Chapter

Light – Reflection and Refraction

Grade 10
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 WALT : Apply the laws of reflection and image formation rules for
spherical mirrors to draw ray diagrams and determine image
position and nature.

State and apply the Analyze the ray

laws of reflection Construct accurate diagrams to
and rules of image ray diagrams by determine the
formation for tracing incident and position and
plane and spherical reflected rays. nature of the
mirrors image.
• Ray: Light Rays are nothing but a model explaining the
movements of Light from one point to another.

• Beam: A collection of light rays is called as beam of light.

• It is a transverse wave.
• It is an electromagnetic wave.
• It undergoes rectilinear propagation.
• Its speed in air or vacuum is 3 x 108 m/s.
 LIGHT
Light is travelling
Light is a form of ENERGY that produces the sensation of vision.
in a straight line
Rectilinear Propagation Reflection of light

P
Laws of Reflection i=r
1. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of
angle of reflection. incidence i Q
Normal
2. The incident ray, the normal to the mirror r
angle of
at the point of incidence and the reflected reflection
ray, all lie in the same plane.
R
Opaque Surface
MAKING OF A
PLANE MIRROR

Reflecting surface

Opaque surface
SILVER
REFLECTING SURFACE
 TYPES OF
REFLECTION
REGULAR IRREGULAR
REFLECTION REFLECTION

Reflection through smooth surface Reflection through rough surface

e.g. Reflection through plain glass, e.g. Reflection through concrete
still water etc. wall, running water etc.

SMOOTH MIRROR ROUGH SURFACE

 Difference
between Real
and Virtual
Images
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE IMAGE OBTAINED IN A PLANE MIRROR

1 The image formed in a plane mirror is ERECT

and of the SAME SIZE as the object.

2 Image is at the same distance behind the

mirror as the object is in front of it.
3 Image in a mirror is LATERALLY INVERTED
A Robot is standing at a distance 8 m away from a plane mirror
At what distance from him will his image be formed ?
Image is formed at a distance of 16 m from him.

8m 8m

16 m
Now if he moves a distance 2 m towards the mirror then,
At what distance will his image be formed ?
Image is formed at a distance of 6 m from the mirror.

6m 6m

12 m
Image formation by plane mirror
Challenge 1
Challenge 2
What is the
magnification of a Draw the image of the object
Challenge 3
given:
plane mirror?
 Convex Mirror Concave Mirror

CONVEX
REFLECTING CONCAVE
REFLECTING
 Convex Mirror Concave Mirror

DIVERGING CONVERGING
MIRROR Reflecting surface MIRROR
Opaque surface

Opaque surface
Reflecting surface
 CENTRE OF CURVATURE
The centre of curvature of a mirror is the centre of the sphere of
which the mirror is a part. It is represented by letter C. It lies
outside the reflecting surface not on mirror.
POLE
The geometric centre of the spherical surface of the Transparent
mirror is called the pole of the mirror. It is sphere
C R P
represented by letter P.

PRINCIPAL AXIS
It is a straight line passing through the pole of the
mirror and centre of curvature of spherical mirror. It is
normal to the mirror at its pole.
 APERTURE
It is the surface of the mirror used for reflection. It is
represented as XY. X X
RADIUS OF CURVATURE
Transparent
The radius of curvature of a mirror is the radius of the sphere sphere
of which the mirror is a part. It is represented by R. C R P

Y Y
PRINCIPAL FOCUS

Concave mirror (real focus)

A concave mirror, the reflected rays meet at
point F on the principal axis. This point is
called the focus of the concave mirror. C P
F
Convex mirror (virtual focus)
A convex mirror the reflected rays do not meet at
any point, but the appear to come from a point F
on the principal axis, behind the mirror. This point f
is called the focus of the convex mirror.
R
Focal length
The distance of the focus from the pole of the P F C
mirror is called the focal length of the mirror.
It is represented by f. R
f=
2 f f
Mirror as a part of Sphere
 Find the focal length of a convex mirror whose radius of
1 curvature is 32 cm.

Given : Radius of curvature of a convex mirror is 32 cm

To Find : Focal length (f)

R
Formula : f =
2
Solution : f = R
2
32
f=
2
Focal length of convex
 f = 16 cm
mirror is 16 cm
 The focal length of a spherical mirror is 20cm. What is its radius
2 of curvature ?

Given : Focal length of a spherical mirror is 20 cm

To Find : Radius of curvature (R) = ?

R
Formula : f =
2
R
Solution : f =
2
R =2  f
R = 2  20
Radius of curvature of
 R = 40 cm
spherical mirror is 40 cm
 RAY DIAGRAM
BASIC DIAGRAM

Concave mirror

F 2 cm P 3 cm Principal axis
C Focus
2 cm
    Pole
     
 
 

 

 



Center of curvature
 RAY DIAGRAM
RULES FOR MAKING RAY DIAGRAMS

RULE 1
A ray of light which is parallel to the
principle axis of a concave mirror,
passes through its focus after reflection
from the mirror.

