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22625 Model answer 2024

Engineering (Government Polytechnic College Perinthalmanna)

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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

Winter-2024 EXAMINATION
Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors
Subject Name: Maintenance of Electrical Equipment Subject Code: 22625
Important Instructions to examiners: XXXXX
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the
understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more Importance (Not applicable for
subject English and Communication Skills.
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The figures
drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any equivalent figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values may vary and
there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant answer based on
candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent concept.
8) As per the policy decision of Maharashtra State Government, teaching in English/Marathi and Bilingual (English +
Marathi) medium is introduced at first year of AICTE diploma Programme from academic year 2021-2022. Hence if
the students write answers in Marathi or bilingual language (English +Marathi), the Examiner shall consider the
same and assess the answer based on matching of concepts with model answer.

Q. Sub Answer Marking

No. Q. N. Scheme

1 Attempt any FIVE of the following: 10 Marks

a) List out the factors affecting the severity of electric shock. 2 Marks

Ans.: 1. Magnitude voltage of the system.

2. The period or duration for which the area of contact with lives part.
3. It is also depends on supply system i.e. A.C or D.C.
4. Body resistance (If wet resistance of body reduces)
5. Shock may occur even when voltage (50V rmsAC low or 75V DC sometimes OR Low ½ Mark
voltage does not mean low hazard.) for each of
any four
6. Path of current through body.
point
7. The magnitude of current passing through the body = 2 Marks
8. The presence of moisture in the environment.
9. The phase of the heart cycle when the shock occurs.
10. The general health of the person prior to the shock .
11. Physical condition of the person.
12. Frequency of the supply.
13.If magnitude of current is above 25 milli-ampere it gives painful shock it may stop
breathing/ there is loss of muscular control.
14. Protective Measures

b) List the internal causes of failure of electrical machine. (Any four). 2 Marks

Ans.: Here are the internal causes of failure of electrical machines:

Electrical Failures:
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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

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(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

Winter-2024 EXAMINATION
Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors
Subject Name: Maintenance of Electrical Equipment Subject Code: 22625
1.
2.
Open circuit of winding.
Inter-turn short circuit of winding.
XXXXX
3. Earth fault
4. Single phasing
5. Insulation breakdown

Magnetic Failures:
1. Failure of magnetic circuit
2. Magnetization loss
3. Magnetic saturation ½ Mark
4. Magnetic locking for each of
5. Magnetic stresses as result of electromagnetic forces any four
= 2 Marks
Mechanical Failures:
1. Uneven air gap between stator & rotor.
2. Failure of bearing
3. Rotor imbalance
4. Shaft failures
5. Fault in rotor.
6. Warn out bearing
7. Corrosion of electrical or mechanical components due to environmental factors.

Thermal Failures:
1. Temperature rise (Sustain overloading.)
2. Overheating or Thermal stresses due to thermal overload.
3. Cooling system failures
4. Deposit of dirt and dust near ventilation passage.
5. Improper maintenance

Other Failures
1. Loose connection
2. Wrong connection
3. Excess wear and tear of internal parts
4. Ageing
c) State any four objectives of predictive maintenance. 2 Marks

Ans.: Here are the objectives of predictive maintenance:

½ Mark
1. Reduced Downtime: Minimize unexpected equipment failures and reduce downtime. for each of
any four
2. Increased Equipment Reliability: Improve equipment reliability and reduce the point
likelihood of failures. = 2 Marks
3. Optimized Maintenance Scheduling: Schedule maintenance during planned downtime,
reducing production impact.
4. Cost Savings: Reduce repair costs, extend equipment life, and minimize overtime costs.
5. Improved Safety: Identify potential safety hazards and address them before they cause

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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

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(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

Winter-2024 EXAMINATION
Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors
Subject Name: Maintenance of Electrical Equipment Subject Code: 22625
accidents. XXXXX
6. Extended Equipment Life: Predictive maintenance helps extend equipment life by
addressing issues before they cause damage.
7. Improved Product Quality: By maintaining equipment in good working condition,
predictive maintenance helps ensure consistent product quality.
8. Reduced Energy Consumption: Predictive maintenance can help identify energy-
wasting equipment and optimize energy consumption.
d) State the meaning of special test & supplementary test. 2 Marks

Ans.: Supplementary test. ------------------------------ 1 Mark

These tests are performed whenever necessary & are not very common. These are carried
out if additional information is required about a particular machine. For Example as below,
1. Insulation Resistance Test
2. Load Test Under Special Conditions

Special test: ------------------------------ 1 Mark

These are preformed for specific purpose only as per demand of customer, and these tests
are carried out in the presence of customer. To obtain information useful to the user during
maintenance
These are performed for specific purpose only as per demand of customer for example as
below
1. Measurement of acoustic noise level.
2. Vibration Test

OR Student may be write any appropriate defination

1 Mark for
Special Test of Electrical Machines: ------------------------------ 1 Mark each = 2
Marks
A special test refers to a type of test performed on electrical machines to evaluate specific
characteristics or performance under particular conditions beyond the standard tests. These
tests are often conducted based on customer requirements, regulatory standards, or special
operational needs.

Examples of Special Tests:

• Noise and Vibration Test: To measure the noise levels or vibrations during
machine operation.
• Temperature Rise Test: To check the machine's thermal performance under
specific load conditions.
• High-Frequency Response Test: For machines operating in high-frequency
environments.

Supplementary Test of Electrical Machines: ------------------------------ 1 Mark

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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

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Winter-2024 EXAMINATION
Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors
Subject Name: Maintenance of Electrical Equipment Subject Code: 22625
A supplementary test refers to additional tests conducted to provide more detailed insights
into the machine’s behavior, often complementing the results from standard or routine tests.
XXXXX
These tests help in diagnosing specific problems or verifying particular aspects of machine
performance.

Examples of Supplementary Tests:

• Insulation Resistance Test (if not part of routine tests): To check the insulation's
integrity under different conditions.
• Partial Discharge Test: To detect the presence of partial discharges in the
insulation system.
• Load Test Under Special Conditions: To examine performance when subjected to
abnormal operating conditions.

