Access Class 9 Economics Chapter 1 - The Story of the Village Palampur

Notes

1. Overview of Palampur

 Palampur village is similar to the one we saw in the research study of Gilbert
Etienne.

 Palampur has pucca roads that can withstand winter, rain and summer. This
road connects Palampur village to their neighbouring village, Raiganj.

 Various types of vehicles ply on Palampur road, like bullock carts, tongas,
tractors, jeeps, motorcycles, trucks etc.

 Availability of Electricity in Palampur. Many houses have electricity and tube-

wells are powered by electricity.

 There are 2 primary schools and 1 high school for the students of Palampur.

 There is one government-run primary health care and one private dispensary
in Palampur village.

2. Factors of Production

There are 4 factors of production:

a. Land

b. Labour

c. Physical Capital

d. Human Capital

a. Land

Without land, a production facility is not possible to exist. There would be no place
for agriculture, without land. This also involves other natural resources like water,
trees, minerals etc.

b. Labour

People are required to work either in a factory to operate machines or to sow the
seeds, using tractors to irrigate the land as far as agriculture is concerned. These
people are labour.

c. Physical Capital

 Labour requires tools to do work, be it in a factory or field. Farmers need

tractors, water pumps etc. Factory labours require specialised tools and
machinery.

 Physical capital is divided into two categories: Fixed capital and Working
capital.

 Fixed capital is, those which once brought, will serve you for a longer period
of time – tractors and machinery.
  Working capital is one that is not permanent – such as the raw materials or
the money to run the business or farm.

d. Human Capital

Labour alone cannot keep the production unit and the company running. There is a
need for creativity and a can-do attitude. People who employ these things are called
the Human Capital.

3. Farming in Palampur

 In Palampur village, 75% of the people earn a livelihood through farming.

 Some are farmers and others are farm labourers.

 The area in Palampur is used to its fullest for farming purposes. Hence, no
possibility of expansion of land for agriculture.

4. The Village of Palampur Uses Multiple Cropping

 As land cannot be expanded in Palampur, farmers tend to use the same land
to grow different plants and eatable things.

 In monsoon, jowar and bajra are cultivated. Crops were sown before the
starting of rain called Kharif crops.

 Farmers used to grow potatoes during the period of October to December.

 Farmers used to sow Rabi crops such as wheat during winter and harvest
them in springtime.

 A part of the land was dedicated to growing sugarcane.

 Farmers used to keep wheat for their consumption and sell the surplus
sugarcane and jaggery.

 Farmers could irrigate their farmland effectively since electricity came to

Palampur earlier compared to other villages in India.

 The government installed the initial set of tube wells.

5. Another Method of Increasing Production in Agriculture

 Apart from multi-crop methods, an increase in High Yielding Varieties of

Seeds (HYV) was seen.

 Compared to traditional crops, high-yielding varieties of seeds produce more

grains.

 However, HYV seeds require more water compared to traditional seeds.

 Farmers needed to use chemical fertilizers and pesticides for HYV. Hence cost
of production increased.

 During the Green Revolution of 1960, the farmers of Haryana and Punjab
started using HYV seeds.
  In Palampur village, the traditional seeds gave a yield of 1300 kg/ha while the
HYV seeds gave a yield of 3200 kg/ha.

6. The Sorry State of Pulse Production in India

After the Green Revolution, India experienced an increase in wheat production, but
the production of pulses lagged behind.

7. The unintended consequences of the Green Revolution

 During the Green Revolution, people started using pesticides and fertilizers in
extreme manners. Which resulted in the loss of solid fertility.

 Improper crop rotation technique has also added to the worst condition.

 Too much drawing of groundwater has depleted the underground water.

8. Land distribution between farmers in Palampur

 Many of the Dalit families approx. 150 are landless.

 240 families had less than 2 hectares of land for farming.

 60 families consisting of large and medium farmers cultivate more than 2

hectares of land.

 Few families had more than 10 hectares of land.

9. Labour

 Small farmers cultivated their own land. They were helped by their family
members.

 Medium and large farmers hired labourers for the farm. People who had small
land also worked as farm labourers to earn extra money.

 The farm used to get exploited. So, wages were quite low.

10. Capital

 To buy seeds, fertilizers or any farming instruments the small farmers of

Palampur had to borrow money from the lenders and large farmers. They had
to pay high interest rates, that is 24%.

