Q1) Attempt any EIGHT of the following

a) Define Search Strategy.

A search strategy is a method or approach used to find a solution or path in a problem space. It
involves exploring different possibilities and selecting the best option to achieve a goal.

b) Data mining is also called as?

Data mining is also known as Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD). It involves discovering
patterns, relationships, and insights from large datasets.

c) What is OLTP?

OLTP (Online Transaction Processing) is a system that supports high-volume transactional data
processing. It is designed to handle large numbers of transactions, such as inserts, updates, and
deletes, in real-time.

d) Define Local Maximum in artificial intelligence.

A local maximum is a point in a search space where the solution is better than its neighbors but
not necessarily the global optimum. It is a peak or a maximum value in a localized region of the
search space.

e) Define Metadata?

Metadata is data that describes or provides information about other data. It includes attributes
such as author, date created, file size, and data type.

f) Explain Apache Kafka.

Apache Kafka is a distributed streaming platform that enables real-time data processing and
event-driven architecture. It is designed to handle high-throughput and provides low-latency,
fault-tolerant, and scalable data processing.

g) Define Expert System.

An expert system is a computer program that mimics the decision-making abilities of a human
expert in a particular domain. It uses knowledge and inference procedures to solve complex
problems.

h) Why a data warehouse is said to contain a ‘time-varying’ collection of data?

A data warehouse contains historical data, which changes over time. It stores data from various
time periods, enabling trend analysis and forecasting.
i) Define Ridge.

In data analysis, a ridge refers to a line or curve in a multidimensional space that represents a
relationship between variables.

j) Define graph mining.

Graph mining is the process of discovering patterns, relationships, and insights from graph-
structured data. It involves analyzing nodes, edges, and subgraphs to identify trends and
patterns.

a) What is OLTP?

OLTP (Online Transaction Processing) is a system that supports high-volume transactional data
processing. It is designed to handle large numbers of transactions, such as inserts, updates, and
deletes, in real-time.

b) Define artificial intelligence.

Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the development of computer systems that can perform tasks
that typically require human intelligence, such as learning, problem-solving, and decision-
making.

c) Define Data Frames.

Data frames are two-dimensional data structures used to store and manipulate data in a tabular
format. They are commonly used in data analysis and machine learning.

d) What is a Data Mart?

A data mart is a subset of a data warehouse that is designed to support a specific business
function or department. It contains a focused set of data that is relevant to that function or
department.

e) Define OLAP.

OLAP (Online Analytical Processing) is a technology that enables fast and efficient analysis of
data. It allows users to analyze data from different angles and perspectives, providing insights
into trends, patterns, and relationships.

f) What is Robotics?

Robotics is the study and application of robots, which are machines that can perform tasks
autonomously or semi-autonomously. Robotics combines elements of mechanical engineering,
electrical engineering, and computer science.

g) Define spark.
Apache Spark is an open-source data processing engine that provides high-performance, real-
time processing of large-scale data sets. It is designed to handle big data and provides a unified
platform for batch, interactive, and stream processing.

h) List any two applications of artificial intelligence.

Two applications of artificial intelligence are:

1. Virtual assistants (e.g., Siri, Alexa)

2. Image recognition systems

i) Which type of model is a Decision Tree?

A decision tree is a type of supervised learning model used for classification and regression
tasks. It is a tree-like model that splits data into subsets based on feature values.

j) What is full form ETL?

The full form of ETL is Extract, Transform, Load. It is a process used to extract data from multiple
sources, transform it into a standardized format, and load it into a target system, such as a data
warehouse.

a) What is OLAP?

OLAP (Online Analytical Processing) is a technology that enables fast and efficient analysis of
data. It allows users to analyze data from different angles and perspectives, providing insights
into trends, patterns, and relationships.

b) Define ‘State Space’ in artificial intelligence.

A state space is a mathematical representation of all possible states of a problem. It includes the
initial state, goal state, and all possible intermediate states.

c) What is Data frame?

A data frame is a two-dimensional data structure used to store and manipulate data in a tabular
format. It is commonly used in data analysis and machine learning.

d) What is RDD?

RDD (Resilient Distributed Dataset) is a fundamental data structure in Apache Spark that allows
for parallel processing of data. It is a collection of elements that can be split across multiple
nodes in a cluster.

e) What is Data Mart?

A data mart is a subset of a data warehouse that is designed to support a specific business
function or department. It contains a focused set of data that is relevant to that function or
department.

f) Define ETL tools.

ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) tools are software applications used to extract data from multiple
sources, transform it into a standardized format, and load it into a target system, such as a data
warehouse.

g) What is a Plateau in artificial intelligence?

A plateau is a flat region in the search space where the heuristic function returns the same
value for a set of nodes, making it difficult for the search algorithm to choose the next node to
explore.

h) Define OLTP.

OLTP (Online Transactional Processing) is a system that supports high-volume transactional data
processing. It is designed to handle large numbers of inserts, updates, and deletes in real-time.

i) Which language is not supported by Spark?

Spark supports multiple programming languages, including Scala, Java, Python, and R. However,
without more information, it's hard to pinpoint a specific language not supported by Spark, but
for instance, languages like Ruby or PHP are less commonly associated with Spark.

j) Define Ridge.

Ridge regression is a type of linear regression that includes a regularization term to prevent
overfitting. It adds a penalty term to the cost function to reduce the magnitude of the
coefficients.

Q2)a) Explain Face Detection and Recognition.

Face detection and recognition are two related but distinct concepts in the field of computer
vision.

- Face Detection: Face detection is the process of identifying the presence and location of faces
in an image or video. It involves detecting the facial features, such as eyes, nose, and mouth,
and drawing a bounding box around the face.

- Face Recognition: Face recognition is the process of identifying the individual in an image or
video by matching their face against a database of known faces. It involves extracting facial
features and comparing them to a set of known faces to determine the identity of the
individual.

b) Define ‘Problem Space’ in artificial intelligence.

In artificial intelligence, a problem space refers to the set of all possible states, actions, and
solutions in a problem. It defines the scope and complexity of the problem and provides a
framework for solving it.

c) What are two advantages of Depth First Search?

Depth First Search (DFS) is a popular search algorithm used in artificial intelligence and
computer science. Two advantages of DFS are:

- Memory Efficiency: DFS requires less memory than other search algorithms, such as Breadth-
First Search (BFS), because it only needs to store the current path being explored.

- Fast Solution Finding: DFS can find a solution quickly, especially in cases where the solution is
located deep in the search tree.

d) Explain Association rule mining with example.

Association rule mining is a technique used to discover patterns and relationships between
variables in large datasets. It involves identifying rules that describe the relationships between
different items in a dataset.

Example:

Suppose we have a dataset of customer transactions, and we want to identify the relationship
between buying bread and buying butter. The association rule might be:

"If a customer buys bread, they are 80% likely to buy butter."

This rule indicates a strong relationship between buying bread and buying butter.

e) Explain any four uses of Data Warehouse.

A data warehouse is a centralized repository that stores data from various sources in a single
location, making it easier to access and analyze. Four uses of a data warehouse are:

- Business Intelligence: Data warehouses provide insights into business performance and trends,
enabling better decision-making.

- Data Analysis: Data warehouses allow users to analyze data from different angles and
perspectives, providing insights into trends, patterns, and relationships.

- Reporting: Data warehouses provide a single source of truth for reporting, enabling
organizations to generate accurate and consistent reports.

- Forecasting: Data warehouses enable organizations to forecast future trends and patterns,
enabling better planning and decision-making.

a) Differentiate between OLAP and OLTP

OLAP (Online Analytical Processing) and OLTP (Online Transaction Processing) are two different
types of systems that serve distinct purposes.

- OLTP:

- Supports high-volume transactional data processing

- Handles large numbers of inserts, updates, and deletes in real-time

- Typically used in applications that require fast and efficient data processing, such as banking
and e-commerce

- OLAP:

- Enables fast and efficient analysis of data

- Allows users to analyze data from different angles and perspectives

- Typically used in applications that require data analysis and business intelligence, such as
data warehousing and reporting

Key differences:

- Purpose: OLTP is designed for transactional data processing, while OLAP is designed for data
analysis and reporting.

- Data structure: OLTP systems typically use normalized databases, while OLAP systems use
denormalized databases or data warehouses.

- Query patterns: OLTP systems handle short, simple queries, while OLAP systems handle
complex, ad-hoc queries.
b) Explain FP tree algorithm.

The FP (Frequent Pattern) tree algorithm is a method used for mining frequent patterns in large
datasets. Here's how it works:

1. Build a compact data structure: The FP-tree algorithm builds a compact data structure called
an FP-tree, which stores the frequent patterns in the data.

2. Mine frequent patterns: The algorithm then mines frequent patterns from the FP-tree by
recursively traversing the tree and generating patterns.