Both types of tests aim to ensure the machine's reliability and suitability for specific
operational requirements.
e) List the contaminating agents of transformer oil. 2 Marks

Ans.: 1. Dissolved gases

2. Dust & dirt particles ½ Mark
3. Moisture & water particles for each of
4. Impurities. any four
5. Temperature point
= 2 Marks
6. Viscosity of liquid
7. Acids
8. Oxidation Products:
9. Sulfur Compounds
10. Bacterial or Fungal Growth
11. Foreign Oils
12. Metallic Contaminants

f) State any two advantages of direct & indirect method of testing. 2 Marks

Ans.: Advantages of Direct Method of Testing: : ------------------------------ 1 Mark

1. Efficiency at any desired load condition, even over loads can be determined by ½ Mark
for each of
this test.
point
2. Immediate Results: Direct testing provides immediate, observable results, making
= 2 Marks
it easier to evaluate performance or proficiency.
3. High Accuracy: Results are often more accurate because the method measures the
exact skill or knowledge being tested.
4. Clear Interpretation: Direct methods often have straightforward scoring criteria,
reducing ambiguity in results.
5. Practical Skill Measurement: Ideal for assessing hands-on skills (e.g., lab
experiments, speaking tests, driving tests).
6. Transparency: Students and evaluators can easily understand what is being
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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

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Winter-2024 EXAMINATION
Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors
Subject Name: Maintenance of Electrical Equipment Subject Code: 22625
assessed. XXXXX
Advantages of Indirect Method of Testing: ------------------------------ 1 Mark

1. Broader Assessment: Indirect methods assess underlying skills or knowledge that

may not be directly observable (e.g., comprehension, reasoning ability).
2. Efficiency at any desired load condition, even over loads can be determined by
this test.
3. Time-Efficient: Often quicker to administer and evaluate, especially in large groups
(e.g., multiple-choice exams).
4. Cost-Effective: Usually requires fewer resources than direct testing, making it more
affordable.
5. Scalable: Easier to standardize and use for large-scale testing scenarios.
6. Useful for Diagnostic Purposes: Can identify general areas of weakness or strength
for further targeted assessment or instruction.

Both methods are often used complementarily to gain a more comprehensive understanding
of an individual's abilities.

g) List the different methods of re-vanishing. 2 Marks

Ans.: . Here are the common methods:

½ Mark
1. Dip and Bake Method for each of
2. Vacuum Pressure Impregnation (VPI) any four
point
3. Spray Varnishing
= 2 Marks
4. Roll-Dip Varnishing
5. Brush Varnishing
6. Trickle Varnishing
7. Flood Varnishing
8. Vacuum-Flood Varnishing

Each method is chosen based on the size, type, and application of the motor or transformer,
as well as the desired level of insulation and environmental protection.

Q.2 Attempt any THREE of the following: 12 Marks

a) Give safety precaution to be taken against electric fire & list out any four fire 4 Marks
extinguishers suitable against electric fire.

Ans. Safety Precautions to Prevent and Respond to Electric Fires: ------------------ 2 Mark ½ Mark
for each of
1. Proper Maintenance: any four
Regularly inspect electrical wiring, outlets, and appliances for wear, damage, or loose point
= 2 Marks
connections.
2. Use Appropriate Equipment:
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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

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Winter-2024 EXAMINATION
Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors
Subject Name: Maintenance of Electrical Equipment Subject Code: 22625
Ensure all electrical equipment is rated for the voltage and current requirements of the
system.
XXXXX
3. Avoid Overloading Circuits:
Do not plug too many devices into one outlet or use extension cords as permanent
solutions.
4. Install Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCIs):
These protect against electrical faults and reduce the risk of electric fires in areas prone
to moisture, like kitchens and bathrooms.
5. Use Circuit Breakers and Fuses:
Ensure they are correctly rated to prevent overheating and short circuits.
6. Keep Flammable Materials Away:
Maintain a safe distance between electrical devices and flammable materials like paper,
fabric, or chemicals.
7. Turn Off Power During Emergencies:
In case of an electrical fault, turn off the main power supply before attempting any
corrective action.
8. Educate Personnel:
Train employees or household members on how to safely handle electrical devices and
respond to electrical fires.

Types of Fire Extinguishers Suitable for Electrical Fires: ------------------ 2 Mark

1. Class C/E Fire Extinguisher (Electrical Fires): ½ Mark

Specifically designed for use on live electrical equipment. for each of
2. Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) Extinguisher: any four
Displaces oxygen and cools the fire without leaving residue, safe for electrical fires. point
3. Dry Chemical (ABC or BC) Extinguisher: = 2 Marks
Can be used on electrical fires and is effective at cutting off the fire’s oxygen supply.
4. Clean Agent Extinguisher (Halocarbon-Based):
Non-conductive and leaves no residue, making it safe for sensitive electrical equipment.

Note: Water-based extinguishers should never be used on electrical fires due to their
conductivity, which can lead to electric shock.
b) Explain open delta (∆-∆) method of testing transformer with neat diagram. 4 Marks

Ans.: Objective of open delta (∆-∆) on transformer:-

1. To see whether rise in temperature of transformer oil and winding is as per designed 1 Mark
value or not at full load. for
2. To see whether temperature rise of transformer oil & winding is within permissible limit objective
or not.
3. This test is used to find maximum temperature rise of transformer oil & & winding at
full load.
4. To see that transformer cooling arrangement is effectively designed or not.
5. To verify that whether the class of insulation used is able to withstand with rise in
temperature at full load.

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Winter-2024 EXAMINATION
Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors
Subject Name: Maintenance of Electrical Equipment Subject Code: 22625
XXXXX
6. To understand possible overhead locations of Hotspot’ inside and outside of the winding
of transformer at full load.