 Large farmers buy physical capital with their own money. They produced lots
of grains and hence could sell surplus. This lets them earn a huge amount of
money.

11. Non-farm activities in Palampur

 Dairy: farmers grow bajra and feed them to their buffalos. The buffaloes
gave milk to the people of Palampur. This milk was sold in Raiganj where 2
 traders from Shahpur town had established chilling centres. Milk was
transported to other big cities as well.

 Manufacturing: Mishrilal, a farmer, used a mechanical sugarcane machine

and crushed his and other farmers' sugarcane so that they could make
jaggery out of it. Jaggery was sold to traders in Shahpur.

 Kareem opened a computer centre and employed 2 women who teach there.
They used to earn money by teaching computer lessons to the students.

 Rickshawallah, Tongawallah, and truck and jeep drivers transported

agricultural and other products to people from Palampur to other big cities
and villages. They earned money through transportation.

5 Important Topics of Class 9 Chapter 1 You Shouldn’t Miss!

Topic Description

1. Village Palampur Introduction to the village of Palampur, its geographical

Overview location, and its basic features.

2. Agricultural Details on the types of crops grown, farming methods,

Practices and the role of irrigation and technology.

Explanation of various non-farm activities such as small

3. Non-Farm Activities
businesses, manufacturing, and services.

Discussion on land ownership, its use in agriculture,

4. Land and its Use
and the issues related to land distribution.

5. Rural Economy and Insight into the employment patterns, income sources,
Employment and the economic structure of the village.

1. What are the Essential Things for Production as discussed in The Story
of Village Palampur notes?

The Story of Village Palampur notes include the most important things that must be
considered during production. These are as follows:

 Capital - Without money, nothing functions in the world. It is essential during

the production of goods and also required for future use and other activities.
Money in hand is known as working capital.

 Physical Capital - These include machines, raw materials and similar other
things.

 Labour - As stated earlier, 50% of the workforce belongs to the agriculture

sector. Hence it is a labour-intensive sector and without which it can never
work. It is the hard work of the labourers that gives the consumer the
opportunity to enjoy high-quality goods.
  Land - It is the most basic thing in production. Be it in the agriculture sector
or any other sector, the requirement of land is mandatory where the
production activities can be conducted.

1.Modern farming methods require more inputs, which are manufactured in industry.
Do you agree?
Solution:
No doubt, modern farming requires more inputs than traditional farming. These are:

 chemical fertilizers

 pesticides

 pump sets

 farm machinery

 electricity

 diesel

 HYV seeds

 water supply

Most of these inputs like fertilizers, tools, and implements are manufactured in
industry. HYV seeds are developed in agriculture research laboratories. Machine
industry provides various kinds of implements, irrigation pumps, and farming
machinery to improve productivity and minimize farming efforts. Chemical and soil
engineering-based industries provide fertilizers and pesticides to boost agriculture.
Water supply is done by canals and tanks. Electricity is supplied by powerhouses.

Question-2
How did the spread of electricity help farmers in Palampur?
Solution:
The spread of electricity helped the farmers in Palampur in the following ways:

1. Most of the houses have electricity connections.

2. It is used to run tubewells in the fields.

3. It is used in various types of small businesses.

Question-3
Is it important to increase the area under irrigation? Why?
Solution:
Irrigation facilities are available only to about 40% of the cultivated land area in the
country. The rest of the land, i.e., 60% of the cultivated area, is still dependent on
rainfall for irrigation. It means that the benefit of multiple cropping cannot be
achieved by 60% of the farmers in the country. They produce less and so their
income is also low. Thus, they live in poverty.

Therefore, if these farmers are to be brought out of poverty, farm productivity has
to increase. This is only possible when they use modern farming methods and
dependable irrigation facilities. Hence, it is important to increase the area under
irrigation.

Question-4
Why are the wages for farm labourers in Palampur less than minimum wages?
Solution:
A waged labourer might be employed on a daily basis, or for one particular farm
activity like harvesting, or for the whole year. Most small farmers have to borrow
money to arrange for the capital. They borrow from large farmers or the village
moneylenders or the traders who supply various inputs for cultivation. The rate of
interest on such loans is very high. They are put to great distress to repay the loan.
Hence they pay very low wages to the farm labourers.

