Unit 5

BIOENERGETICS
EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE
PREPARED BY:
JOVEN A. PEDRERA, LPT, MSC.
WHAT’S OUR TOPIC FOR TODAY?
TOPICS:

1. CELL AS THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE

2. PHOTOSYNTHESIS: CAPTURING LIGHT ENERGY
TO FORM SUGAR.
3. CELLULAR ENERGY: FROM FOOD TO ENERGY.
COURSE OUTCOMES:

 Explain how cells carry out functions required for life.

 Explain how photosynthetic organisms use light energy to
combine carbon dioxide and water to form energy-rich
compounds.
 Trace the energy flow from the environment to the cells.
 Describe how organisms obtain and utilize energy.
 Recognize that organisms require energy to carry out
functions required for life.
TOPIC 1: CELL AS THE BASIC UNIT OF
LIFE
Cell Discovery

Cytology – branch of Biology concerned

with the study of cells (plants and
animals), especially in relation to their
structure, function and life history.

Major advances have been made

possible in this field by the
development of electron microscope.
Animal Cell
Pioneering Scientists

Robert Hooke (1653-1703)

• English scientist who first proposed the

existence of cells. His book “Microphagia”
(published 1665) contains the result of his
observations on plant tissue.
• Through the aid of his microscope, he looked
at small bits of bark from cork trees and saw
many small holes. He named these small holes
cells.
Pioneering Scientists

Johaness Evangelista Purkinje (1787-1869)

• Czech physiologist and microscopist.

• He observed the fluid in cells and called it

PROTOPLASM.

• Discovery of large nerve cells with many

branching extensions found in the cortex of the Johaness Evangelista Purkinje
cerebellum of the brain (Purkinje cells; 1837).
Pioneering Scientists

Robert Brown (1773-1858)

• Scottish botanist best known for his descriptions of cell

nuclei and of the continuous motion of minute
particles in solution, which came to be called
Brownian motion.
• He recognized the fundamental distinction between
gymnosperms (conifers and their allies) and
angiosperms (flowering plants), and he improved plant
taxonomy by establishing and defining new families Robert Brown
and genera.
Pioneering Scientists

Matthias Jakob Schleiden (1804-1881)

• The German botanist, concluded that all plant

tissues are composed of cells and that an
embryonic plant arose from a single cell.
• He declared that the cell is the basic building
block of all plant matter.
Matthias Jakob Schleiden
Pioneering Scientists

Theodor Schwann (1810-1882)

• The German biologist is considered a founder

of the cell theory.
• He also discovered pepsin, the first digestive
enzyme prepared from animal tissue, and
experimented to disprove spontaneous
generation.
Theodor Schwann
What is a Cell?

▪ The smallest unit of a living thing.

▪ The basic building blocks of all
organisms.
▪ It is interconnected with one
another to perform shared functions
form tissue; several tissues form
organ; several organs make up organ
system; and several organ system
function together to form an Animal Cell
organism.
Cells carry out Functions Required for Life.

Cells can get energy and exchange materials in various ways. At the
same time, they have to convert these materials to form a product, and
to use and convert energy. Cells store energy in the form of adenosine
triphosphate (ATP).

1. Respiration - a set of metabolic

reactions and processes within
the cells.
Cells carry out Functions Required for Life.

2. Regulation - the control and coordination of body

activities through the nervous and endocrine systems.
3. Reproduction - production of new organisms through
sexual reproduction in most multicellular organisms and
asexual in other organisms.
4. Excretion - removal of wastes produced by cellular
activities.
Cells carry out Functions Required for Life.

5. Growth - increase in size of organisms as a result of

increase in number of cells.
6. Nutrition - process by which organisms take in food.
7. Transport - process in which materials needed by
the cell are taken through absorption and circulation.
8. Synthesis - process by which cells combine
substances chemically to form various complex
substances.
The Two Types of Cells

All cells, whether they are prokaryotic or eukaryotic, have some

common features.
The Two Types of Cells: Prokaryotic

Characteristics:
 Unicellular single-
celled.
 Have no membrane
covered nucleus.
 Have no membrane -
covered organelles.
 Have circular DNA.
 Are bacteria & Archaea.
 The Two Types of Cells: Prokaryotic

