically reverses direction, to direct current (DC), current that
flows in only one direction, a process known as rectification. Rectifiers have many
uses including as components of power supplies and as detectors of radio signals.
Rectifiers may be made of solid state diodes, vacuum tube diodes, mercury arc
valves, and other components. The output from the transformer is fed to the
rectifier. It converts A.C. into pulsating D.C. The rectifier may be a half wave or a
full wave rectifier. In this project, a bridge rectifier is used because of its merits
like good stability and full wave rectification. In positive half cycle only two
diodes ( 1 set of parallel diodes) will conduct, in negative half cycle remaining two
diodes will conduct and they will conduct only in forward bias only.
Capacitive filter is used in this project. It removes the ripples
from the output of rectifier and smoothens the D.C. Output received from this
filter is constant until the mains voltage and load is maintained constant. However,
if either of the two is varied, D.C. voltage received at this point changes. Therefore
a regulator is applied at the output stage.The simple capacitor filter is the most
basic type of power supply filter. The use of this filter is very limited. It is
sometimes used on extremely high-voltage, low-current power supplies for
cathode-ray and similar electron tubes that require very little load current from the
supply. This filter is also used in circuits where the power-supply ripple frequency
is not critical and can be relatively high. Below figure can show how the capacitor
changes and discharges.
III (d) LED :

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are

used as indicator lamps in many devices, and are increasingly used for lighting.
When a light-emitting diode is forward biased (switched on), electrons are able to
recombine with holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons.
This effect is called electroluminescence and the color of the light (corresponding
to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor.
An LED is often small in area (less than 1 mm2), and integrated optical
components may be used to shape its radiation pattern. LEDs present many
advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption,
longer lifetime, improved robustness, smaller size, faster switching, and greater
durability and reliability.
III (e) PUSH BUTTON

A push-button (also spelled pushbutton) or simply button is a simple

switch mechanism for controlling some aspect of a machine or a process. Buttons
are typically made out of hard material, usually plastic or metal. The surface is
usually flat or shaped to accommodate the human finger or hand, so as to be easily
depressed or pushed. Buttons are most often biased switches, though even many
un-biased buttons (due to their physical nature) require a spring to return to their
un-pushed state. Different people use different terms for the "pushing" of the
button, such as press, depress, mash, and punch.
 In industrial and commercial applications push buttons can be linked
together by a mechanical linkage so that the act of pushing one button causes the
other button to be released. In this way, a stop button can "force" a start button to
be released. This method of linkage is used in simple manual operations in which
the machine or process have no electrical circuits for control. Pushbuttons are often
color-coded to associate them with their function so that the operator will not push
the wrong button in error. Commonly used colors are red for stopping the machine
or process and green for starting the machine or process.

Red pushbuttons can also have large heads (mushroom shaped) for
easy operation and to facilitate the stopping of a machine. These pushbuttons are
called emergency stop buttons and are mandated by the electrical code in many
jurisdictions for increased safety. This large mushroom shape can also be found in
buttons for use with operators who need to wear gloves for their work and could
not actuate a regular flush-mounted push button. As an aid for operators and users
in industrial or commercial applications, a pilot light is commonly added to draw
the attention of the user and to provide feedback if the button is pushed. Typically
this light is included into the center of the pushbutton and a lens replaces the
pushbutton hard center disk.

(Push ON Button)

III (f) LDR (LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR)

 A light dependent resisitor is a resisitor whose resistance changes with
the intensity of incident light. The working principle of light dependent resistor is
photoelectric effect. A light dependent resisitor is made of a high resistance
semiconductor. If the energy of the incident light is greater than the band gap of
the semiconductor, electron -hole pairs are generated. The photogenerated
electron-hole pair transits the device giving rise to photoconductivity. The essential
elements of a photoconductive cell are the ceramic substrate, a layer of photo-
conductive material, metallic electrodes to connect the device into a circuit and a
moisture resistant enclosed Light sensitive material is arranged in the form of a
long strip, zigzag across a disc shaped base with protective sides. For additional
protection, a glass or plastic cover may be included. The two ends of the strip are
brought out to connecting pins below the base as shown below.

Top view Side view

The commercial photoconductive materials include cadmium

Sulphide (CdS), cadmium Selenide (CdSe), Lead Sulfide (PbS) and Indium
antimonide (InSb) etc., There is large change in the resistance of a cadmium
selenide cell with changes in ambient temperature, but the resistance of cadmium
sulphide remains relatively stable. Moreover, the spectral response of a cadmium
sulphide cell closely matches to that of a human eye. Hence, LDR is used in
applications where human vision is a factor such as street light control or automatic
iris control for cameras. The above mentioned features drive us to opt for CdS
based LDR in our electronic circuit for Automatic street light controller.