The FP-tree algorithm provides many benefits, including:

- Efficient mining: The FP-tree algorithm is efficient and scalable, making it suitable for large
datasets.

- Compact data structure: The FP-tree data structure is compact and requires less memory,
making it suitable for large datasets.

c) Explain different RDD operations in spark.

RDD (Resilient Distributed Dataset) operations in Spark include:

- Transformations: Create a new RDD from an existing one, such as:

- Map: Apply a function to each element in the RDD

- Filter: Select a subset of elements from the RDD

- Union: Combine two RDDs into a single RDD

- Actions: Return a value or side effect, such as:

- Reduce: Apply a function to all elements in the RDD and return a single value

- Collect: Return all elements in the RDD as an array

- Count: Return the number of elements in the RDD

RDD operations provide many benefits, including:

- Flexible data processing: RDD operations enable flexible and efficient data processing in Spark.

- Scalability: RDD operations can handle large datasets and scale horizontally.

d) What are the disadvantages of 'Hill Climbing' in artificial intelligence?

Hill climbing is a simple optimization algorithm that has some disadvantages:

- Local optima: Hill climbing can get stuck in local optima, missing the global optimum.

- No guarantee of solution: Hill climbing does not guarantee finding a solution, especially in
complex problem spaces.

- Sensitivity to initial conditions: Hill climbing can be sensitive to the initial conditions, such as
the starting point and step size.

To overcome these disadvantages, various techniques can be used, such as:

- Random restarts: Restarting the hill climbing algorithm with different initial conditions.

- Simulated annealing: Using a temperature schedule to control the exploration-exploitation

trade-off.

e) Explain briefly data mining task.

Data mining tasks involve discovering patterns, relationships, and insights from large datasets.
Common data mining tasks include:

- Classification: Predicting a target variable based on input features.

- Clustering: Grouping similar data points into clusters.

- Association rule mining: Discovering relationships between variables.

- Regression: Predicting a continuous target variable based on input features.

Data mining tasks provide many benefits, including:

- Improved decision-making: Data mining can provide insights that inform business decisions.

- Increased efficiency: Data mining can automate the process of discovering patterns and
relationships in data.

a) What are components of Spark? Explain.

Apache Spark has several key components that contribute to its functionality and efficiency in
processing big data. Here are the main components:
1. Spark Core: This is the foundational component of Spark that provides basic functionalities
like task scheduling, memory management, and interaction with storage systems. It also
includes the Resilient Distributed Dataset (RDD), which is a fundamental data structure in Spark.

2. Spark SQL: This component allows users to query data using SQL or DataFrame API. It
provides a higher-level interface for structured data processing and is optimized for
performance.

3. Spark Streaming: This component enables real-time processing of data streams. It allows
users to process live data streams and perform analytics in real-time.

4. MLlib (Machine Learning Library): This is a library of machine learning algorithms that can be
used for tasks like classification, regression, clustering, and more. It is designed to work with
Spark's distributed data processing capabilities.

5. GraphX: This component provides a library for graph processing. It allows users to perform
graph algorithms and computations on large-scale graph data.

These components together make Spark a versatile tool for big data processing and analysis.

b) Explain Architecture of Data Warehouse.

A data warehouse architecture typically consists of several layers:

1. Data Sources: These are the various sources from which data is extracted, such as databases,
flat files, or external systems.

2. ETL (Extract, Transform, Load): This layer involves extracting data from the sources,
transforming it into a suitable format, and loading it into the data warehouse.

3. Data Warehouse Storage: This is where the processed data is stored. It is usually designed for
efficient querying and analysis.

4. Data Marts: These are subsets of the data warehouse tailored for specific business areas or
departments.

5. Presentation Layer: This layer includes tools and interfaces for users to access and analyze the
data, such as reporting tools, dashboards, or BI (Business Intelligence) applications.

The architecture is designed to support complex queries and analytics, providing a centralized
repository for data that can be used for decision-making.

c) What is the philosophy of artificial intelligence?

The philosophy of artificial intelligence (AI) explores fundamental questions about intelligence,
consciousness, and the nature of computation. It examines the ethical implications of creating
intelligent machines and the potential impact on society. Key areas of inquiry include:

- The nature of intelligence: What does it mean to be intelligent, and can machines truly be
intelligent?

- Consciousness and self-awareness: Can machines possess consciousness or self-awareness

similar to humans?

- Ethics and responsibility: What are the ethical implications of creating and using AI systems,
and who is responsible for their actions?

