COMPUTER AIDED SHIP DESIGN LECTURE NOTES – CHAPTER 1

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Definitions

CAD (Computer-Aided Design) deals with the use of computer programs and systems to design
detailed two- or three-dimensional models of physical objects, such as mechanical parts, ships, and
offshore structures.

Alternatively CAD can be defined as the creation and manipulation of design model on a computer to
assist the engineer in the design process. Computer Aided Ship Design (CASD) is a special branch of
CAD dealing with the design and analysis of ships and marine vehicles.

Figure 1.1. Typical CAD applications

CAD originally meant Computer-Aided Drafting because of its original use as a replacement for
traditional drafting. Now, CAD usually means Computer Aided Design to reflect the fact that modern
CAD tools do more than just drafting.

CAD (Computer Aided Design) is the technology concerned with the use of computer systems to assist
in the creation, modification, analysis, and optimization of a design.

Related acronyms are :

CADD : Computer-Aided Design and Drafting,

CAID : Computer-Aided Industrial Design and
CASD : Computer Aided Ship Design.

The term CAD is generally used for graphical design, whereas non-graphical computer-aided design is
usually called Knowledge-Based Engineering (KBE).

CAM (Computer-Aided Manufacturing) : The process of using specialized computer systems to plan,
manage and control manufacturing operations.

CAE (Computer-Aided Engineering) : Use of computer systems to analyze CAD geometry, allowing the
designer to simulate and study how the product will behave.

1.2. Structure of a CAD System

A CAD system can be thought of comprising:

 Hardware : the computer and associated peripheral equipment

 Software : the computer program(s) running on the hardware
 Data : the data structure created and manipulated by the software
 Human knowledge and activities

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CAD / CAM SYSTEM

U S E R I N T E R F A C E

C A D DATABASE C A M

HARDWARE NC / CNC

Computing Machine Robotics

Graphics Device Process Planning

Display Processing Production

Management
Input/Output Device

SOFTWARE

Geometric Model

Analysis

Kinematics

Automated Drafting

Figure 1.2. General structure of CAD systems

1.3. Components of a CAD System

In general, a Computer Aided Design (CAD) package has three components:

a) Design: Design refers to geometric modeling, i.e., 2-D and 3-D modeling, including, drafting, part
creation, creation of drawings with various views of the part, assemblies of the parts, etc.

b) Analysis: Analysis refers to finite element analysis, optimization, and other number crunching
engineering analyses. In general, a geometric model is first created and then the model is analyzed
for loads, stresses, moment of inertia, and volume, etc.

c) Visualization: Visualization refers to computer graphics, which includes: rendering a model,

creation of pie charts, contour plots, shading a model, sizing, animation, etc.

Figure 1.3. Design-Analysis-Visualization

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1.4. Functions of a CAD System

Functions of a typical CAD system in design process could be

0. Model Definition – geometric modeling

1. Model Manipulation – to edit and modify in the design model
2. Visualization – image of design model
3. User Interaction – input and output from user to system
4. Database Management – files and data management
5. Application – generation of information for evaluation, analysis or manufacture
6. Utilities – modify the operation system

1.5. Advantages of CAD

Computer aided design enables the designer to tackle a task more quickly and accurately, or in a way
that could not be achieved by other means.

 Productivity - short period of design and lower cost of design work

 Accuracy - improvements of product quality
 Consistency - in house standards

1.6. Application of CAD

The capabilities of modern CAD systems include:

 Produce 2D engineering drawing and diagram

 3D Wireframe geometry creation as a link with CAM and CAE
 3D surface model shading for image
 3D parametric feature based modeling, Solid modeling
 Freeform surface modeling
 Automated design of assemblies, which are collections of parts and/or other assemblies
 Create Engineering drawings from the solid models
 Reuse of design components
 Ease of modification of design of model and the production of multiple versions
 Automatic generation of standard components of the design
 Validation/verification of designs against specifications and design rules
 Simulation of designs without building a physical prototype
 Output of engineering documentation, such as manufacturing drawings, and Bills of Materials
 Import/Export routines to exchange data with other software packages
 Output of design data directly to manufacturing facilities
 Output directly to a Rapid Prototyping or Rapid Manufacture Machine for industrial prototypes
 Maintain libraries of parts and assemblies
 Calculate mass properties of parts and assemblies
 Aid visualization with shading, rotating, hidden line removal, etc...
 Kinematics, interference and clearance checking of assemblies
 Sheet metal, Hose/cable routing
 Programmable design studies and optimization
 Sophisticated visual analysis routines, for draft, curvature, curvature continuity.
 Animation
 Walkthrough.