III (g) VOLTAGE REGULATOR (7805 AND 7812)

The LM78XX/LM78XXA series of three-terminal positive regulators

are available in the TO-220/D-PAK package and with several fixed output
voltages, making them useful in a Wide range of applications. Each type employs
internal current limiting, thermal shutdown and safe operating area protection,
making it essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can
deliver over 1A output Current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage
regulators, these devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable
voltages and currents.

FEATURES:

• Output Current up to 1A.

• Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24V.
• Thermal Overload Protection.
• Short Circuit Protection.
• Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection.

INTERNAL BLOCK DIAGRAM

III (h)

TRANSISTOR

BC547 (NPN) AND BC557 (PNP) :

Transistors are three terminal active devices made from different semiconductor
materials that can act as either an insulator or a conductor by the application of a
small signal voltage. The transistor's ability to change between these two states
enables it to have two basic functions: switching or amplification. Then bipolar
transistors have the ability to operate within three different regions:

 Active Region - the transistor operates as an amplifier and IC = β IB

 Saturation - the transistor is fully-ON operating as a switch and
IC = Isaturation
 Cut-off - the transistor is "fully-OFF" operating as a switch and IC = 0

The word Transistor is an acronym, and is a combination of the words

Transfer Varistor used to describe their mode of operation way back in their early
days of development. There are two basic types of bipolar transistor construction,
NPN and PNP, which basically describes the physical arrangement of the P-type
and N-type semiconductor materials from which they are made. A transistor is
made of a solid piece of semiconductor material, with at least three terminals for
connection to an external circuit. The Bipolar Junction Transistor basic
construction consists of two PN-junctions producing three connecting terminals
with each terminal being given a name to identify it from the other two. These
three terminals are known and labeled as the Emitter (E), the Base (B) and the
Collector (C) respectively.

Bipolar Transistors are current regulating devices that control the

amount of current flowing through them in proportion to the amount of biasing
voltage applied to their base terminal acting like a current-controlled switch. The
principle of operation of the two transistor types NPN and PNP, is exactly the same
the only difference being in their biasing and the polarity of the power supply for
each type.
LED INDICATOR (this definition for EPS, PLC):
The indicator section consists of a light emitting diode and its driver circuit is designed on the

basis of current required to glow the light emitting diode. Here the driver circuit is required for

the following functionality.

1) The Microcontroller cannot provide adequate current for glowing the LED. The LEDs

requires a current between 10mA to 20mA of current to glow.

2) The driver circuit provides current to the load from a separate source, so the load current

used not pass through the Microcontroller.

3) The driver circuit activates the load on receipt of a logic signal from the Microcontroller

and of the load in the absence of the signal as he current requirement Is very less to glow

a LED a single stage driver is sufficient to drive the load. The driver circuit is nothing

other than a perfect a transistor switch. The driver transistor goes in to saturation on

receipt of base signal and drives into cut-off region, in absence of base signal.

The driver designs around a BC548/BC547 transistor and designed for a working voltage

of +5 V dc and 10mA current.

Rc= Vcc-VCEsat = 5-0.2V

IC 10mA

= 4.8K

Ib=Ic/=10mA/200=5x10-5 A=0.5x10-6A

=0.5A

As per the design a 0.5A current is sufficient to trigger the driver circuit. As this current is

very small and to avoid mistriggering a base current of 100A is assumed

VB-IBRB-VBE=0
  IBRB = 5-0.7

RB = 5-0.7V/100A = 4.3/100 M

= 0.043x10-6

= 43K

On approximation 68K is connected by calculating back

IB = 4.3/68K = 60 70A

Which is adequate to avoid mis-triggering level also this amount of current can be drawn

from the Microcontroller without any problem.

The indicator section consists of 8 no of driver with 8 no of LED as indicator load. The

circuit diagram is enclosed.

Whenever there is a fault in any of the condition (parameter) it indicates a high output at the

Microcontroller, which is given to the base of the driver transistor (BC547/BC548) with a

base resistance (68k/56k) & thus transistor comes to saturation condition i.e. ON condition,

thus the emitter current flows to the collector of the transistor at which the LED is connected

through a current limiting resistor (330E/470E) thus the LED gets forward biased which

turns ON the LED it indicates the channels fault .

LED INDICATOR (this definition for general):

The indicator section consists of a light emitting diode and its driver circuit is designed on the

basis of current required to glow the light emitting diode. Here the driver circuit is required for

the following functionality.