The philosophy of AI encourages critical thinking about the development and deployment of AI
technologies and their potential consequences for humanity.

d) Describe technique of data mining.

Data mining involves several techniques to discover patterns, relationships, and insights from
large datasets. Some common techniques include:

- Classification: Predicting a target variable based on input features.

- Clustering: Grouping similar data points into clusters.

- Association rule mining: Discovering relationships between variables.

- Regression: Predicting a continuous target variable based on input features.

Data mining techniques are used in various applications, including market analysis, customer
segmentation, fraud detection, and predictive modeling.

e) Write the advantages of Bidirectional Search.

Bidirectional search is a search strategy that explores the search space from both the initial
state and the goal state simultaneously. The advantages of bidirectional search include:

- Reduced search space: By searching from both ends, bidirectional search can reduce the size
of the search space, leading to faster search times.

- Improved efficiency: Bidirectional search can be more efficient than unidirectional search,
especially in cases where the search space is large and the goal state is far from the initial state.

Bidirectional search is particularly useful in applications where the search space is complex and
the goal state is well-defined.

Q3) Attempt any FOUR of the following

a) What is the difference between Data warehouse and OLAP?

Data warehouse and OLAP are two related but distinct concepts in the field of business
intelligence.

- Data warehouse: A data warehouse is a centralized repository that stores data from various
sources in a single location, making it easier to access and analyze. It is designed to provide a
comprehensive view of an organization's data.

- OLAP (Online Analytical Processing): OLAP is a technology that enables fast and efficient
analysis of data. It allows users to analyze data from different angles and perspectives, providing
insights into trends, patterns, and relationships.

The key difference between data warehouse and OLAP is that a data warehouse is a repository
of data, while OLAP is a tool for analyzing that data.

b) How do we create RDDs in Spark?

RDDs (Resilient Distributed Datasets) are a fundamental data structure in Apache Spark. They
can be created in several ways:

- Parallelizing an existing collection: You can create an RDD by parallelizing an existing collection,
such as a list or array.

- Loading data from a file or database: You can also create an RDD by loading data from a file or
database.

Here's an example of creating an RDD by parallelizing a list:

val data = List(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)

val rdd = sc.parallelize(data)

c) What do you understand by Spark Streaming?

Spark Streaming is a module in Apache Spark that enables real-time processing of data streams.
It allows you to process data in real-time, making it suitable for applications that require
immediate insights and decision-making.

Spark Streaming works by dividing the data stream into small batches, which are then processed
using the Spark engine. This approach provides fault-tolerance and scalability, making it suitable
for large-scale data processing.

d) Define Data Warehouse. State any two advantages of Data Warehouse.

A data warehouse is a centralized repository that stores data from various sources in a single
location, making it easier to access and analyze.

Advantages of a data warehouse:

- Improved decision-making: A data warehouse provides a comprehensive view of an

organization's data, enabling better decision-making.

- Enhanced data analysis: A data warehouse allows users to analyze data from different angles
and perspectives, providing insights into trends, patterns, and relationships.

e) Explain data mining and knowledge discovery in database.

Data mining is the process of discovering patterns, relationships, and insights from large
datasets. It involves using various techniques, such as machine learning and statistical analysis,
to identify trends and patterns in data.

Knowledge discovery in databases (KDD) is the overall process of identifying useful knowledge
from data. It involves several steps, including data selection, preprocessing, transformation,
mining, and interpretation.

a) How is Apache Spark different from MapReduce?

Apache Spark and MapReduce are both big data processing frameworks, but they differ
significantly in their architecture and design. Here are the key differences:

- Processing Speed: Apache Spark is much faster than Hadoop MapReduce due to its in-memory
processing capabilities. Spark processes data in RAM, reducing I/O overhead, whereas
MapReduce writes intermediate data to disk, leading to slower performance.

- Data Processing Paradigm: Spark is designed for real-time data processing and iterative
analytics, while MapReduce is suited for batch processing. Spark's flexibility makes it ideal for
applications requiring low latency.

- Ease of Use: Spark offers high-level APIs and supports multiple programming languages,
making it more accessible to developers. MapReduce, on the other hand, requires Java
programming skills and is more challenging to use.

- Fault Tolerance: Both frameworks are fault-tolerant, but MapReduce is more reliable due to its
disk-based storage. Spark's reliance on RAM makes it more susceptible to data loss in case of
node failures.

b) What is data preprocessing? Explain

Data preprocessing is a crucial step in data analysis that involves cleaning, transforming, and
formatting raw data into a suitable format for analysis. This step ensures that the data is
accurate, complete, and consistent, which is essential for making informed decisions.