1.7. Historical Development of CAD

The abacus, which emerged about 5,000 years ago in Anatolia and is still in use today, may be
considered the first computer. In 1642, Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) invented what he called a numerical
wheel calculator to help his father with his duties. In the ensuing years, several engineers made other
significant advances. Howard H. Aiken, a Harvard engineer working with IBM, succeeded in producing
an all-electronic calculator by 1944. The purpose of the computer was to create ballistic charts for the
U.S. Navy. It was about half as long as a football field and contained about 500 miles of wiring.

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First generation computers were characterized by the fact that operating instructions were made-to-
order for the specific task for which the computer was to be used. Each computer had a different
binary-coded program called a machine language that told it how to operate. This made the computer
difficult to program and limited its versatility and speed. Other distinctive features of first generation
computers were the use of vacuum tubes (responsible for their breathtaking size) and magnetic drums
for data storage.

By 1948, the invention of the transistor greatly changed the computer's development. The transistor
replaced the large, cumbersome vacuum tube in televisions, radios and computers. Coupled with early
advances in magnetic-core memory, transistors led to second generation computers that were smaller,
faster, more reliable and more energy-efficient than their predecessors. Throughout the early 1960's,
there were a number of commercially successful second generation computers used in business,
universities, and government from companies. These second generation computers contained all the
components we associate with the modern day computer: printers, tape storage, disk storage,
memory, operating systems, and stored programs.

It was the stored program and programming language that gave computers the flexibility to finally be
cost effective and productive use. The stored program concept meant that instructions to run a
computer for a specific function (known as a program) were held inside the computer's memory, and
could quickly be replaced by a different set of instructions for a different function. More sophisticated
high-level languages such as COBOL (Common Business-Oriented Language) and FORTRAN
(Formula Translator) came into common use during this time, and have expanded to the current day.

Though transistors were clearly an improvement over the vacuum tube, they still generated a great
deal of heat, which damaged the computer's sensitive internal parts. The quartz rock eliminated this
problem. Jack Kilby, an engineer with Texas Instruments, developed the integrated circuit (IC) in 1958.
The IC combined three electronic components onto a small silicon disc, which was made from quartz.
Scientists later managed to fit even more components on a single chip, called a semiconductor. As a
result, computers became ever smaller as more components were squeezed onto the chip. Another
third-generation development included the use of an operating system that allowed machines to run
many different programs at once with a central program that monitored and coordinated the computer's
memory.

Such condensed power allowed everyday people to harness a computer's power. By the mid-1970's,
computer manufacturers sought to bring computers to general consumers. These minicomputers
came complete with user-friendly software packages that offered even non-technical users an array of
applications, most popularly word processing and spreadsheet programs. Pioneers in this field were
Commodore, Radio Shack and Apple Computers. In the early 1980's, home video game systems such
as the Atari ignited consumer interest for more sophisticated, programmable home computers.

In 1981, IBM introduced its personal computer (PC) for use in the home, office and schools. The
1980's saw an expansion in computer use in all three arenas as clones of the IBM PC made the
personal computer even more affordable. Computers continued their trend toward a smaller size,
working their way down from desktop to laptop computers to palmtop. In direct competition with IBM's
PC was Apple's Macintosh line, introduced in 1984. Notable for its user-friendly design, the Macintosh
offered an operating system that allowed users to move screen icons instead of typing instructions.
Users controlled the screen cursor using a mouse, a device that mimicked the movement of one's
hand on the computer screen.

As computers became more widespread in the workplace, new ways to harness their potential
developed. As smaller computers became more powerful, they could be linked together, or networked,
to share memory space, software, information and communicate with each other. As opposed to a
mainframe computer, which was one powerful computer that shared time with many terminals for
many applications, networked computers allowed individual computers to form electronic co-ops. Using
either direct wiring, called a Local Area Network (LAN), or telephone lines, these networks could reach
enormous proportions. A global web of computer circuitry, the Internet, for example, links computers
worldwide into a single network of information.

Defining the fifth generation of computers is somewhat difficult because the field is in its infancy. The
most famous example of a fifth generation computer is the fictional HAL9000 from Arthur C. Clarke's
novel, 2001: A Space Odyssey. With artificial intelligence, HAL could reason well enough to hold
conversations with its human operators, use visual input, and learn from its own experiences. Though

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the wayward HAL9000 may be far from the reach of real-life computer designers, many of its functions
are not. Using recent engineering advances, computers are able to accept spoken word instructions
(voice recognition) and imitate human reasoning. The ability to translate a foreign language is also
moderately possible with fifth generation computers. This feat seemed a simple objective at first, but
appeared much more difficult when programmers realized that human understanding relies as much
on context and meaning as it does on the simple translation of words.