1 Mark
for
diagram

Procedure:
Voltmeter is used to measure the primary applied voltage and ammeter to measure current
in the secondary side. The arrangement of the transformers in connection for open delta (∆-
∆) is shown in the Fig. above
1. The primary side is excited at rated voltage & frequency.
2. The secondary side is connected in open delta
3. With the help of auto transformer increase the voltage in the secondary open delta 2 Mark for
Procedure
winding till full load current circulate.
4. To measure the temperature rise the transformer is kept under rated load condition till
maximum steady state temperature of oil and winding reaches.
• During heat run test following Temperature could be directly measured:-
a) Ambient temperature
b) Top oil temperature.
c) Bottom oil temperature
d) Hot – Spot temperature, hottest winding temperature (If fiber optic sensors are
installed)

1. To measure the temperature rise, the transformer is kept under rated load condition
for several hours till maximum steady temperature is attained of winding and oil.
2. During the test, hourly readings of top oil temperature are taken from the
thermometer already placed in the pocket of top cover.
3. When steady state temperature is reached, take the temperature of oil with the help
of thermometer.
4. After that switch off the supply and connection to the HV side and LV side are
opened.
5. Measure the resistance of winding when immediately after steady state temperature
is reached to calculate temperature of winding.
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Winter-2024 EXAMINATION
Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors
Subject Name: Maintenance of Electrical Equipment Subject Code: 22625
6. From this value, t2, the winding temperature at the instant of shut down can be
7. Determined By The Formula Given Below-
XXXXX
t2= R2/R1(235+t1)-235

8. Where, R1 is the cold resistance of the winding at temperature t1.

9. For determining winding temperature rise we have to apply the above discussed
indirect method.
10. That means hot winding resistance is measured and determined
11. first and then from that value we have to calculate the winding temperature rise, by
applying resistance temperature relation formula.
Conclusion:-
1. This temperature rise must be within permissible limits.
2. In general, more efficient transformers tend to have lower temperature rise, while
less efficient units tend to have higher temperature rise.

Or Any Appropriate answer

C) List out routine & type test to be carried out on 3 Φ induction motor as per IS. 4 Marks

Ans: Routine Tests on 3-Phase Induction Motors (as per IS 4029 & IS 325): ----------- 2 ½ Mark
Mark for each of
any four
Routine tests are performed on every motor during manufacturing to ensure proper point
= 2 Marks
functioning and compliance with standards.

1. Insulation Resistance Test:

To check the insulation resistance between windings and between windings and the
motor frame.
2. High Voltage Test (Dielectric Test):
To verify the insulation’s ability to withstand high voltage without breakdown.
3. No-Load Test:
To measure current, power, and speed at no load to ensure proper operation without
a load.
4. Locked Rotor Test (Short Circuit Test):
To check the motor's performance and current under locked rotor conditions.
5. Measurement of Winding Resistance:
To ensure that the winding resistance is within acceptable limits.
6. Direction of Rotation Test:
To confirm that the motor rotates in the correct direction as per the design.
7. Vibration and Noise Test:
To check for acceptable vibration and noise levels within specified limits.

Type Tests on 3-Phase Induction Motors (as per IS 325): ----------- 2 Mark

Type tests are performed on one or more units of a particular design to validate the motor's
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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

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Winter-2024 EXAMINATION
Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors
Subject Name: Maintenance of Electrical Equipment Subject Code: 22625
overall performance and compliance with specifications. XXXXXfor½ each
Mark
of
1. Temperature Rise Test: any four
To measure the temperature rise of the motor under full-load conditions for a point
= 2 Marks
specified duration.
2. Full-Load Test:
To evaluate the motor's performance parameters such as efficiency, power factor,
and current under rated load conditions.
3. Overload Test:
To ensure the motor can operate under overload conditions (usually 1.2 times the
rated load) for a specific time without damage.
4. Insulation Resistance Test at Elevated Temperature:
Conducted after the temperature rise test to check insulation performance at higher
temperatures.
5. High Voltage Test:
A more rigorous dielectric strength test for type testing purposes.
6. No-Load and Locked Rotor Characteristics Test:
To measure the no-load current, speed, and power factor, as well as locked rotor
torque and current.
7. Slip Test:
To determine the slip percentage at different loads and ensure it is within design
specifications.
8. Momentary Overload Test:
To assess the motor's ability to withstand short-term overloads.
9. Efficiency Test:
To calculate the motor’s efficiency at different loads (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%).
10. Degree of Protection (IP Test):
To verify the motor's compliance with its stated Ingress Protection (IP) rating.

These tests ensure that the motor operates reliably, safely, and within the specified
performance parameters, according to Indian Standards (IS).
d) With the help of Neat diagram, explain polarity test to be carried out in transformer. 4 Marks

Ans: Objective: 1 Marks

For
Polarity test is must for transformers when parallel operation is done. Because Objective
while doing parallel operation, if you connect terminals of opposite polarity, it will result in
a dead short - circuit. So, to connect the same polarity windings together both in primary
and secondary, polarity test is done.
Polarity test: It is essential to know the relative polarity of primary and secondary
terminals, at any instant for making correct connections, when the two transformers are to
be connected in parallel to share the load on the system. The dot method is used to indicate
the polarities.

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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

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Winter-2024 EXAMINATION
Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors
Subject Name: Maintenance of Electrical Equipment Subject Code: 22625
XXXXX

❖ AC VOLTAGE METHOD:
Procedure: 1 Marks
For
1. Take a 1-phase transformer. There are two primary terminals, say P1 and P2 (can be procedure
marked arbitrarily) and two secondary terminals S1 and S2.
2. Now, which one is S1 and which is S2? You cannot fix it arbitrarily just as you did for
P1 and P2. (If this transformer is not to be paralleled or is not to be a part of a 3-phase
connected transformer, you can fix S1 and S2 also arbitrarily.)
3. It is important to mark that terminal as S1, which will have the same instantaneous
polarity as P1.
4. So a polarity test is done to identify and mark the terminals as below.