Characteristics:
 DNA is found in a central part of
the cell: the nucleoid.
 Peptidoglycan cell wall and many
have a polysaccharide capsule.
extra layer of protection, helps the
cell maintain its shape, and
prevents dehydration.
 The capsule enables the cell to
attach to surfaces in its
environment.
 flagella-locomotion, pili-exchange
genetic material, or fimbriae-host-
cell attachment.
The Two Types of Cells: Eukaryotic

Characteristics:
 Unicellular or multicellular.
 Have a nucleus.
 Have a membrane -
covered organelles.
 Have linear DNA.
 Are all other cells.
Types of the Cells in the Human Body
Three Basic Parts of a Cell

1. Cell Membrane
2. Nucleus
3. Cytoplasm
Parts of a Cell: Organelles

- Organelles are structures that enable

the cell to live, grow and reproduce.
- specific jobs to perform in the cell.
Plasma or Cell Membrane
 Outer layer of cell.
 Structure: consists of a lipid
bilayer that is semipermeable-
only specific material may “School Gate”
enter or exit through pores of
protein channel.
 Job: regulates the transport
of materials entering and
exiting the cell.
Cytoplasm

 Cytoplasm a jelly-like fluid

contained in the cell that
holds the organelles.
 Job: holding the components of
the cell and protects them
from damage. Stores the
molecules required for cellular
processes and is also
responsible for giving the cell
its shape
Nucleus “Administration Building”

 The control center of the cell.

 Contains the Cell’s DNA.
 Inside:
 Chromatin – long strand of DNA –
contains Genetic Information.
 Nucleolus– makes ribosome =
rRNA + protein.
Mitochondria

 Power center of cell.

 Provides the energy the cell
needs to move, divide, etc.
 Endosymbiosis theory:
 Once a free living organism
that is become part of a
modern cell.
 Evidences: Own DNA &
ribosome; Makes protein; &
replicate. “Electric company of the cell”
Ribosome

 intercellular structure made

of both RNA and protein.
 it is the site of protein
synthesis in the cell.
 Job: Makes protein. Gather
amino acids into long chain
called protein through the
process “ Translation”.
 Transported by the RER.
Endoplasmic Reticulum “Roadways of the cell”

 Transportation system of cell.

 Rough ER
 ribosome's attached
 Tunnel system that transport
protein.
 Receives ribosomes from nucleus.
 Smooth ER
 no ribosome.
 makes fat & breakdown toxins.
 Lipid synthesis.
 Stores calcium.
Golgi Complex
 Packaging house of cell
 Packages, processes, and ships
out the stuff the cell makes
 Receiving vesicle from the RER.
 Receive proteins made by
ribosome.
 Job: Modifies, Sort and Package
protein.
Centrioles
 Centrioles are tubular structures
found near the nucleus of most
eukaryotic cells. They are vital for
cell division and cell motility.
 These are composed of nine
microtubule sets arranged in
"triplets". The center of the
centriole is hollow, resembling a During Cell Division

straw.
 Job: It produces spindle fibers that
attach to the centromere of the
chromosome, and separate sister
chromatids to opposite poles of the
cell during anaphase.
Lysosomes

 Contains digestive enzymes.

 Job:
 Digests food particles and
cell parts. Autolysis-destroy
dying cell.
 “Garbage men”
 Protects cell by digesting
foreign invaders. Kills
pathogen.
 “Police men
Peroxisomes

 small, round organelles enclosed

by single membranes.
 they carry out oxidation
reactions that break down fatty
acids and amino acids.
 Peroxisomes also detoxify many
poisons that may enter the
body.
Vacuole

 a membrane-bound cell
organelle.
 Store food, water, and
wastes.
 Plant cell – Large.
 Animal cell – scattered;
small.
Cell Wall

 surrounds the plasma

membrane of plant cells.
 provides tensile strength and
protection against mechanical
and osmotic stress.
 It also allows cells to develop
turgor pressure, which is the
pressure of the cell contents
against the cell wall.
 Found in Plants, fungi, and
bacteria.
 Made up of cellulose.
Chloroplast

 Found only in plant cells.

 Contains chlorophyll
(makes plants green).
 Where photosynthesis
takes place.
Plant Cell VS Animal Cell
TOPIC 2: PHOTOSYNTHESIS: CAPTURING
LIGHT ENERGY TO FORM SUGAR
Basics of Photosynthesis

➢ The sun is the primary source of energy

needed by all organisms to survive.
However, this energy cannot be
consumed by most organisms unless (a) Mosses, ferns, and
flowering plants
converted into other forms of energy.

