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Adder circuit x

The document discusses arithmetic circuits, specifically focusing on binary adders and subtractors. It explains the functions and truth tables for half adders and full adders, detailing how they perform binary addition and the logic behind their operations. Additionally, it describes methods for binary subtraction and introduces a binary adder/subtractor that can perform both operations based on the initial carry or borrow input.

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5 views4 pages

Adder circuit x

The document discusses arithmetic circuits, specifically focusing on binary adders and subtractors. It explains the functions and truth tables for half adders and full adders, detailing how they perform binary addition and the logic behind their operations. Additionally, it describes methods for binary subtraction and introduces a binary adder/subtractor that can perform both operations based on the initial carry or borrow input.

Uploaded by

shebeenasanobar
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Arithmetic circuits

Binary Adder

The circuit, which performs the addition of two binary numbers is known as Binary adder.

Half Adder

Half adder is a combinational circuit, which performs the addition of two binary numbers A and B are
of single bit. It produces two outputs sum, S & carry, C.

The Truth table of Half adder is shown below.

Inputs Outputs

A B C S

0 0 0 0

0 1 0 1

1 0 0 1

1 1 1 0

When we do the addition of two bits, the resultant sum can have the values ranging from 0 to 2 in
decimal. We can represent the decimal digits 0 and 1 with single bit in binary. But, we can’t represent decimal
digit 2 with single bit in binary. So, we require two bits for representing it in binary.
From Truth table, we can directly write the Boolean functions for each output as
S=A⊕B
C=AB
The circuit diagram of Half adder is shown in the following figure.
Full Adder
Full adder is a combinational circuit, which performs the addition of three bits A, B and Cin. Where, A & B
are the two parallel significant bits and Cin is the carry bit, which is generated from previous stage. This Full adder
also produces two outputs sum, S & carry, Cout, which are similar to Half adder.

The Truth table of Full adder is shown below.

Inputs Outputs

A B Cin Cout S

0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 1

0 1 0 0 1

0 1 1 1 0

1 0 0 0 1

1 0 1 1 0

1 1 0 1 0

1 1 1 1 1

When we do the addition of three bits, the resultant sum can have the values ranging from 0 to 3 in
decimal. We can represent the decimal digits 0 and 1 with single bit in binary. But, we can’t represent the
decimal digits 2 and 3 with single bit in binary. So, we require two bits for representing those two decimal digits
in binary.
We will get the following Boolean functions for each output after simplification.
S=A⊕B⊕Cin
cout=AB+(A⊕B)Cin
We can implement carry, Cout using two 2-input AND gates & one OR gate. The circuit diagram of Full
adder is shown in the following figure.

This adder is called as Full adder because for implementing one Full adder, we require two Half adders and one
OR gate. If Cin is zero, then Full adder becomes Half adder.
Controlled Inverter
Controlled inverter is also known as controlled buffer and NOT gate as well. It is used between output
and a bus so that one can control whether the output is fed to the bus or not

Binary Subtractor

The circuit, which performs the subtraction of two binary numbers is known as Binary subtractor.
We can implement Binary subtractor in following two methods.

 Cascade Full subtractors


 2’s complement method
In first method, we will get an n-bit binary subtractor by cascading ‘n’ Full subtractors. So, first you can
implement Half subtractor and Full subtractor, similar to Half adder & Full adder. Then, you can implement an n-
bit binary subtractor, by cascading ‘n’ Full subtractors. So, we will be having two separate circuits for binary
addition and subtraction of two binary numbers.
In second method, we can use same binary adder for subtracting two binary numbers just by doing some
modifications in the second input. So, internally binary addition operation takes place but, the output is resultant
subtraction.
We know that the subtraction of two binary numbers A & B can be written as,
A−B=A+(2′scomplimentof B)
=A+(1′scomplimentofB)+1
Binary Adder / Subtractor
The circuit, which can be used to perform either addition or subtraction of two binary numbers at any
time is known as Binary Adder / subtractor. Both, Binary adder and Binary subtractor contain a set of Full adders,
which are cascaded. The input bits of binary number A are directly applied in both Binary adder and Binary
subtractor.
There are two differences in the inputs of Full adders that are present in Binary adder and Binary
subtractor.
 The input bits of binary number B are directly applied to Full adders in Binary adder, whereas the
complemented bits of binary number B are applied to Full adders in Binary subtractor.
 The initial carry, C0 = 0 is applied in 4-bit Binary adder, whereas the initial carry borrow, C0 = 1 is applied
in 4-bit Binary subtractor.

4-bit Binary Adder / Subtractor


The 4-bit binary adder / subtractor produces either the addition or the subtraction of two 4-bit numbers
based on the value of initial carry or borrow, 𝐶0. Let the 4-bit binary numbers, A=A3A2A1A0 and B=B3B2B1B0.
The block diagram of 4-bit binary adder / subtractor is shown in the following figure.

If initial carry, 𝐶0 is zero, then each full adder gets the normal bits of binary numbers A & B. So, the 4-bit
binary adder / subtractor produces an output, which is the addition of two binary numbers A & B.
If initial borrow, 𝐶0 is one, then each full adder gets the normal bits of binary number A & complemented
bits of binary number B. So, the 4-bit binary adder / subtractor produces an output, which is the subtraction of
two binary numbers A & B.
Therefore, with the help of additional Ex-OR gates, the same circuit can be used for both addition and
subtraction of two binary numbers

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