Data preprocessing typically includes:

- Handling missing values: Identifying and filling missing values in the dataset.

- Data normalization: Scaling numeric data to a common range to prevent differences in scales.

- Data transformation: Converting data from one format to another, such as aggregating data or
converting categorical variables.

c) Write down the algorithm of Breadth-First Search with its advantages

Breadth-First Search (BFS) Algorithm:

1. Choose a starting node (root) in the graph.

2. Explore all the neighboring nodes at the present depth prior to moving on to nodes at the
next depth level.

3. Use a queue data structure to keep track of nodes to visit next.

Advantages of BFS:

- Shortest Path: BFS is guaranteed to find the shortest path to the goal node if the graph is
unweighted.

- Simple Implementation: BFS has a simple implementation using a queue data structure.

- Guaranteed Solution: BFS is guaranteed to find a solution if one exists.

d) Explain the various search and control strategies in artificial intelligence

Search and control strategies are essential components of artificial intelligence that enable
machines to make decisions and solve problems. Some common search and control strategies
include:

- Uninformed Search: Uninformed search strategies, such as BFS and DFS, do not use any
additional information about the problem other than the definition of the problem.

- Informed Search: Informed search strategies, such as A* search, use heuristic functions to
guide the search towards the goal node.

- Control Strategies: Control strategies, such as hill climbing and simulated annealing, are used
to optimize the search process and avoid local optima.
e) How does Spark work? Explain with the help of its Architecture

Apache Spark's architecture consists of the following components:

- Driver Program: The driver program creates a SparkContext, which is the entry point to any
Spark functionality.

- SparkContext: The SparkContext is responsible for coordinating the tasks on the cluster.

- Cluster Manager: The cluster manager manages the Spark application's execution on the
cluster.

- Executors: Executors are responsible for executing tasks on the cluster nodes.

- RDDs (Resilient Distributed Datasets): RDDs are the fundamental data structures in Spark that
allow for parallel processing of data.

Spark's architecture enables it to process large-scale data sets efficiently by distributing the data
across multiple nodes in the cluster and processing it in parallel.

a) What is data cleaning? Describe various methods of data cleaning.

Data cleaning, also known as data cleansing or data scrubbing, is the process of identifying and
correcting errors, inconsistencies, and inaccuracies in a dataset. The goal of data cleaning is to
improve the quality and reliability of the data, making it more suitable for analysis and decision-
making.

Various methods of data cleaning include:

1. Handling missing values: Identifying and filling missing values in the dataset, either by using
statistical methods or by imputing values based on other data points.

2. Data normalization: Scaling numeric data to a common range to prevent differences in scales.

3. Data transformation: Converting data from one format to another, such as aggregating data
or converting categorical variables.

4. Removing duplicates: Identifying and removing duplicate records or rows in the dataset.

5. Error detection and correction: Identifying and correcting errors in the data, such as typos or
formatting issues.

Data cleaning is an essential step in the data analysis process, as it helps ensure that the data is
accurate, complete, and consistent.

b) Explain any two Types of OLAP Servers.

There are several types of OLAP (Online Analytical Processing) servers, including:
1. MOLAP (Multidimensional OLAP): MOLAP servers store data in a multidimensional array
format, allowing for fast query performance and efficient data analysis.

2. ROLAP (Relational OLAP): ROLAP servers store data in a relational database management
system, using tables to represent multidimensional data.

Both MOLAP and ROLAP servers provide fast query performance and efficient data analysis
capabilities, but they differ in their underlying data storage and management architectures.

d) Explain Breadth First Search technique of artificial intelligence.

Breadth-First Search (BFS) is a search algorithm used in artificial intelligence to traverse a graph
or tree data structure. BFS explores all the nodes at the present depth prior to moving on to
nodes at the next depth level.

The BFS algorithm works as follows:

1. Choose a starting node: Select a node in the graph as the starting point for the search.

2. Explore neighboring nodes: Explore all the neighboring nodes at the present depth prior to
moving on to nodes at the next depth level.

3. Use a queue data structure: Use a queue data structure to keep track of nodes to visit next.

BFS is a simple and efficient search algorithm that is widely used in many applications, including
pathfinding, network traversal, and web crawling.

e) Write any four applications of Data Mining.