Many advances in the science of computer design and technology are coming together to enable the
creation of fifth-generation computers. Two such engineering advances are parallel processing, which
replaces von Neumann's single central processing unit design with a system harnessing the power of
many CPUs to work as one. Another advance is superconductor technology, which allows the flow of
electricity with little or no resistance, greatly improving the speed of information flow. Computers today
have some attributes of fifth generation computers. For example, expert systems assist doctors in
making diagnoses by applying the problem-solving steps a doctor might use in assessing a patient's
needs. It will take several more years of development before expert systems are in widespread use.

Beginning in the 1980s computer-aided design programs reduced the need of draftsmen significantly,
especially in small to mid-sized companies. Their affordability and ability to run on personal computers
also allowed engineers to do their own drafting and analytic work, eliminating the need for entire
departments.

The first commercial applications of CAD were in large companies in the automotive and aerospace
industries, as well as in electronics. Only large corporations could afford the computers capable of
performing the calculations. Notable company projects were at GM (Dr. Patrick J.Hanratty) with DAC-1
(Design Augmented by Computer) 1964; Lockheed projects; Bell GRAPHIC 1 and at Renault (Bézier)
– UNISURF 1971 car body design and tooling.

As computers became more affordable, the application areas have gradually expanded. The
development of CAD software for personal desktop computers was the impetus for almost universal
application in all areas of construction.

Other key points in the 1960s and 1970s would be the foundation of CAD systems United Computing,
Intergraph, IBM, Intergraph IGDS in 1974 (which led to Bentley Systems MicroStation in 1984).

CAD implementations have evolved dramatically since then. Initially, with 3D in the 1970s, it was
typically limited to producing drawings similar to hand-drafted drawings. Advances in programming and
computer hardware, notably solid modeling in the 1980s, have allowed more versatile applications of
computers in design activities. Initial developments were carried out in the 1960s within the aircraft and
automotive industries in the area of 3D surface construction and NC programming. Some of the
mathematical description work on curves was developed in the early 1940s. Probably the most
important work on polynomial curves and sculptured surface was done by Pierre Bezier (Renault), Paul
de Casteljau (Citroen), Steven Anson Coons (MIT, Ford), James Ferguson (Boeing) and Carl de Boor
(GM) in the 1960s and W. Gordon (GM) and R. Riesenfeld in the 1970s.

Key products for 1981 were the solid modelling packages -Romulus (ShapeData) and Uni-Solid
(Unigraphics) based on PADL-2 and the release of the surface modeler CATIA (Dassault Systemes).
Autodesk was founded 1982 by John Walker, which led to the 2D system AutoCAD. The next
milestone was the release of Pro/ENGINEER in 1988, which heralded greater usage of feature-based
modeling methods and parametric linking of the parameters of features. Also of importance to the
development of CAD was the development of the B-rep solid modeling kernels (engines for
manipulating geometrically and topologically consistent 3D objects) Parasolid (ShapeData) and ACIS
(Spatial Technology Inc.) at the end of the 1980s and beginning of the 1990s, both inspired by the work
of Ian Braid. This led to the release of mid-range packages such as SolidWorks and TriSpective (later
known as IronCAD) in 1995, Solid Edge (then Intergraph) in 1996 and Autodesk Inventor in 1999.

1960’s
• Development in Interactive computer graphics research
• Sketchpad system developed by Ivan Sutherland in 1962
• CAD term coined
• DAC-1 (Design Augmented by Computer) system developed and used by GM in 1964
• First major commercial CAD/CAM software available: CADAM by Lockheed, in 1965
• Bell Telephone’s - Graphics 1 remote display system developed

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1970’s
• UNISURF car body design and tooling system developed at Renault by Bezier in 1971
• Application of CAM in government, industry and academia
• Beginning of usage of computer graphics
• Wireframe and surface modeling software became available
• Mass property calculation and FEA software became available
• NC tape generating, verification, and integrated circuit software became available
• IGES (Initial Graphic Exchange Standard) developed by Boeing, General Electric and NIST in 1979

1980’s
• CAD/CAM used for engineering research and development
• New CAD/CAM theories and algorithms developed
• AutoCAD Version 1.0 was released in December 1982
• Integration of CAD/CAM
• Solid modeling software became available
• Use of PCs and workstation began
• MicroStation developed by Bentley Systems in 1984
• CATIA (Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Interactive Application) by Dassault Systemes in 1984
• Pro/ENGINEER in 1988

1990’s
• Concept of concurrent engineering developed
• Increased use of CAD/CAM on PCs and worksations
• Improvements in hardware and software
• SolidWorks developed by SolidWorks Corporation in 1995

Figure 1.2. AutoCAD Release History Timeline

1.8. Hardware and Operating System Technologies

Today most CAD computer workstations are Windows based PCs; some CAD systems also run on
hardware running with one of the Unix operating systems and a few with Linux. Generally no special
hardware is required with the exception of a high end OpenGL based Graphics card; however for
complex product design, machines with high speed (and possibly multiple) CPUs and large amounts of
RAM are recommended.