For Additive polarity- 1 Marks

1. Temporally externally short the terminal P2 and S1.
2. Connect the voltmeter in terminal P1 and S2. V3= V1 + V2 For
additive
polarity

For subtractive polarity-

Ø Temporally externally short the terminal P2 and S2.
Ø Connect the voltmeter in terminal P1 and S1. V3= V1 - V2

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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

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Winter-2024 EXAMINATION
Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors
Subject Name: Maintenance of Electrical Equipment Subject Code: 22625
XXXXX

1 Marks
For
Subtractive
polarity

3 Attempt any THREE of the following: 12 Marks

a) List out Do’s & Dont’s regarding safety while working on electrical installation. ½ mark
for each 2
Ans.: Do's:-
1. Safety training / book should be given to all persons working in plant. marks for
2. Work allotted to only qualified & trained person (worker) to do the work Do’s & 2
3. Know the work content, work sequence and especially all safety measures before starting marks for
the work. Don’ts
4. Always use proper insulated tools & safety devices. / Always use proper insulated tools, (4 Marks)
rubber gloves, safety devices while working.
5. Do not make safety devices inoperative
6. Provide (Do) barricading to hazards area.
7. Always take the permit to shut down the supply, from authority during major
maintenance work.
8. Lock Open switches / Isolator while doing maintenance work.
9. Keep safe distance from HV / equipment / conductor.
10.Do not allow working on defective equipment.
11. Do not Use defective material.
12. Do not scarify safety for speed.
13. Avoid / do not allow working in unfavorable conditions such as high rain fall, fog or
high wind.
14. Avoid /do not allow working in improper illumination such as in sufficient light or
unsuitable location producing glare or shadows.

Don'ts:-
1. Untrained person (worker) allotted to handle electrical equipment/installation.
2. Not knowing the work content, work sequence and especially all safety measures while
working may lead to accident.
3.Not using proper insulated tools & safety devices during working.
4. Making safety devices inoperative
5. No barricading to hazards area.
6. Not taken the permit to shut down the supply, from authority, during major maintenance
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Winter-2024 EXAMINATION
Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors
Subject Name: Maintenance of Electrical Equipment Subject Code: 22625
work.
7. Open switches / Isolator are not locked
XXXXX
8. Not kept safe distance from HV / equipment / conductor as per voltage level.
9. Working on defective equipment.
10.Use poor quality of electrical material May lead to accident.
11.Sacrificing safety for speed may be lead to accident.
12.Most electrical accidents result from one of the following three factors:
> Unsafe equipment or installation
> Unsafe environment or
> Unsafe work practices
13. While working there is improper illumination such as in sufficient light or unsuitable
location producing glare or shadows may cause accident.
b) Compare between routine & breakdown maintenance.
1 mark
Ans.: for each
Sr.
Routine Maintenance Break Down Maintenance (4 marks)
No

As the name suggest, it is the As the little name suggest, this

maintenance as a routine work i.e. maintenance is essential in case of
1 daily work so routine maintenance is a failure of machine
overall daily maintenance of the activity/breakdown in operation of
machine. machinery.
In daily routine work, current, voltage,
Electrical faults may be due to short
power, may be periodically observed
2 circuit, overheating, failure of
or noted and a record may be kept for
insulation, earth fault etc.
certain purpose.
Failure of machine may take place
Check the switches, starters, indicators
3 due to serious electrical or
neatly before starting machine.
mechanical faults.
Mechanical faults may be due to
For mechanical stability of the damages of parts, bearing jamming,
machine, see that the working is failure of cooling system, clogging
4 noiseless, vibration less. If not take it of ventilating ducts; much more
for necessary corrections/ repairs/ deviation in the air-gaps, between
maintenance. rotating and static parts, loosing of
stampings of iron cores etc.
After mechanical faults arise the
After the stoppage of the Machine is to machine is completely shut down
be nearly cleaned to remove dirt, dust, and immediately to be taken for
5 near wastages, scraps. For cleaning, a Inspection, Fault finding and repairs
soft cloth, broom, vacuum cleaner, so that continuity of working can be
blower may be used. brought back is a shorter period to
avoid further shutdowns.
Earth connections must be checked to To avoid mechanical faults check
6
avoid shocks from leakage currents. that Insulation is in tack. (It not make

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Winter-2024 EXAMINATION
Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors
Subject Name: Maintenance of Electrical Equipment Subject Code: 22625
Also while machine is working necessary replacement), XXXXX
check
thermal conditions must be ascertained uniform air gaps between static and
by checking temperature. Excessive rotating gars, tighten loose bolts,
temperature may damage the parts, nuts, terminals etc. Air
insulation. circulation system should be
repaired.
OR

Feature Routine Maintenance Breakdown Maintenance

Nature Preventive and planned Reactive, after failure
Prolong equipment life and
Purpose prevent failures Fix issues when they occur
Corrective, to restore
Goal Preventative, to avoid failures functionality
Impact on
Productivity Maintains productivity Disrupts productivity
Regular inspections, cleaning,
Emergency repairs and
Focus lubrication, and adjustments
replacements
Regular and scheduled (e.g.,
Occurs as needed when
Frequency daily, weekly, monthly) something breaks
Generally low or plannedCan lead to significant,
Downtime downtime unexpected downtime
higher repair costs when
Cost Lower cost breakdowns occur
Risk of Major Lower risk, as issues are Higher risk of significant
Failures detected early failures
Lubricating moving parts, Fixing a machine after it stops
Example replacing filters working
c) Describe procedure & objectives reduced voltage running up test on three phase 2 marks
induction motor. for
Ans.: objectives
Objectives of reduced voltage running up test
&2
1. To determine the ability of motor to run equal and nearly equal to rated speed marks for
of the motor even at reduced voltage in the both directions – forward & procedur
reverse.
e
2. To see whether there is any tendency of cogging & crawling presents in the (4 marks)
motor.
3. This test is conducted to check the noisy running of motor.
4. To see whether, if noise level is more than tolerance limit which may be
because of damaged bearings, also presence of loose bars & wrong connection

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Winter-2024 EXAMINATION
Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors
Subject Name: Maintenance of Electrical Equipment Subject Code: 22625
of stator winding. XXXXX
Procedure to conduct reduced voltage running up test on the three phase
induction motor.
1. The motor up to 37 kW shall be supplied with reduced voltage 1 / √3 of rated
value for each direction of rotation with the help of auto transformer.
2. For motors above 37 kW, the voltage shall be 1/ √3 of rated value but motor
shall be run only in the specified direction of rotation with the help of auto
transformer.
3. The speed in this case is also recorded. In both the cases, the speed should be
equal and nearly equal to rated speed of the motor.

