Introduction to Data Communication

Course Code: 01078,S:A Course Title: Data Communication

Faculty name: Dr. Muhammad Morshed Alam

Assistant professor, EEE
Lecture Outline

1. Characteristics of Data Communication

2. Key Elements of Data Communication
3. A Data Communications Model
4. Data Representation
5. Data Transmission
6. Mode of Serial transmission
7. Bit Rate
8. Types of Networks
 Characteristics of Data Communication

• Data communications are the exchange of data between two devices via some form of
transmission medium such as a wire cable.

• For data communications to occur, the communicating devices must be part of a

communication system made up of a combination of hardware (physical equipment)
and software (programs).

• The effectiveness of a data communications system depends on four fundamental

characteristics:
✓ Delivery: System must deliver data to the correct destination.
✓ Accuracy: System must deliver the data accurately.
✓ Timeliness (latency/delay): System must deliver data in a timely manner.
✓ Jitter: Refers to the variation in the packet arrival time.
Key Elements of Data Communication

Source: Generates (binary) data to be transmitted. examples are telephones and

personal computers.
Transmitter: Converts data into transmittable electromagnetic signals. For example, a
modem takes a digital bit stream from an attached device such as a personal computer
and transforms that bit stream into an analog signal that can be handled by the
telephone network.
Transmission system: This can be a single transmission line or a complex network
connecting source and destination.
Receiver: Converts received signal into data. For example, a modem will accept an
analog signal coming from a network or transmission line and convert it into a digital
bit stream.
Destination: Takes incoming data from the receiver.
Figure: Key Elements of Data Communication
 A Data Communications Model

Suppose that the input device and transmitter are components of a personal
computer. The user of the PC wishes to send a message m to another user.
1. The user activates the electronic mail package on the PC and enters the
message via the keyboard (input device).
2. The character string is briefly buffered in main memory, which can be view as
a sequence of bits (g) in memory.
3. The personal computer is connected to some transmission medium, such as a
local network or a telephone line, by an I/O device (transmitter), such as a
local network transceiver or a modem.
4. The input data are transferred to the transmitter as a sequence of voltage
shifts [g(t)].
5. The transmitter is connected directly to the medium and converts the
incoming stream [g(t)] into a signal [s(t)] suitable for transmission.
6. The transmitted signal s(t) presented to the medium is subject to a number of
impairments, before it reaches the receiver.

7. Thus, the received signal r(t) may differ from s(t).

8. The receiver will attempt to estimate the original s(t), based on r(t) and its knowledge
of the medium, producing a sequence of bits g’(t).

9. These bits are sent to the output personal computer (as a block of bits)

10. The destination system will attempt to determine if an error has occurred and, if so,
cooperate with the source system to eventually obtain a complete, error-free block of
data.

11. These data are then presented to the user via an output device, such as a printer or
screen. The message (m’) as viewed by the user will usually be an exact copy of the
original message (m)
Figure: A Data Communications Model
Data Representation

A binary digit or bit has only two states, “0" and "I" and can represent only two
symbols, but even the simplest form of communication between computers
requires a much larger set of symbols, e.g.
1. 52 capital and small letters,
2. 10 numerals from 0 to 9
3. punctuation marks and other special symbols, and
4. terminal control characters-Carriage Return (CR), Lane Feed (Lr).
 Therefore, a group of bits is used as a code to represent a symbol. The
code is usually 5 to 8 bits long. . 5-bit code can have 25 = 32
combinations and can, therefore, represent 32 symbols.

 Similarly an 8-bit code can represent 28 = 256 symbols.

 A code set is the set of these codes representing the symbols.

 There are several code sets, some arc used for specific applications white
others are the proprietary code sets of computer manufacturers. The
following two code sets arc very common:

I. ANSI's 7-bit American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)

2. IBM's 8-bit Extended Binary-Coded-Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC).

 American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)

 ASCII is the most common code set and is used worldwide.

