What is Logic 11-Wps Office
What is Logic 11-Wps Office
ima
Depar
tment
:Phi
losophy
Lev
el:100LVL
Cour
seTi
tl
e:Phi
losophy103
Assi
gnment
:TheHi
stor
yofLogi
candThewor
kofaLogi
cian
WHATI
SLOGI
C?
There’sananci entvi
ew, stil
lwidel
yheld,t
hatwhatmakeshumanbei ngsspecial
—what
di
stinguishesusf rom the“ beast
softhefiel
d”—isthatwear erat
ional
.Whatdoesr ational
it
y
consistin?That ’
sav exedquest i
on,butonepossibleresponsegoesr oughl
yli
kethis:we
mani f
estourr ati
onali
tybyengagi nginactiv
iti
esthati
nv ol
vereasoni
ng—maki ngclaimsand
backingt hem upwi t
hr easons,acti
nginaccordwi t
hreasonsandbel i
efs,dr
awinginferences
fr
om av ailabl
eev i
dence, andsoon.
Thi
sreasoningact
ivi
tycanbedonewell
andi
tcanbedonebadl
y;itcanbedonecorr
ect
lyor
i
ncorr
ectl
y.Logi
cisthedisci
pli
net
hatai
mstodi
sti
ngui
shgoodreasoningf
rom bad.
Goodreasoningisnotnecessar
il
yeffectiv
er easoning.I
nfact ,asweshallseeinasubsequent
chapt
eronl ogi
calf
all
acies,
badreasoningi spervasiveandof tenextr
emelyeffect
ive—inthe
sensethatpeopl
eareoftenpersuadedbyi t.I
nlogic,thestandardofgoodnessi snot
eff
ecti
venessinthesenseofpersuasiveness,butrathercorrectnessaccordi
ngtological
r ul
es.
Forexampl e,considerHitl
er.Heper suadedanent i
renationtogoal ongwithav ar
iet
yof
proposalsthatwer enotonl yfal
sebutdownr ightev i
l.Youwon’ tbesurpri
sedtoheart hatifyou
examineitcriti
cal
ly,hisreasoningdoesnotpassl ogicalmust er.Hi
tl
er’
sargument swer e
effect
ive,butnotlogical
l
ycor rect
.Mor eover,
hi spersuasivetechniquesgobey ondreasoningin
thesenseofbacki ngupcl aimswi threasons.Hi t
lerrel
iedont hreat
s,emotionalmanipulati
on,
unsupportedasser ti
ons,etc.Therearemanyr hetori
cal t
ri
cksonecanuset opersuade.
I
nlogic,
westudytherul
esandtechni
quest
hatal
l
owust
odi
sti
ngui
shgood,
cor
rectr
easoni
ng
f
rom bad,i
ncor
rectr
easoni
ng.
Sincetherear eav ar
ietyofdi ff
erentt ypesofr easoningandmet hodswi t
hwhi cht oeval
uate
eachoft heset y pes,pl
usv ariousdiver gingv i
ewsonwhatconst itutescorrectreasoni
ng,there
aremanyappr oachest othel ogicalent erpr
ise.Wet alkofl
ogic,
butal sooflogics.Alogicisj
ust
asetofr ulesandt echniquesf ordistinguishinggoodr easoni
ngf r
om bad.Al ogicmust
formulatepr ecisestandar dsforev aluat i
ngreasoninganddev el
opmet hodsforapplyingthose
standardst opar ti
cularinstances.