Data mining has many applications across various industries, including:

1. Customer segmentation: Data mining can be used to segment customers based on their
behavior, preferences, and demographics.

2. Predictive maintenance: Data mining can be used to predict equipment failures and schedule
maintenance, reducing downtime and improving overall efficiency.

3. Fraud detection: Data mining can be used to detect fraudulent activity, such as credit card
fraud or insurance claims fraud.

4. Market basket analysis: Data mining can be used to analyze customer purchasing behavior
and identify patterns and relationships between different products. These are just a few
examples of the many applications of data mining. Data mining can be used in any industry or
domain where large datasets are available, and insights can be gained through analysis.

Q4) Attempt any FOUR of the following

a) Why RDD needs in a Spark?

RDDs (Resilient Distributed Datasets) are a fundamental data structure in Apache Spark. They
provide several benefits, including:

- Fault-tolerance: RDDs provide fault-tolerance by allowing Spark to recover lost data in case of
node failures.

- Efficient data processing: RDDs enable efficient data processing by allowing Spark to process
data in parallel across multiple nodes.

b) Explain the ‘Tower of Hanoi’ problem in artificial intelligence with the help of diagrams and
propose a solution to the problem.

The Tower of Hanoi is a classic problem in artificial intelligence that involves moving disks
between towers. The problem consists of three towers and a set of disks of different sizes that
can be stacked on top of each other.

The goal is to move the disks from one tower to another, subject to certain constraints.

Solution:

The solution to the Tower of Hanoi problem involves using a recursive algorithm that moves the
disks one by one. Here's a step-by-step solution:

1. Move n-1 disks from the source tower to the auxiliary tower.

2. Move the nth disk from the source tower to the destination tower.

3. Move the n-1 disks from the auxiliary tower to the destination tower.

c) Explain Web mining in detail.

Web mining is the process of discovering patterns, relationships, and insights from web data. It
involves using various techniques, such as machine learning and statistical analysis, to identify
trends and patterns in web data.
Types of web mining:

- Web content mining: This involves extracting useful information from web pages, such as text,
images, and videos.

- Web structure mining: This involves analyzing the structure of web pages and websites,
including links and navigation.

- Web usage mining: This involves analyzing user behavior and interactions with websites,
including page views and clicks.

d) Explain AO Algorithm in brief.*

AO* (AO-star) is an algorithm for problem-solving and planning that combines heuristic search
with dynamic programming. It is used to find the shortest path to a goal state in a complex
problem space.

AO

a) What is Data Warehouse? State any two advantages.

A data warehouse is a centralized repository that stores data from various sources in a single
location, making it easier to access and analyze. Two advantages of a data warehouse are:

- Improved decision-making: A data warehouse provides a single source of truth for

organizational data, enabling better decision-making.

- Enhanced data analysis: A data warehouse enables fast and efficient analysis of large datasets,
providing insights into trends, patterns, and relationships.

b) What is a heuristic function?

A heuristic function is an estimate of the distance from a node to the goal node in a search
space. It is used to guide the search towards the most promising areas of the search space.
Heuristic functions are often used in informed search algorithms, such as A* search, to improve
the efficiency of the search.

c) What are the two advantages of 'Depth First Search' (DFS)?

Two advantages of Depth First Search (DFS) are:

- Memory Efficiency: DFS requires less memory than other search algorithms, such as Breadth-
First Search (BFS), because it only needs to store the current path being explored.
- Fast Solution Finding: DFS can find a solution quickly, especially in cases where the solution is
located deep in the search tree.

d) Explain the three important artificial intelligence techniques.

Three important artificial intelligence techniques are:

- Machine Learning: Machine learning enables machines to learn from data and improve their
performance over time. It is used in applications such as image recognition, natural language
processing, and predictive analytics.

- Deep Learning: Deep learning is a subset of machine learning that uses neural networks to
analyze data. It is used in applications such as image recognition, speech recognition, and
natural language processing.

- Expert Systems: Expert systems are AI systems that mimic the decision-making abilities of a
human expert in a particular domain. They are used in applications such as medical diagnosis,
financial analysis, and engineering design.

e) Explain briefly State Space Representation of Water Jug Problem

The Water Jug Problem is a classic problem in artificial intelligence that involves finding a
sequence of actions to measure a certain amount of water using jugs of different capacities.

The state space representation of the Water Jug Problem includes:

- State: The state of the jugs, represented as a pair of numbers (x, y), where x is the amount of
water in the first jug and y is the amount of water in the second jug.