d) Explain any four factors that govern the foundation of transformer. 1 marks
for each
Ans.: Factors that Govern the Foundation of Transformer:
Factor
1. Drawings of transformer from foundation design point of view (4 marks)
➢ Dimension of the transformer
➢ Plan dimension transformer base
➢ Its length & width

2. Height of transformer

3. Information about condition of soil as

➢ Bearing capacity of soil
➢ Soil density
➢ Ground water table location

4. Weight of transformer as
➢ Erection weight
➢ Operating weight
➢ Imposed weight
➢ Accessories weight
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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

Winter-2024 EXAMINATION
Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors
Subject Name: Maintenance of Electrical Equipment Subject Code: 22625

5. Transformers centre of gravity location in empty condition and operating condition.

XXXXX
6. Vibration level of transformer.
7. Level of plinth (It should be above the maximum flood level of the site).
8. Ground water level.
9. Surrounding atmospheric conditions.

Or Any other Appropriate Point

4 Attempt ant THREE of the following: 12 marks

a) Define the terminologies used in safety – 1 marks

for each
Ans.: i. Safety
ii. Hazard type
iii. Accident (4 marks)
iv. Responsibility
i. Safety –
• Any method or technique or process which can minimize unwanted events
or accidents is called safety.
ii. Hazard –
• Hazard is a potential condition awaking to be converted into an unwanted
event or accident.
• When the insulation on live conductor is worn out, or becomes weak, then
short circuit takes place. Heat is produced, fire takes place, resulting into
electric hazard.

iii. Accident –
• An unwanted event which can’t be anticipated in advance may be termed as an
accident. It is always a sudden process and not a gradual one.
• As per factories act 1948, an industrial accident has been defined as ‘an occurrence
in an industrial establishment causing bodily injury to a person which make him
unfit to resume his duties in the next 48 hours.
• Electrical accidents are caused due to lack of earthling, negligence during work, no
use of safety devices, overconfidence, working on live wires, etc.
iv. Responsibility –
Are responsible for using safe work practices, such as:
• Unplugging equipment by the head, not the cord

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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

Winter-2024 EXAMINATION
Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors
Subject Name: Maintenance of Electrical Equipment Subject Code: 22625
• Avoiding contact with power lines XXXXX
• Keeping electrical equipment away from water
• Not overloading electrical sockets
• Not using frayed cables
• Reporting equipment that isn't working correctly
• Undergoing electrical safety training
b) Explain moisture proofness test on single phase induction motor. (04
Marks)
Ans.: Moisture Proofness Test: Steps in this test:
(i) No supply connected to motor
(ii) Put the motor in a closed chamber
- in which maintain humidity as 90%
- keep temperature of 42°C
(iii) Keep this condition for full day (24 Hrs)
(iv) Take the motor out of the chamber and then
(v) Carry out the insulation resistance test (see that insulation resistance is not less than
1MOhm)
(vi) After this test take a flash over /high voltage test.
See that there no damage to the insulation. Then motor is ok
c) List out routine & type test on to be carried out on transformer as per IS. 2 Marks
1) Routine Tests of Transformer : for each
Ans.: The routine tests of a transformer are performed to confirm the operational test
performance of the transformer and being performed on every units manufactured.
1. Polarity test (04
2. Phasing out test
Marks)
3. Winding resistance test
4. Voltage ratio test
5. Magnetizing current & core loss test (O.C test)( No-load losses and current)
6. Measurement of impedance voltage, S/C impedance & copper loss.(S.C test)
7. Transformer vector group test
8. Dielectric tests (H.V. Test) a)Separate source AC voltage b)Induced overvoltage
c) Lightning impulse tests
9. Oil pressure test on transformer to check against leakages past joints & gasket
10. Test on ON-load tap-changer, where appropriate
11. Measurement of Insulation resistance test
2) Type Test :
Type tests are tests made on a transformer which is representative of other
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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

Winter-2024 EXAMINATION
Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors
Subject Name: Maintenance of Electrical Equipment Subject Code: 22625
transformers to demonstrate that they comply with specified requirements not covered by
routine tests.
XXXXX
In Type test all Routine tests of transformer are again conducted in addition with following
tests.
1. Temperature Rise Test
2. Impulse Voltage Test
3. Noise Level test
4. Vacuum test on Tank & radiator
5. Winding resistance test
6. Voltage ratio test
7. Magnetizing current & core loss (O.C test)( No-load losses and current)
8. Measurement of impedance voltage, S/C impedance & copper loss test on transformer.
9. Vector group test
10. Dielectric tests (H.V. Test)a) Separate source AC volt b)Induce over voltage

d) Explain Hot- dip method of revarnishing. (04

Hot- dip method of revarnishing Marks)
Ans.:
The hot-dip method of varnishing, also known as hot-dip galvanizing, is a process that coats
iron or steel with a layer of zinc to protect it from corrosion.

1. Steps in the hot-dip method of revarnishing -

• Degreasing: Removes contaminants like oil, grease, and cutting fluids from the
steel
• Rinsing: Removes any remaining degreasing solution
• Pickling: Also known as acid etching, this step removes iron oxides or scale
• Rinsing after pickling: Rinses the steel again after pickling
• Pre-fluxing: An important step before galvanizing
• Galvanizing: The steel is immersed in a bath of molten zinc at a temperature of
around 450 °C (842 °F)
• Finishing: The galvanized product is inspected and finished

Or

• The windings, cores and other parts are revarnished to fill air pockets, voids, gaps
for perfect insulation.
• Hot-Dip method using baking varnish
(i) The wound armature, stator, rotor etc are heated in the baking oven at about
100°C for at least one hour so that the moisture present in it will get evaporated.
(ii) It is completely immersed in varnish tank and is kept in immersed condition for
at least half an hour, so that air is filled in all the air pockets in winding and slots
etc.
• After wards it is taken out and kept on iron grill for some time so that excess varnish
gets drained out.
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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

Winter-2024 EXAMINATION
Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors
Subject Name: Maintenance of Electrical Equipment Subject Code: 22625
• It is kept in a baking oven at a temperature of 100℃ to 110℃ for about four to 8
XXXXX
(Eight) hours so that varnish will become bone dry.

