MECHANISMS OF

EVOLUTIONARY
CHANGE

GREGORIO T. LLANO JR.

Special Science Teacher I
LEARNING COMPETENCY
Explain the mechanisms that produce change in
populations from generation to generation
(STEM_BIO11/12-IIIc-g-9)
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Explain genetic processes that cause change in
populations from generation to generation;
2. State the Hardy-Weinberg Principle; and
3. Calculate gene and genotype frequencies and
derive the Hardy-Weinberg equation
What have you observed in this picture?
 THE
HARDY-
WEINBERG
PRINCIPLE
 The Hardy-Weinberg Principle
In 1908, Godfrey Hardy and Wilhelm Weinberg,
working freely, indicated the connection
between genotype frequencies and allele
frequencies that must happen in such a
romanticized population in
harmony/equilibrium. This relationship, known
as the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, is
significant in light of the fact that we can utilize
it to decide whether a population is in
equilibrium for a specific quality or traits.
The Hardy-Weinberg Principle and
Random Mating
Hardy’s and Weinberg’s knowledge was that when a
population is in harmony or great equilibrium,
genotype frequencies can be determined from allele
frequencies. The key understanding is that with
irregular or random mating, the likelihood that each
parent communicates an offered allele to posterity is
equivalent to that allele's frequency in the populace.
A population is in hereditary equilibrium or harmony when allele
frequencies in the gene pool stay consistent across ages.
A gene pool will be in equilibrium if it qualifies in the following conditions:
• mutations never occur
• the population is very large in number
• individual species in the population randomly mate
• no migration (enter or exit) of the certain population
• allele frequencies are the same with males and females
• on any definite genotypes, natural selection do not occur
Example:
Example 2b:

The next generation of finches has a population of 400. There are

336 with black beaks and 64 with yellow beaks. Is this population in
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?
MECHANISMS OF
EVOLUTIONARY
CHANGE
Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change
(Natural Selection, Genetic Drift, Mutations
and Gene Flow)

◦The Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium/Principle says that

allele frequencies in a populace will stay steady
without the four factors that could transform them.
Those factors or forces are natural selection,
mutation, genetic drift, and migration (gene flow).
NATURAL SELECTION (Survival of the
Fittest)
Alfred Wallace who is a British naturalist, co-
developed the theory of natural selection and evolution
with Charles Darwin. Natural Selection prompts a
transformative/evolutionary change when a few individuals
with specific qualities in a populace have a higher
endurance and regenerative rate than others and give
these inheritable hereditary highlights to their posterity.
GENETIC/RANDOM DRIFT
Genetic/Random Drift comprises of arbitrary changes in the
frequency of appearance of a gene, as a rule, in a little
population. The cycle may make gene variations vanish
totally, along these lines lessening hereditary fluctuation. The
impact of genetic drift is bigger in small population and
more modest in huge population.
The population bottleneck
and a founder effect are
two instances of random
drift that can have huge
impact in small
populations. Genetic drift
chips away at all changes
or mutations and can in the
end add to the production
of another species by
methods for the gathering
of non-versatile mutations
that can encourage
population subdivision.
 MUTATION
Mutation can be characterized as an adjustment in the
DNA succession inside a gene or chromosome of a living
form. Many mutations are neutral, for example they can
neither be a damage nor advantage, however can likewise
be toxic or helpful. The phenotype can be affected by
mutations and in turn, lessen the fitness of an organism and
increase the vulnerability to several sicknesses and disorders.
Beneficial mutations however can lead to the reproductive
success and adaptability of an organism to its environment.
GENE FLOW
Gene Flow as emphasized in population genetics in
which otherwise it is called as gene migration, denotes to
the transmission of genes from the gene pool of one specific
population to another population. Gene flow may alter the
frequency and/or the range of alleles in the populations due
to the migration of individuals or gametes that can
reproduce in a different population. The presentation of new
alleles expands changeability inside a population and takes
into consideration new mixes of characteristics.
◦ Maintained gene flow likewise acts against speciation by
recombining the gene pool of various populaces and in such a
manner, fixing the creating contrasts in hereditary variety. Gene
flow in this way has the impact of limiting the hereditary
differences between populations.

◦ Migrations of human being have happened since the

commencement of humankind and are characterized as the
development of individuals starting with one spot then onto the
next. Be that as it may, in a hereditary setting, this development
should be related with the presentation of new alleles into a
population through effective mating of individuals from various
populations.
 In outline, there are four factors that can change the allele
frequencies of a population.
➢ Natural selection (survival of the fittest) works by choosing for
alleles that give valuable characteristics or practices, while
choosing against those for pernicious characteristics.
➢Mutations bring new alleles into a population.
➢Genetic drift comes from the event that a few individuals have
more posterity than others and results in changes in allele
frequencies.
➢At the point when an organism leave or join the population, allele
frequencies can change because of gene flow.
APPLICATION
Directions: Answer the question below based on your understanding.

1. Explain the phrase quoted by Charles Darwin by giving

specific examples.