- Actions: The actions that can be taken, such as filling a jug, emptying a jug, or pouring water
from one jug to another.

- Goal: The goal is to find a sequence of actions that measures a certain amount of water.

The state space representation enables us to use search algorithms to find a solution to the
problem.

a) Differentiate between MOLAP and HOLAP

MOLAP (Multidimensional OLAP) and HOLAP (Hybrid OLAP) are two types of OLAP (Online
Analytical Processing) architectures.

MOLAP:
- Stores data in a multidimensional array format.

- Provides fast query performance and efficient data analysis.

- Suitable for applications with complex queries and large datasets.

HOLAP:

- Combines the benefits of MOLAP and ROLAP (Relational OLAP).

- Stores aggregations in a multidimensional format and detailed data in a relational format.

- Provides a balance between query performance and data storage efficiency.

The key difference between MOLAP and HOLAP is their approach to data storage and
management. MOLAP is optimized for query performance, while HOLAP provides a balance
between query performance and data storage efficiency.

b) What is the Missionaries and Cannibals Problem Statement? Write its solution.

The Missionaries and Cannibals problem is a classic problem in artificial intelligence that
involves finding a way to transport missionaries and cannibals across a river using a small boat.

Problem Statement:
- Three missionaries and three cannibals are on one side of a river.

- There is a small boat that can hold a maximum of two people.

- The goal is to transport all six people across the river without leaving more cannibals than
missionaries on either side.

Solution:

One possible solution to the problem is:

1. Two cannibals cross the river.

2. One cannibal returns to the original side.

3. Two missionaries cross the river.

4. One missionary and one cannibal return to the original side.

5. Two missionaries cross the river.

6. One cannibal returns to the original side.

7. Two cannibals cross the river.

This solution ensures that the missionaries and cannibals are transported safely across the river
without violating the constraints.

c) How is Apache Spark different from MapReduce?

Apache Spark and MapReduce are both big data processing frameworks, but they differ
significantly in their architecture and design.

Key differences:
- Processing speed: Spark is much faster than MapReduce due to its in-memory processing
capabilities.

- Data processing paradigm: Spark is designed for real-time data processing and iterative
analytics, while MapReduce is suited for batch processing.

- Ease of use: Spark offers high-level APIs and supports multiple programming languages,
making it more accessible to developers.

Spark's in-memory processing and flexible architecture make it a popular choice for big data
processing and analytics.

d) What is Data warehouse? Describe any two applications in brief.

A data warehouse is a centralized repository that stores data from various sources in a single
location, making it easier to access and analyze.

Applications:

1. Business Intelligence: Data warehouses are used to support business intelligence applications,
such as reporting, analytics, and data visualization.

2. Data Analytics: Data warehouses provide a platform for data analytics, enabling organizations
to gain insights into their data and make informed decisions.

Data warehouses are essential for organizations that want to leverage their data to gain a
competitive advantage.

e) Write in detail the various blind search techniques in artificial intelligence.

Blind search techniques are search algorithms that do not use any additional information about
the problem other than the definition of the problem.

Types of blind search techniques:

1. Breadth-First Search (BFS): Explores all the nodes at the present depth prior to moving on to
nodes at the next depth level.

2. Depth-First Search (DFS): Explores as far as possible along each branch before backtracking.

3. Uniform Cost Search: Explores nodes based on their cost, starting with the node with the
lowest cost.

These blind search techniques are used in various applications, including pathfinding, network
traversal, and puzzle solving.

Q5) Write a short note on any Two of the following (Out of Three)

a) 'Means End Analysis' (MEA) in artificial intelligence

Means-End Analysis (MEA) is a problem-solving strategy used in artificial intelligence to reduce

the difference between a current state and a goal state. It involves identifying the differences
between the current state and the goal state and applying operators to reduce these
differences.

MEA works by:

- Identifying the goal: Defining the goal state and the current state.

- Analyzing differences: Identifying the differences between the current state and the goal state.

- Applying operators: Applying operators to reduce the differences between the current state
and the goal state.

MEA is a powerful problem-solving strategy that can be used in a wide range of applications,
including planning, decision-making, and problem-solving.

b) ETL Process

ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) is a process used to extract data from multiple sources, transform
it into a standardized format, and load it into a target system, such as a data warehouse.

The ETL process involves:

- Extract: Extracting data from multiple sources, such as databases, files, or external systems.

- Transform: Transforming the extracted data into a standardized format, including data
cleaning, data validation, and data transformation.