OR Any other Appropriate Answer

e) List out electric & magnetic faults in transformer with probable reasons (Any two of 2 Mark
each). for
Ans.: electric
Electric faults in transformer with probable reasons (Any 2)
• Overheating &
The transformer's temperature exceeds its normal operating range. This can be
caused by high ambient temperature, high load, or poor ventilation. 2 Mark
• Insulation failure for
Magnetic
Insulation can deteriorate over time due to moisture, temperature variations, and
contaminants. This can lead to short circuits, arcing, and phase-to-ground faults. Faults

• Core faults =
The transformer core adhesive can break apart over time, causing the laminated
layers to separate from each other. (04
• Oil and winding insulation Marks)
Transformer oil provides electrical insulation, but its dielectric strength can
decrease due to water and cellulose paper contamination.
• Failure of cooling system
An inadequate or failed cooling system can result in overheating and accelerated
deterioration of insulation materials.
Magnetic faults in transformer with probable reasons ( Any 2)
• Overheating
The transformer's temperature exceeds its normal operating range. This can be
caused by high ambient temperature, high load, or poor ventilation.
• Core failure
The insulation of the through-core bolt clamping the iron core can be damaged,
resulting in a short circuit. The adhesive in the transformer core can also break
apart over time, causing the laminated layers to separate.
• Inter turn fault
A few turns of the winding in the same phase short. This can be detected through
an external diagnosis or electrical monitoring.
• Bushing failure
Bushing failure is a major cause of transformer breakdown. Moisture can affect the
lifespan of the insulation of the high voltage bushing.
• Insulation failure

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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

Winter-2024 EXAMINATION
Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors
Subject Name: Maintenance of Electrical Equipment Subject Code: 22625
• Insulation failure can be caused by manufacturing defects, overload, improper XXXXX
maintenance, moisture, and oil pollution.
• Cooling system failure
An inadequate or failed cooling system can cause overheating and accelerated
deterioration of insulation materials
5. Attempt any TWO of the following: 12 Marks

a) Describe the procedure for no-load and blocked rotor test to be carried out 3ՓIM 6 Marks
with neat diagram.
Ans.:
Ans:
Procedure for no- Load Test to be carried out on 3ɸ Induction Motor:

1.5Mark
s for
Diagram

1. Determine the meters and their ratings based on the name plate readings of the three-
phase induction motor under test.
2. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.
3. Set / check the three-phase autotransformer to be at zero output. 1.5 Marks
4. First switch on the 3-phase supply and close the TPST. for
5. In this test the stator winding is connected to supply through auto transformer. Procedur
6. Gradually increase the voltage applied to the machine to the rated voltage. e
7. Motor runs at a speed quite close to its synchronous speed. Take the corresponding
readings of voltmeter (as input voltage Vo), ammeter (as input current Io), wattmeter
(as input power Wo) & speed (N).

Procedure for Blocked Rotor Test to be carried out on 3ɸ Induction Motor:

1.5Mark
s for
Diagram

1. Determine the meters and their ratings based on the name plate readings of the three-
phase induction motor under test.
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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

Winter-2024 EXAMINATION
Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors
Subject Name: Maintenance of Electrical Equipment Subject Code: 22625
2. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.
3. Set / check the three-phase autotransformer to be at zero output.
XXXXX
4. Block the rotor mechanically in such a way that it does not revolve (speed of rotor
must maintain zero). 1.5 Marks
5. Now switch ON the 3-phase supply and close the TPST. for
6. Gradually increase the voltage applied to the motor until up to full load current Procedure
will circulate in the stator winding.
7. Take the corresponding readings of voltmeter (as input voltage Vsc), ammeter
(as input current Isc), wattmeter (as input power Wsc).

OR Equivalent Answer

b) Give any two advantage of preventive maintenance and explain any four factors
affecting preventive maintenance schedule.
Ans.: Advantage of preventive maintenance.

1. Reduced Downtime: Regular maintenance helps identify potential issues before they
cause equipment failure, leading to less unexpected downtime and more consistent 1.Mark
productivity. for
2. Cost Savings: While preventive maintenance incurs upfront costs, it is more economical each of
in the long run. By addressing small issues early, it avoids the more expensive costs any two
associated with major repairs and unplanned downtime. points
3. Improved Equipment Lifespan: Regularly servicing equipment helps maintain its = 2 Marks
optimal condition, which can extend its useful life and delay the need for costly
replacements.
4. Increased Efficiency: Well-maintained equipment operates more efficiently, reducing
energy consumption and improving performance. This can lead to increased output and
better overall productivity.
5. Safety Improvements: Preventive maintenance can help identify safety hazards before
they become significant problems. This reduces the risk of accidents and injuries related to
equipment failure.
6. Predictable Budgeting: Since preventive maintenance follows a scheduled routine, it
allows for more predictable budgeting and allocation of resources, rather than sudden and
unexpected repair costs.
7.Enhanced Equipment Reliability: When equipment is regularly checked and
maintained, it is less likely to fail unexpectedly. This improves the reliability and
consistency of operations.
8. Regulatory Compliance: Preventive maintenance helps ensure that equipment meets
safety and operational standards, which is crucial for compliance with regulatory
requirements in many industries.
8. Reduced Repair Costs: Small issues found during preventive maintenance can be fixed
before they turn into larger, more expensive problems, reducing repair costs over time.
9. Better Inventory Management: Preventive maintenance allows for better tracking of
parts and supplies, helping to avoid stockouts and improve inventory management.