(b) Kelp
➢ Almost all plants are photosynthetic
autotrophs, as are some bacteria and
protists.
–Autotrophs generate their own organic (c) Euglena

matter through photosynthesis.

(d) Cyanobacteria
Basics of Photosynthesis

➢ Food chain, in ecology, the sequence of transfers (linear) of

matter and energy in the form of food from organism to organism.
Basics of Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is the process

by which plants make food
using carbon dioxide, water
and sunlight.

Stomata – small pores of the

leaves.
Basics of Photosynthesis

Why are plants green?

Basics of Photosynthesis: Chloroplasts

➢ Plant Cells have Green

Chloroplasts.

 Chloroplasts absorb light

energy and convert it to
chemical energy.
Basics of Photosynthesis: Chloroplasts
➢ Each chloroplast is divided into
many disk-shaped compartments
called thylakoids, which are
arranged vertically like a stack of
pancakes. Each stack is called a
granum (the plural is grana) which
is suspended in a fluid called
stroma.
➢ The thylakoid membrane of the
chloroplast is impregnated with
photosynthetic pigments (i.e.,
chlorophylls, carotenoids).
Formula for PHOTOSYNTHESIS

➢ Photosynthesis is the process by which autotrophic organisms

use light energy to make sugar and oxygen gas from carbon
dioxide and water.

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

Equation for photosynthesis

TWO STAGES OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

1. Light-dependent reactions
(the photo part).
▪ Occurs in Grana
2. Light-independent reactions which
are also known as the Calvin Cycle or
Calvin-Benson Cycle (the synthesis
part)
▪ Occurs in Stroma
▪ Anabolic reaction
▪Melvin Calvin and Andrew Benson
Light-independent Reaction or Dark Reaction
 Photosynthesis: Summary

 The net overall equation for photosynthesis is:

light
6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2
 Photosynthesis occurs in 2 “stages”:

1. The Light Reactions (or Light-Dependent

Reactions)
2. The Calvin Cycle (or Light-Independent
Reactions)
 Photosynthesis: Summary

➢ The Light Reactions (Phase 1) capture the energy in sunlight

and convert it to chemical energy in the form of ATP and
NADPH through the use of photosystems, electron transport
chains, and chemiosmosis.

➢ The Calvin Cycle (Phase 2) uses the energy transformed by

the light reactions along with carbon dioxide to produce
organic compounds.

Light Calvin
Reactions Cycle
Organic
light ATP
compounds
NADPH (carbs)
thylakoids stroma
 Photosynthesis: Summary
➢ In the Calvin Cycle, energy and electrons from the Light
Reactions (in the form of ATP and NADPH) and carbon
dioxide from the atmosphere are used to produce organic
compounds.
➢ The Calvin Cycle occurs in the stroma inside the
chloroplasts (inside the cells…).
➢ Carbon dioxide, ATP, and NADPH are required (reactants).
➢ Organic compounds (sugars) are produced (products).

Light Calvin
Reactions Cycle
Organic
light ATP
compounds
NADPH (carbs)
thylakoids stroma
 The given diagram below shows the relationship
between photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
Activity No. 6.2: From the given diagram, answer the following
questions:
1. Why do plants wilt during
drought season?
2. A group of boys decided to
cover one of the rooted plants
in the garden with a plastic
bag and sealed it tightly. After
few days, they have observed
that the plant died. What
could be the reason for this?

NOTE: Your answer should be

within the context of our
discussion.
TOPIC 3: CELLULAR RESPIRATION:
FROM FOOD TO ENERGY
REFERRENCES

 https://www.lcboe.net/userfiles/1031/Classes/13507/notes%20
cell%20%20respiration.pdf?id=544709
 https://www.lamission.edu/lifesciences/Steven/Bio3%20Chapte
r%207.pdf
 https://study.com/learn/lesson/centrioles-structure-
description.html#:~:text=What%20is%20the%20function%20of,of
%20the%20cell%20during%20anaphase
 https://www.sciencefacts.net/cell-theory.html
THANK YOU FOR PAYING
ATTENTION!