A Incident ray
2 cm 2 cm 3 cm
B C F P
Reflected ray
 RAY DIAGRAM
RULES FOR MAKING RAY DIAGRAMS

RULE 2
A ray of light passing through the focus
of a concave mirror, becomes parallel to
the principal axis after reflection.

A Incident ray

B C F P
Reflected ray
 RAY DIAGRAM
RULES FOR MAKING RAY DIAGRAMS

RULE 3
A ray of light passing through the centre
of curvature of a concave mirror, is
reflected back along the same path.

A Incident ray

B C F P

Reflected ray
 RAY DIAGRAM
RULES FOR MAKING RAY DIAGRAMS

RULE 4
A ray of light which is incident at the
pole of a concave mirror, is reflected
back making the same angle with the
principal axis.

A Incident ray
i
r
B C F P
Reflected ray
 OBJECT AT INFINITY

1 cm

C F P
1 cm
B
Position of Image : At Focus
Nature of Image : (A) Real
(B) Inverted
(C) Highly Diminished
 OBJECT BEYOND ‘C’

A
B
B 1 cm C 2 cm
F
2 cm
P
3 cm

Position of Image : Between C and F

Nature of Image : (A) Real
(B) Inverted
(C) Diminished
 OBJECT AT ‘C’

B
C B F P
A

Position of Image : AT C
Nature of Image : (A) Real
(B) Inverted
(C) Same size
 OBJECT BETWEEN ‘F’ AND ‘C’

A
B
C B F P

Position of Image : Beyond C

Nature of Image : (A) Real
(B) Inverted
(C) Magnified
 OBJECT AT ‘F’

C BF P

Position of Image : At infinity

Nature of Image : (A) Real
(B) Inverted
(C) Highly Magnified
 OBJECT BETWEEN ‘P’ AND ‘F’

C F B P B

Position of Image : Behind the mirror

Nature of Image : (A) Virtual
(B) Erect
(C) Magnified
Position of the Position of the Size of the Nature of the
object image image image
a) At infinity At F Highly Real and
diminished, inverted
point-sized
b) Beyond C Between F and Diminished Real and
C inverted
c) At C At C Same size Real and
inverted
d) Between C and Beyond C Enlarged Real and
F inverted
e) At F At infinity Highly enlarged Real and
inverted
f) Between P and Behind the Enlarged Virtual and
F mirror erect
  Concave mirrors are commonly used
in torches, search – lights and vehicles
headlights to get powerful parallel
beams of light.
 Concave mirrors are used as shaving
mirrors to see a larger image of the
USES OF face.
 The dentists used concave mirrors to
CONCAVE see large images of the teeth.
 Large concave mirrors are used to
MIRRORS concentrate sunlight to produce heat in
solar furnaces.
 Concave mirrors are used in doctor’s
head mirror to concentrate the light
beam on a small area of the body part
such as nose, throat, ear, teeth, to be
examined
 RAY DIAGRAM
RULES FOR MAKING RAY DIAGRAMS

RULE A ray of light which is parallel to the principal axis of a convex mirror,
1
appears to diverge from the focus after reflection from the mirror.

A
3 cm 2 cm 2 cm
B P F C
 RAY DIAGRAM
RULES FOR MAKING RAY DIAGRAMS

RULE A ray which is directed towards the principal focus of a convex mirror, becomes
2
parallel to the principal axis after reflection.

3 cm 2 cm 2 cm
B P F C
 RAY DIAGRAM
RULES FOR MAKING RAY DIAGRAMS

RULE A ray directed in the direction of the centre of curvature of a convex mirror, is
3 reflected back along the same path.

3 cm 2 cm 2 cm
B P F C
 RAY DIAGRAM
RULES FOR MAKING RAY DIAGRAMS

RULE A ray of light which is incident at the pole of a convex mirror, is reflected back
4 making the same angle with the principal axis.

A
i
r
B P F C
 OBJECT AT INFINITY OF A CONVEX MIRROR

2 2
P F C

Position of Image : At F
Nature of Image : (A) Virtual
(B) Erect
(C) Highly Diminished
 OBJECT BETWEEN INFINITY AND P OF A CONVEX MIRROR

A
A

B P B F C

Position of Image : Behind the mirror

Nature of Image : (A) Virtual
(B) Erect
(C) Diminished
Position of the Position of the Size of the Nature of the
object image image image
a) At infinity At F, behind the Highly Virtual and
mirror diminished, erect
point-sized
b) Between Between P and Diminished Virtual and
infinity and the F, behind the erect
pole P of the mirror
mirror
  It is used as the rear-view mirror in
vehicles as it covers wide-view and
USES OF the image is always erect.
CONVEX  It is used in shops as the security
mirror.
MIRRORS  It is used to see the opposite comers
at danger traffic turns.