 It is, 7 bit code and all the possible 128 codes have defined
meaning. The code set consists of following symbols:

1. 96 graphic symbols (columns 2 to 7), comprising 94 printable

characters, SPACE. And Delete characters

2. 32 control symbols (columns 0 and I).

 The binary representation of a particular character can
be easily determined from its hexadecimal coordinate.
For example, the coordinate of character "K" are (4B)
and, therefore, it’s binary code is 100 1011.
https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/ascii-
 EXAMPLE 1: table-hex-to-ascii-value-character-code-chart-
2/
Represent the message “3P.bat" in ASCH code. The eighth
bit may be kept as “0''.

Solution:
 Data Transmission

Bytes: Byte is a group or bits which is considered as a single unit during

processing. It is usually eight bits long though its length may be different . A
character code, e.g., 1001011 of ASCII, is a byte having a defined meaning "K",
but it should be noted that there may be bytes which are not elements of any
standard code set.
There is always need to exchange data, commands and other control information
between a computer and its terminals or between two computers. This
information is in the form of bits.
Data transmission refers to movement of the bits over some physical medium
connecting two or more digital devices. There are two options of transmitting the
bits, namely,
1. Parallel transmission
2. Serial transmission.
 Parallel transmission: Here all the bits of a byte are
transmitted simultaneously on separate wires and
multiple circuits interconnecting the two devices are,
therefore, required. It is practical only if the two
devices, e.g., a computer and its associated printer are
close to each other.
 Serial transmission: Here bits are transmitted serially
one after the other . The least significant bit (LSB) is
usually transmitted first. Note that as compared to
parallel transmission, serial transmission requires
only one circuit interconnecting the two devices.
Therefore. Serial transmission is suitable for
transmission over long distance.
 Serial Transmission Example- Write the bit
transmission sequence of the message “3p.bat”.

 Solution:

3 p . b a t
11001100 00001010 01110100 01000110 10000110 00101110
 Bipolar Signal - Bits are transmitted as electrical signals over
the interconnecting wires. The two binary states “1” and “0”
are represented by two voltage levels. If one of these states is
assigned 0 volt level, the transmission is termed unipolar and if
we choose to represent a binary "1" by , say, a positive voltage
+V volts and n binary “o'' by a negative voltage -V volts, the
transmission is said to be bipolar.
 The following figure shows the bipolar waveform of the
character "K". Bipolar transmission is preferred because the
signal does not have any DC component. The transmission
media usually do not allow the DC signals to pass through.
Mode of Serial transmission

Serial transmission can be two types:

1. Synchronous Transmission
2. Asynchronous Transmission
 In synchronous transmission, bits are sent one after
another without start or stop bits or gaps. It is the
responsibility of the receiver to group the bits.

Sender Direction of data flow Receiver

00010000 11110111 11110110 11111011 1 1011

Figure: Synchronous transmission

 In synchronous transmission, one start bit (0) at the
beginning, followed by a byte and one or two stop bits (1)
at the end of each byte. There may be a gap between
each byte. This is also known as framing.

1. Generally use in low speed data transmission.

2. Send one start bit (0) at beginning of the byte and one or
two stop bits (1) at end of each byte.

3. There are variable–length gaps between each byte.

Figure: Asynchronous transmission
Figure: Asynchronous Transmission Details
 Bit Rate

• Bit rate is simply the number of bits which can be transmitted in a

second. If t p is the duration of a bit, the bit rate R will be 1/ t p . It
must be noted that bit duration is not necessarily the pulse
duration. For example, the first pulse is of two-bit duration .
Later, we will come across signal format in which the pulse
duration is only half the bit duration.
Types of Networks
Books

1. Forouzan, B. A. "Data Communication and Networking. Tata McGraw." (2005).

2. Prakash C. Gupta, “Data communications”, Prentice Hall India Pvt.
References

1. Prakash C. Gupta, “Data communications”, Prentice Hall India Pvt.

2. William Stallings, "Data and Computer Communications”, Pearson
3. Forouzan, B. A. "Data Communication and Networking. Tata McGraw." (2005).