Question-5
What are the different ways of increasing production on the same piece of land? Use
examples to Explain.
Solution:
To grow more than one crop on a piece of land during the year is known as multiple
cropping. It is the most common way of increasing production on a given piece of
land. All farmers in Palampur grow at least two main crops; many are growing
potato as the third crop in the past fifteen to twenty years.

Question-6
How do the medium and large farmers obtain capital for farming? How is it different
from the small farmers?
Solution:
In contrast to the small farmers, the medium and large farmers have their own
savings from farming. They are thus able to arrange for the capital needed.

Question-7
On what terms did Savita get a loan from Tajpal Singh? Would Savita’s condition be
different if she could get a loan from the bank at a low rate of interest?
Solution:
Savita was a small farmer. She planed to cultivate wheat on her 1-hectare land.
Besides seeds, fertilizers and pesticides, she needed cash to buy water and repair
her farm instruments. She estimated that his working capital itself would cost a
minimum of Rs 3,000. She didn’t have the money, so she decided to borrow from
Tejpal Singh, a large farmer. Tejpal Singh agreed to give Savita the loan at an
interest rate of 24 percent for four months, which was a very high-interest rate.

Savita also had to promise to work on his field as a farm labourer during the harvest
season at Rs 35 per day. Savita knew that this wage is quite low and she will have
to work very hard to complete harvesting on her own field, and then work as a farm
labourer for Tejpal Singh. Savita agreed to those tough conditions, as she knew, that
getting a loan is difficult for a small farmer. Yes, Savita’s condition would have been
different if she could get a loan from the bank at a low rate of interest.

Question-8
What can be done so that more non-farm production activities can be started in
villages?
Solution:
The villagers must be made aware of the non-farm production activities and their
benefits. They must also be taught the methods of doing such activities. The
villagers who have the impression that they can earn only by farming, must be
given proper guidance and help to do such activities.

Question 2: Is it important to increase the area under irrigation? Why?

Answer: Yes, it is important to increase the land area under irrigation. It enhances
crop yields, ensures food security and reduces the risk of crop failure. It supports
multiple cropping seasons, so farmers can grow more than one crop in a year and
increase their production and earnings. Also, the use of HYV seeds needs plenty of
water to give the best results.

Question 1: What is the difference between multiple cropping and modern

farming method?

Answer: Multiple Cropping: This refers to the practice of growing more than one
crop on the same piece of land during a single year. It’s a way to increase
productivity and make efficient use of land resources.

Modern Farming Methods: These involve the use of technology, improved crop
varieties, chemicals, and advanced techniques to increase farm productivity and
efficiency. Modern farming includes practices such as the use of high-yield variety
(HYV) seeds, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation technologies.

Question 3: What is the working capital required by the farmer using

modern farming methods?

Answer: The working capital required by the farmer using modern farming methods
is raw material and money. Raw materials include HYV seeds, chemical fertilizers,
pesticides, and machinery that can be purchased with money.

Question 4: Modern farming methods require the farmer to start with

more cash than before. Why?

Answer: Modern farming methods require more initial cash because they involve
significant investments in high-yield variety seeds, chemical fertilizers, pesticides,
and advanced irrigation and farming equipment. These inputs are essential for
increasing productivity and crop yields but come at a higher cost compared to
traditional farming practices.

Let’s Discuss Page No. 7

Question 1: In the Picture 1.5, can you shade the land cultivated by the
small farmers?

Answer: The shaded rectangles with boundaries show the land cultivated by small
farmers.

Question 2: Why do so many families of farmers cultivate such small plots

of land?

Answer: Land in Palampur is fixed and 75% of the people who are working are
dependent on farming for their livelihood. Since land is fixed and most people are
dependent on land they are forced to cultivate small plots of land.
OR

In the village of Palampur, many families cultivate small plots of land due to the
division of land among family members over generations. For example, a farmer
named Gobind, who initially had 2.25 hectares of land, passed it down to his three
sons, resulting in each son owning only 0.75 hectares.

Question 3: The distribution of farmers in India and the amount of land

they cultivate is given in the following Graph Discuss in the classroom.

Answer: According to the graph, in India, 85% of the small farmers cultivate only
44.6% of the cultivated area whereas 15% of the big farmers cultivate 55.4% of the
cultivated area.

Question 4: Would you agree that the distribution of cultivated land is

unequal in Palampur? Do you find a similar situation for India? Explain.