4) The comparator cannot provide adequate current for glowing the LED. The LEDs

requires a current between 10mA to 20mA of current to glow.

5) The driver circuit provides current to the load from a separate source, so the load current

used not pass through the Microcontroller.

6) The driver circuit activates the load on receipt of a logic signal from the Microcontroller

and of the load in the absence of the signal as he current requirement Is very less to glow

a LED a single stage driver is sufficient to drive the load. The driver circuit is nothing

other than a perfect a transistor switch. The driver transistor goes in to saturation on

receipt of base signal and drives into cut-off region, in absence of base signal.

The driver designs around a BC548/BC547 transistor and designed for a working voltage

of +5 V dc and 10mA current.

Rc= Vcc-VCEsat = 5-0.2V

IC 10mA

= 4.8K

Ib=Ic/=10mA/200=5x10-5 A=0.5x10-6A

=0.5A
As per the design a 0.5A current is sufficient to trigger the driver circuit. As this current is

very small and to avoid mistriggering a base current of 100A is assumed

VB-IBRB-VBE=0

 IBRB = 5-0.7

RB = 5-0.7V/100A = 4.3/100 M

= 0.043x10-6

= 43K

On approximation 68K is connected by calculating back

IB = 4.3/68K = 60 70A

Which is adequate to avoid mis-triggering level also this amount of current can be drawn

from the Microcontroller without any problem.

The indicator section consists of 8 no of driver with 8 no of LED as indicator load. The

circuit diagram is enclosed.

The signal from the (555,LM393) which is given to the base of the driver transistor

(BC547/BC548) with a base resistance (68k/56k) when ever the base voltage is high,

transistor comes to saturation condition i.e. ON condition, i.e. the emitter current flows to the

collector of the transistor at which the LED is connected through a current limiting resistor

(330E/470E) thus the LED gets forward biased which turns ON the LED, it indicates the

presence of the output.

 LED INDICATOR

V CC

330E

L ED

68k
DATA
INPUT BC 5 4 7

BUZZER DRIVER
This section interfaces one audible piezo electric buzzer with the controller. The controller

activates the buzzer whenever there is any fault appears in any of the channel.

PIEZO ELECRTIC BUZZER:

It is a device that converts electrical signal to an audible signal (sound signal).The

Microcontroller cannot drive directly to the buzzer, because the Microcontroller cannot give

sufficient current to drive the buzzer for that we need a driver transistor (BC547), which will give
sufficient current to the buzzer.Whenever a signal received to the base of the transistor through

a base resistance (1.5k) is high, the transistor comes to saturation condition i.e. ON condition

thus the buzzer comes to on condition with a audible sound. Similarly, whenever the signal is

not received to the base of the transistor, thus the transistor is in cut-off state i.e. is in OFF state

thus the buzzer does not gets activated.

BUZZER DRIVER

V CC

BUZZER

1 .5 K
DATA
INPUT BC 5 4 7
CONCLUSION
All these operations makes our project a complete one stop solution for the real
implementations. Flexibility with the technical customization and economy are the
main advantages of the design .This project will have a large effect to the living
standard of human being. In the system, a lot of other features can be added to the
user's requirement depending upon the situation.

REFERENCE
[1].M.A.Mazidi, J.G.Mazidi and R.D.McKinlay, The 8051 Microcontroller and
Embedded Systems.

[2]. National Semiconductor Corporation, “ADC 0808”, journal published,

America, October 1999.

[3]. R.P.Jain, “Modern Digital Electronics”, TMH Publication 2003

[4]. Atmel Corporation, “ AT 89S51”, literature journal published, CA.

[5].Op-Amp and Linear integrated Circuits by Ramakant A. Gayakwad.

[6].Electronic device and Circuit Theory by Robert L. Boylestad and Louis

Nashelsky.
[7]. Yuksekkaya, B., Kayalar, A.A., Tosun, M.B., Ozcan, M.K., Alkar, A.Z., “A
GSM, Internet and Speech Controlled Wireless Interactive Home Automation
System”, IEEE Transactions Consumer Electronics, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 837-843,
2006.

[8]. Y. Zhao and Z. Ye, “A Low Cost GSM/GPRS Based Wireless Home Security
System”, IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 567-572,
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[9]. GSM Based Home Automation with Security (Using Microcontroller) Dr.
ShaikMeeravali 1, P. Sai Prasad 2 International Journal of Engineering Research
&Technology (IJERT) Vol. 2 Issue 9, September -2013ISSN: 2278-0181.

[10].Principal of Mobile Computing By Hansmann,Merk,Springer,2nd Edition.