- Load: Loading the transformed data into a target system, such as a data warehouse.

The ETL process is critical in data integration and business intelligence, enabling organizations to
make informed decisions by providing a single source of truth for their data.

c) MOLAP server

MOLAP (Multidimensional Online Analytical Processing) is a type of OLAP (Online Analytical

Processing) server that stores data in a multidimensional array format.

MOLAP servers provide fast query performance and efficient data analysis capabilities, enabling
users to analyze large datasets quickly and easily. Some benefits of MOLAP servers include:

- Fast query performance: MOLAP servers provide fast query performance, enabling users to
analyze large datasets quickly.

- Efficient data analysis: MOLAP servers enable efficient data analysis, providing insights into
trends, patterns, and relationships in the data.

MOLAP servers are commonly used in business intelligence and data analytics applications,
providing users with a powerful tool for analyzing and understanding complex data.

a) Data Mining

Data mining is the process of discovering patterns, relationships, and insights from large
datasets. It involves using various statistical and mathematical techniques to analyze and extract
valuable information or patterns from data.

Data mining includes several key steps:

- Data selection: Selecting the relevant data for analysis.

- Data cleaning: Cleaning and preprocessing the data to ensure quality and consistency.

- Data transformation: Transforming the data into a suitable format for analysis.

- Data mining: Applying data mining techniques, such as classification, clustering, and
association rule mining, to discover patterns and relationships.

- Evaluation: Evaluating the results of the data mining process to ensure that they are
meaningful and useful.

Data mining has many applications, including:

- Market analysis: Analyzing customer behavior and preferences to inform marketing strategies.

- Customer segmentation: Segmenting customers based on their behavior and preferences to

target specific groups.

- Fraud detection: Detecting fraudulent activity by identifying patterns and anomalies in data.

c) Spark SQL

Spark SQL is a module in Apache Spark that integrates relational processing with Spark's
functional programming API. It allows users to run SQL queries on large datasets efficiently and
provides a DataFrame API for working with structured data.

Spark SQL includes several key features:

- DataFrames: Spark SQL provides a DataFrame API that allows users to work with structured
data in a tabular format.

- SQL queries: Spark SQL allows users to run SQL queries on large datasets, providing a familiar
interface for data analysis.

- Data sources: Spark SQL supports various data sources, including Hive, Parquet, JSON, and
JDBC.

- Performance optimization: Spark SQL uses the Catalyst Optimizer to optimize query
performance, making it suitable for large-scale data processing.

Spark SQL has many benefits, including:

- Fast query performance: Spark SQL provides fast query performance, enabling users to analyze
large datasets quickly.

- Efficient data analysis: Spark SQL enables efficient data analysis, providing insights into trends,
patterns, and relationships in the data.

- Scalability: Spark SQL is designed to handle big data, making it suitable for large-scale data
processing applications.

Overall, Spark SQL is a powerful tool for data analysis and processing, providing a flexible and
efficient way to work with large datasets.

a) Water Jug Problem in Artificial Intelligence

The Water Jug Problem is a classic problem in artificial intelligence that involves finding a way to
measure a certain amount of water using two jugs with different capacities.

Problem Statement:
Given two jugs, one with a capacity of 3 gallons and the other with a capacity of 5 gallons, how
can you measure exactly 4 gallons of water using only these two jugs?

Solution:

1. Fill the 5-gallon jug completely with water.

2. Pour water from the 5-gallon jug into the 3-gallon jug until the 3-gallon jug is full, leaving 2
gallons in the 5-gallon jug.

3. Empty the 3-gallon jug.

4. Pour the remaining 2 gallons from the 5-gallon jug into the 3-gallon jug.

5. Fill the 5-gallon jug completely with water again.

6. Pour water from the 5-gallon jug into the 3-gallon jug until the 3-gallon jug is full, which will
require 1 gallon, leaving exactly 4 gallons in the 5-gallon jug.

c) Snowflake Schema

A Snowflake Schema is a type of database schema that is used in data warehousing and online
analytical processing (OLAP). It is an extension of the star schema, where each dimension table
is further normalized into multiple related tables.

Characteristics:

- Normalized dimension tables: Each dimension table is normalized into multiple related tables
to reduce data redundancy and improve data integrity.

- Complex queries: Snowflake schemas support complex queries with multiple joins and
aggregations.

- Improved data granularity: Snowflake schemas provide more detailed data than star schemas,
making them suitable for complex analytics and reporting.