Answer: Yes, I agree that the distribution of cultivated land is unequal in Palampur
because out of the 450 families, 150 families are landless, 240 families cultivate
small plots of land less than 2 hectares in size whereas 60 medium and large
farmers cultivate more than 2 hectares of land, a few of them have land extending
over 10 hectares or more, which shows that medium and large farmers have more
land though they are numerically smaller. This clearly shows the inequality in the
distribution of cultivated land. According to the graph, a similar situation exists in
India also where 85% of the small farmers cultivate only 44.6% of the cultivated
area whereas 15% of the big farmers cultivate 55.4% of the cultivated area.

Question 5: Identify the work being done on the field in the Pictures 1.6
and arrange them in a proper sequence.
Answer: The proper sequence of the activities is given below (the numbers are
marked alongside each picture).
(1) Plowing by bullocks
(2) Sowing
(3) Spraying of insecticides
(4) Cultivation by traditional methods
(5) Cultivation by modern methods
(6) Cutting of crops

Let’s Discuss Page No. 9

Question 1: Why are farm labourers like Dala and Ramkali poor?

Answer: Farm labourers like Dala and Ramkali are poor because

(a) They work as hired workers on daily wages and their income is not stable or
sufficient.
(b) Though the minimum wages for farm labourers set by the government is ₹300
per day (as of March 2019), they get only ₹160.
(c) There is heavy competition for work among the farm labourers in Palampur, so
people agree to work for low wages.
(d) They remain unemployed for most parts of the year and have to take loans from
the
moneylender to fulfil their needs. Due to this seasonal unemployment, they remain
poor and are unable to repay the loan and fall into a debt trap.

Question 2: Gosaipur and Majauli are two villages in North Bihar. Out of a
total of 850 households in the two villages, there are more than 250 men
who are employed in rural Punjab and Haryana or in Delhi, Mumbai, Surat,
Hyderabad or Nagpur. Such migration is common in most villages across
India. Why do people migrate? Can you describe (based on your
imagination) the work that the migrants of Gosaipur and Majauli might do
at the place of destination?

Answer: Mostly people migrate in search of employment or better job opportunities

to cities like Mumbai, Delhi etc or to prosperous agricultural regions like Punjab and
Haryana to work as farm labourers.
(a) This migration usually takes place when a person is unemployed or in extreme
poverty, which may be due to lack of land, displacements, negative impact of
natural disasters like drought or floods, etc.
(b) The migrants from Gosaipur and Majauli who went to cities will probably find
work as casual labourers, industrial workers, street hawkers, rickshaw pullers,
headload workers or servants in homes and hotels, etc
(c) Those who went to rural areas of Punjab and Haryana will probably work as farm
labourers since agriculture is the main occupation of the rural people in these
states.

Question 3: What happens to Farmer 3 in Year 3? Can he continue

production? What will he have to do to continue production?

Answer: In the third year, the third farmer did not produce any wheat and had to
buy it
from the market. He cannot continue production any longer unless he arranges
capital, as he has no surplus to invest as capital.

Let’s Discuss Page No. 12

Question 1: What capital did Mishrilal need to set up his jaggery

manufacturing unit?

Answer: To set up his manufacturing unit Mishrilal needed the following capital
(a) Fixed Capital in the form of the sugarcane crushing machine.
(b) Working Capital in the form of money for buying sugarcane from other farmers
and for paying the electricity bill.

Question 2: Who provides the labour in this case?

Answer: The labour is provided by him and his family. Otherwise, he will employ
landless labourers.

Question 3: Can you guess why Mishrilal is unable to increase his profit?

Answer: (a) Mishrilal has set up a small scale unit.

(b) The farm holdings in the village are very small of about 2 hectares in size and
production of sugarcane is low as more area is under wheat.
(c) He has to pay for the electricity to run the machine.
(d) Since the industry is small scale, production is less and therefore, he is unable to
increase his profit.

Question 4: Could you think of any reasons when he might face a loss?

Answer: Conditions under which he may face a toss can be any of the following
(a) If his crushing machine becomes defective, his production will reduce or totally
stop.
(b) If due to drought or other calamities, the production of sugarcane in nearby
areas reduces; his jaggery production will come down leading to a loss for him.
(c) If the demand for jaggery decreases, he will not be able to sell enough to break
even.
(d) If any other costs like electricity, labour or transportation costs increase, he may
face a loss.