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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

Winter-2024 EXAMINATION
Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors
Subject Name: Maintenance of Electrical Equipment Subject Code: 22625
OR Equivalent Answer/Points XXXXX
Factors Affecting the Preventive Maintenance Schedule:
1. Type of machine / equipment and its working conditions. 1.Mark
2. Working environment of industry i.e., presence of dirt, moisture, chemical fumes, for
atmospheric temperature etc. each of
3. Some industry finds heavy load during particular period of year and during other any
period they are lightly loaded, during which maintenance can be carried out, four
ultimately the operating cycle of plant affect the schedule. points
4. Whether the machine is continuously working or intermittently working? = 4 Marks
5. If the machines / equipment is continuously overload then it needs more
maintenance and also needs suitable time for the preventive maintenance so affects
preventive maintenance schedule.
6. If machine fails, how much loss of money and time, it will cause due to its down
period.
7. Ageing of machine / equipment (If the breakdown takes place, the cost of the repair
will be more than cost of the machine, and whether it can be replaced by a new
one).
8. Production requirement i.e., the machines / equipment used in production work
comes. Under essential equipment and they need to maintained very much carefully.
9. Non availability of spares & raw material.
10. Non availability of tools, jacks, and fixture required for preventive maintenance.
11. Non availability of trained & skilled technicians.
12. Operating cycle of equipment or machine affect the maintenance schedule.
13. Cost of the maintenance.
14. Due to accident, fires, worker strike the work is held up for certain period. This is
also a cause of disturbing a preventive maintenance schedule.
15. Load cycle of the machine.
16. Cost of standby machines and equipment.
17. Cost of outage due to failure of supply against cost of maintenance.
18. Improper communication / co-operation with production department.
19. Importance of the machine / equipment.
20. Sometimes even if the maintenance may be necessary but the production
requirement needs that machine may be kept running to complete the production
target. It means that for particular time production is most urgent and profitable than
the cost of breakdown period of machine during the repairs.
21. Large capacity / highly precise machine / equipment used in industry upon which
maximum operation depends are to be maintained properly otherwise affects the
preventive maintenance schedule.

OR Equivalent Answer/Points

c) Describe O.C and S.C test to be carried out on 1KVA ,230/110V transformer with
diagram. Give the formulae to determine equivalent circuit parameters.
Ans.:
Ans: Open Circuit Test to be Carried out on 1KVA, 230/110V Transformer:
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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

Winter-2024 EXAMINATION
Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors
Subject Name: Maintenance of Electrical Equipment Subject Code: 22625
XXXXX1.Marks
for
Diagram

This test is carried out on the transformer to assess the performance characteristics of the
transformer without actually loading it. The data so obtained i.e., no load current, no load 1. Marks
loss is used to determine constants RO and XO of equivalent circuit of transformer and to for
predict its efficiency. Procedure
Consider the above circuit diagram, here the LV winding (110Volts in this case) is
generally connected to supply through auto transformer and HV winding (230Volts in
this case) is left open because sometimes the voltage is difficult to manage on HV side.
The rms value of the emf is not very sensitive to harmonics hence to reduce error, both
voltages i. e. average value as well as rms value of voltages are considered. A rectifier
type voltmeter is used which measures average (V1) value of voltage and another
voltmeter measures the rms value (V2). The ammeter indicates no load current when rated
rms voltage is applied to primary side of transformer is operated at rated voltage at rated
frequency so the maximum loses will be the flux in the core. Since the iron or core losses
are at rated voltage, the power input is drawn to supply the iron losses by the transformer
under no load
W0 = Iron losses
The no load power factor, Cos Φ0 = Wo/V0I0

Once the power factor is obtained, the no load component currents are determined 1. Marks
as: for
Magnetizing component of no load current, Im = I0 sin Φ0 paramete
Core loss component of no load current, Iω = I0 cos Φ0 rs
Then, the magnetizing branch reactance, X0= V0 / Im
Resistance representing core loss, R0 = V0 / Iω
Short Circuit Test to be Carried out on 1KVA, 230/110V Transformer:

1.Marks
for
Diagram

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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

Winter-2024 EXAMINATION
Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors
Subject Name: Maintenance of Electrical Equipment Subject Code: 22625
In Short Circuit (SC) test, the primary or HV winding is connected to the AC supply source
through voltmeter, ammeter, wattmeter and a variac as shown in figure. This test is also
XXXXX
called as Reduced Voltage Test or Low Voltage Test. As the secondary winding is short
circuited, at rated voltage, the transformer draws a very large current due to its very small
winding resistance.
During this test, by varying the variac slowly, we apply a low voltage to the primary 1. Marks
typically 5 to 10 percent of the rated voltage to cause a rated current to flow in both primary for
and secondary windings that we can observe on ammeter reading (in some cases, the Procedure
secondary is shorted through an ammeter). At this rated current, we have to record the
voltmeter (Vsc), ammeter (Isc) and wattmeter (Wsc) readings.
In this test, the current flow is rated value and hence no load current is very small and is 3 to
5% of the rated current. In other words, the voltage applied to the primary winding is very
low, thereby the flux level in the core is very small. In turn there is negligible core loss.
Therefore, the no load shunt branch is considered as absent in equivalent circuit of this test
as core loss is negligible.
As the iron or core losses are function of voltage, these losses are very small. Therefore, the
wattmeter reading shows the power loss or I2 R loss equal to the full load copper losses of
the whole transformer.
Wsc = Full load copper losses

Form the test results we determine the series branch parameters of an equivalent circuit as 1. Marks
for
Equivalent resistance referred to HV side, R01 = Wsc/ Isc2 paramete
rs
Equivalent impedance referred to HV side, Z01 = Vsc / Isc

Equivalent leakage reactance referred to HV side, X01 = √ (Z012 – R012)

And also short circuit power factor, Cos Φsc = Wsc/VscIsc

OR Equivalent Answer

6 Attempt any TWO of the following: 12Marks

a) State the use of following:

Ans.: i) Filler gauge
ii) Spirit level
iii) Bearing puller
iv) Dial indicator
v) Growler
vi) Megger.

i)Filler Gauge:
1.A feeler gauge is used for accurate measurements of very small gaps such as air gaps.
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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