Question 5: Why does Mishrilal sell his jaggery to traders in Shahpur and
not in his village?

Answer: (a) Palampur is a small village with 450 families and there is not a big
demand for jaggery there.
(b) Shahpur is a town where people come from different surrounding villages to buy
things and there is more demand for jaggery there, so Mishrilal sells his jaggery
traders in Shahpur and not in his village.

Let’s Discuss Page No. 12

Question 1: In what ways is Kareem’s capital and labour different from

Mishrilal?

Answer: Mishrilal has fixed capital in the form of machines, but Kareem has a
larger fixed capital because he has assets in the form of computers which are more
expensive than the sugarcane crushing machine. Kareem has also employed
educated and qualified computer teachers, whereas Mishrilal labour is mainly
unskilled labour.

Question 2: Why didn’t someone start a computer centre earlier? Discuss

the possible reasons.

Answer: Reasons, why someone didn’t start a computer centre, may be any of the
following:
(a) As very few educated people were there in the village, there was less demand
for computer courses.
(b) The villagers were not aware of the employment potential of computer courses,
so nobody thought that such a business could be successful.
(c) Teaching faculty for computer courses was not available.

Let’s Discuss Page No. 13

Question 1: What is Kishora’s fixed capital?

Answer: Kishora’s fixed capital is the buffalo and wooden cart which he has
purchased with a bank loan.

Question 2: What do you think would be his working capital?

Answer: The money that he earns from selling the milk and transporting goods and
his bullock cart minus his living expenses is his working capital.

Question 3: In how many production activities is Kishora involved?

Answer: Kishora is involved in the following production activities.

(a) Selling of buffalo’s milk.
(b) Transporting of various items.
(c) Bringing clay from the river Ganga for the potter.
(d) Transporting jaggery etc to Shahpur.

Question 4: Would you say that Kishora has benefitted from better roads
in Palampur?

Answer: Kishora has certainly benefitted from better roads in Palampur because he
is involved in the transport business; better roads enable him to easily transport
goods from one place to another, run his business successfully and earn profits,
which would have been very difficult in the absence of proper roads.

Class 9 Economics Chapter 1 Exercises Questions and Answers

(d) FACILITIES:

Educational 2 primary schools and 1 high school

Medical 1 primary health centre and 1 private dispensary

 Market Raiganj and Shahpur

Electricity Most of the houses have electric connections. Electricity powers all the
Supply tube wells in the fields and is used in various types of small businesses.

Well-connected with neighbouring villages and towns. 3 kms from Raiganj.

All-weather road connects it to Raiganj and further on toShahpur. Many
Communication
kinds of transport like bullock carts,tongas, bogeys, motorcycles, jeeps,
tractors and trucks are present.

Nearest Town Shahpur

Question 2: Modern farming methods require more inputs which are

manufactured in industry. Do you agree?

Answer: Yes, I agree that modern farming methods require more inputs that are
manufactured in the industry. These inputs include high-yield variety (HYV) seeds,
chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and machinery such as tractors, harvesters, and
irrigation equipment. However, on the other hand, traditional farming methods use
a relatively low-yielding variety of seeds and use cow dung and other natural
manures as fertilisers, which is why they are less dependent on industrial outputs.

Question 3: How did the spread of electricity help farmers in Palampur?

Answer: The spread of electricity has helped the farmers of Palampur village in the
following ways:

 Electricity enabled the use of electric tubewells, leading to more efficient

watering of crops compared to traditional methods.

 The availability of electricity allowed for the use of modern machinery like
threshers and harvesters, reducing manual labor and enhancing efficiency.

Question 4: Is it important to increase the area under irrigation? Why?

Answer: India is an agricultural country. Of the total cultivated area in the country a
little less than 40 per cent is irrigated even today. In the remaining areas, farming is
largely dependent on rainfall. In India, rainfall is not regular and irrigation is
important to get better crop yield and hence it is important to increase the area
under irrigation.

Question 6: Why are the wages for farm labourers in Palampur less than
minimum wages?

Answer: The wages for farm labourers in Palampur are less than the minimum
wages because:

1. There is heavy competition for work among the farmers.

2. Employment is less and farmers are more therefore, farmers accept low-wage
work.

3. Land is owned by landlords who desire to earn more and more profit by giving
minimum wages.
 4. The farmers are illiterate and unaware of the amount of minimum wages set
by the government.