(Autonomous)
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Winter-2024 EXAMINATION
Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors
Subject Name: Maintenance of Electrical Equipment Subject Code: 22625
2.A feeler gauge is used for checking shaft alignment at flanges
ii)Spirit Level:
XXXXX1.Mark
for
1. A spirit level is an instrument designed to indicate whether a surface each
level is horizontal or vertical.
2. Spirit levels are an invention typically used to determine if either a vertical
or horizontal platform is exactly aligned.
iii)Bearing puller:
1. A bearing puller is a tool used to remove bearing sets, pulleys or gears from a rotating
machine shaft or from a blind bearing hole. The most common application is removing a
caged set of ball or tapered bearings from a rotating shaft.
iv)Dial indicator:
1. The dial indicator is used to indicate the run-out of the workpiece.
2. The dial indicator is used to check the alignment of shafts in electrical machines.
v)Growler:
1. A growler is an electrical device used for testing insulation of a motor winding etc.
for shorted coils.
2. A growler is equipment used for finding shorted turns of armature coil or stator/
rotor winding.
vi)Megger:
1. A Megger is a type of electrical test equipment which is used to measure insulation
resistance.
2. It applies a high voltage to the circuit and measures the amount of current that flows
through the insulation
b) Explain properties of insulation oil. (Any six)
Ans.: Properties of Transformer Oil: 1.Mark
1.Dielectric strength or breakdown voltage (BDV): for
The transformer oil should have high dielectric strength not less than 40kV (rms) in each of
drums and 30kV (rms) in the tank for gap of 4mm of electrodes. any six
2.Water Content: points
Moisture or water content in transformer oil is highly undesirable as it affects the = 6 Marks
dielectric properties of the oil adversely. Water content is expressed as Particles Per
Million (PPM) and its permissible value is 50PPM.
3.Acidity Content:
The acidity content value should be equal to or less than 0.4mg of KOH / gm. The oil
should be reconditioned if the value of acidity is 0.5 to 1 mg of KOH / gm.
4.Flash Point:
It is desirable to have high flash point of transformer oil. In general, it is more than 160˚
5.Fire Point:
The temperature at which an oil will ignite and continues for burning is the fire point.
This should be about 25% above the flash point so it should be at least of 200֯ ֯
6.Chemical Stability:
The oil should be chemically stable i. e. should not be affected by chemicals.
7.Purity:
The oil must not contain impurities such as sulphur and its compounds. Sulphur when present,
causes corrosion of metal parts.
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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

Winter-2024 EXAMINATION
Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors
Subject Name: Maintenance of Electrical Equipment Subject Code: 22625
8.Viscosity: XXXXX
Good transformer oil should have a low viscosity so that it offers less resistance to
the conventional flow of oil thereby not affecting the cooling of a transformer.
9.Sludging:
The remedy is use oil which will not contain Sulphur & which remains without sludge
formation for long period.
10.Density:
This indicates the mass of substance per unit volume. As per IS, this should be 0.89 gm / cm3
maximum.
11.Appearance:
The oil should be perfectly clear and has pale clear yellow colour, transparent and free from
suspended matter of sediments.
12. Pour Point:
o
It is the lowest temperature expressed on a multiple of 3 at which the oil is observed to
o
flow when cooled. The oil should have high pour point at least 9.

OR Equivalent Answer/Points

c) Prepare troubleshooting chart for three phase transformer for the following
symptoms. 2.Mark
Ans.: s for
i)Overheating in transformer each
ii) Low output voltage sympto
iii) Noise in transformer. ms.
Ans
i)Overheating in transformer
Cause Troubleshooting Steps
High input voltage Supply transformer with proper input voltage ½ Mark
Slugged oil Carry out purification of oil to remove sludge for each
Faulty/inoperative cooling system Repair / use effective cooling arrangements of any
Low oil level in conservator Check the oil level in conservator and top up if four
required points
Very high ambient temperature Use better cooling system in such environment =2 Mark
Heavy overloading / Unbalance Load properly
loading
Short circuit in winding / core of Check and rectify causes of short circuit in
transformer winding / core in the transformer.
Inoperative temperature sensors Use proper temperature sensors

ii) Low output voltage

Cause Troubleshooting Steps
Loose contact of tap changer Properly connect of tap changer tapings

Loose connections at bushings Make bushing connections proper and tight ½ Mark
for each
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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

Winter-2024 EXAMINATION
Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors
Subject Name: Maintenance of Electrical Equipment Subject Code: 22625
Failure of primary winding Repair if possible or rewind primary winding XXXXX offour
any
Failure of secondary winding Repair if possible or rewind secondary winding
points
Faulty OLTC Repair OLTC =2 Mark

Heavy overloading / Unbalance Load properly

loading
Incorrect use of turns ratio Make use of correct turns ratio

Shorted turns in the transformer Check and rectify causes of shorted turns in the
transformer
Low primary voltage Check and rectify causes of low primary voltage

iii) Noise in transformer.

Cause Troubleshooting Steps
Overloading of the transformer 1. Check if the transformer is overloaded by verifying
the load and rating of the transformer.
2. Reduce the load or install a transformer with a
higher rating
Loose core laminations causing 1. Inspect the core assembly for loose laminations or
mechanical vibration and noise. bolts.
2.Tighten or reassemble the laminations to eliminate
vibrations
Low oil level leading to inadequate 1. Check the oil level and top it off if needed.
insulation or cooling. 2. Inspect for oil leaks or other issues causing oil loss.
Some transformers are inherently Consider the transformer’s design specifications. If
noisier due to design or manufacturing it’s normal for the transformer to make noise, this ½ Mark
might not indicate a fault. If the noise is excessive, for each
consult the manufacturer of any
High ambient temperature, humidity, 1. Ensure that the transformer is located in a proper four
or external vibrations contributing to environment. points
noise 2. Maintain adequate cooling and ensure no external =2 Mark
vibrations are impacting the transformer
Loose magnetic connections or high Inspect the core and ensure all parts of the magnetic
magnetostriction causing vibrations circuit are properly aligned and securely fixed.
and noise
Switching devices or load fluctuations 1.Check for high-frequency switching devices in the
creating high-frequency noise load.
2.Use a line filter or shielding if necessary to reduce
high-frequency interference

OR Equivalent Answer/Points

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