5. The lack of non-agricultural activities forces labourers to accept low-wage

work.

Question 7: In your region, talk to two labourers. Choose either farm

labourers or labourers working at construction sites. What wages do they
get? Are they paid in cash or kind? Do they get work regularly? Are they in
debt?

Answer: To be attempted by the students themselves.

Question 8: What are the different ways of increasing production on the

same piece of land? Use examples to explain.

Answer: The different ways of increasing production on the same piece of land are:

 Multiple Cropping: It is the most common way of increasing production on

a given piece of land. This involves growing more than one crop on the same
land in a year, maximizing the use of space.

 Crop Rotation: This practice involves alternating the types of crops grown in
a field with each season. For example, rotating a nitrogen-depleting crop like
cotton with a nitrogen-fixing crop like soybeans can maintain soil health and
reduce pest and disease cycles.

 Modern Farming Methods: Production on the same piece of land can also
be increased by adopting modern farming methods. The Green Revolution in
India is a remarkable example of it. Under modern farming, more cultivable
areas should be brought under HYV seeds and irrigation. The use of simple
wooden ploughs must be replaced by tractors. The increasing use of farm
machinery like tractors, threshers, harvesters, etc. makes cultivation faster.

Question 9: Describe the work of a farmer with 1 hectare of land.

Answer: A farmer with 1 hectare of land will be called a small farmer. Since the
area for cultivation is small, the outcome may also not be high. So to be able to
yield the land in the best possible way, the farmer needs money. This money is
borrowed from a moneylender at a high interest rate and at times may also have to
work as a farm labourer for the moneylender. Once the farm is cultivated, the
product has to be divided for personal use and for selling in the market. Whatever
profit is earned, the farmer has to usually give it away to the moneylender and a
little sum of money is left for the use of the farmer himself. The only help a small
farmer gets is that of his family members.

Question 10: How do the medium and large farmers obtain capital for
farming? How is it different from the small farmers?

Answer: Medium and large farmers usually have surplus cash by selling their farm
produce. Since they own more land, they can produce more crops, which leads to
higher earnings. They often have enough surplus from their produce to reinvest in
farming, such as buying better seeds, fertilizers, and modern equipment to enhance
productivity.

Small farmers, on the other hand, usually lack sufficient surplus and often have to
borrow money to meet their capital needs. Since they do not have sufficient
property banks usually don’t give them loans. They have to depend on the local
merchant and moneylender for loans.
Question 11: On what terms did Savita get a loan from Tajpal Singh?
Would Savita’s condition be different if she could get a loan from the bank
at a low rate of interest?

Answer: Savita required money to buy seeds, fertilisers and pesticides, and water
for irrigation. She also needed money to repair her farm instruments. So, she
decided to borrow money from Tejpal Singh, a large farmer in her village. Tejpal
Singh agreed to give the loan at an interest rate of 24 per cent for four months
which is a very high interest rate. Savit also had to agree on his land for ₹100 per
day.

Savita’s condition would have been better if she could get a loan from the bank. The
bank would have provided her with the loan at a lower rate of interest. Lower
interest rates would reduce the financial strain on her, making it easier to repay the
loan. Moreover, Savita could have spent more time in her field instead of working
for Tejpal Singh as a farm labourer.

Question 12: Talk to some old residents in your region and write a short
report on the changes in irrigation and changes in production methods
during the last 30 years.

Answer: Students must do this question based on their own observations.

Question 13: What are the non-farm production activities taking place in
your region? Make a short list.

Answer: The non-farm production activities taking place in our region are:

1. Dairy

2. Transportation

3. General Stores

4. Fishing

5. Mining

Question 14: What can be done so that more non-farm production

activities can be started in villages?

Answer: Things that need to be done to encourage non-farm production activities

in villages:

 Improving infrastructure such as roads, electricity, water supply, and internet

connectivity can make villages more accessible and viable for various
businesses.

 Offering training programs to enhance the skills of the rural workforce can
enable villagers to start their own enterprises.

 Facilitating easier access to affordable credit can help prospective

entrepreneurs invest start non-farm activities.

 Implementing supportive government policies and incentives such as

subsidies, tax exemptions can encourage the establishment of new non-farm
businesses.