The human-machine interface is generally via a computer mouse but can also be via a pen and
digitizing graphics tablet. Manipulation of the view of the model on the screen is also sometimes done
with the use of a spacemouse/SpaceBall. Some systems also support stereoscopic glasses for viewing
the 3D model.

Most desirable features in a good hardware are:

• Open architecture
• High speed, large storage
• Compact size
• Inexpensive components
• Inexpensive upgrading

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1.9. CAD Software

There are several other factors that we should consider when evaluating software. Following is a brief
description of these factors.

• Operating System: Unix or Windows/NT. PCs in general use Microsoft Windows, where as,
operating system for Workstations is Unix. For a large organization, Workstations are preferable.

• User Interface: Most popular CAD software have menu driven commands, which is preferable to the
old system of non-menu driven, where user interface was completely by responding to software
commands. The most popular CAD programs work with menu driven interface, with some
input/action required through command prompts.

• Documentation and Support: Learning a software can be very difficult if the software lacks good
documentation. Documentation usually comes in the form of a user’s manual, a tutorial book,
commands manual, and on-line help. The recent trend is to provide access to the above-mentioned
documentation through the Internet, or provide the manuals on a CD ROM. Some CAD vendors
provide additional technical support help through phone – ProE is a very good example of this type of
support.

• Maintenance: Cost of the hardware and software upgrades can significantly impact the small and
medium size companies’ decision to choose one software over the others. Most CAD vendors go
through an upgrade, on the average, every two years. Usually, hardware upgrade is not as frequent.

• Modeling Capabilities: In, general, a CAD software can be classified as either a 2-D or a 3-D
program. If we were basically involved in 2-D drawings, any well established 2-D software, similar to
AutoCAD would suffice our needs. On the other hand, if we need to create 3-D models and
assemblies, we will be better off with a 3-D molder – ProE, SOLIDWORKS, etc.

• Ease of Modeling: As a rule-of-thumb, a general, all-purpose type CAD software is much more
complex and difficult to learn than a special purpose CAD package.

• Interface with other CAD Packages and Data Transferability: A CAD package is used to create
models that will be used for analysis, manufacturing, or some other applications. Therefore, a CAD
software should be capable of transferring and accepting files from other CAD or CAM programs,
without this provision, the CAD program has only a very limited use.

• Design Documentation: Besides creating a model, the software should be capable of creating
drawings, assemblies, dimensioning, various views (isometric, orthogonal, etc.), labels and attributes,
etc.

List of CAD companies and CAD Software

1. AutoCAD (Autodesk)

AutoCAD software from Autodesk was one of the first CAD software to be released on the market in
1982, making it a very established CAD software across industries. Even though AutoCAD is popular
and widely used, in the 3D printing community its popularity has decreased lately. Many users cite that
although it is ideal for 2D drafting, it is not the easiest to use for 3D modeling. Indeed, the learning
curve to master macros and scripts is steep for moving beyond simple parts. The 3D models can
readily be converted to STL files for 3D printing.

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2. RHINO (Dassault Systèmes)

RHINO is the world’s most versatile 3D-modeler. It is a commercial 3D computer graphics and CAD
software. The program uses a precise and mathematical model known as NURB which allows to
manipulate points, curves, meshes, surfaces, solids and more in all sorts of ways. Rhino3D’s strong
point is its wide range of design features. It offers great versatility in creating complex 3D models.
Many users have reported however that the software is difficult to learn and will take a lot of practice to
master. It is also reportedly not the most accurate software at capturing user intent.

3. Solidworks (Dassault Systèmes)

Solidworks is a parametric featured-based model. The software includes a wide range of features such
as design validation tools, or reverse engineering. It tends to be used for industrial objects. It is quite
practical and detailed. One of its special features is that unlike many other software that mimic curves
through gently inclining flat structures, Solidworks uses a system of NURBS. This system allows to
create very detailed curvatures. Also, instead of polygonal modeling, it uses dimensional sketching so
that resizing becomes far less of a hassle.

4. CATIA (Dassault Systèmes)

CATIA is more than a simple CAD Software, as it is also a multi-platform software suite for CAD, CAM
(Computer Aided Manufacturing), CAE (Computer Aided Engineering) and more. CATIA innovates
product design and experience by integrating various approaches in product design and development,
enabling multiple disciplines to leverage their existing tools throughout the stages of product
development process. Therefore, the software is very useful for industrial and creative designers,
mechanical engineers, and systems architects. CATIA provides a 3D design environment that enables
online people and stakeholders to share product designs and collaborate on product modeling.

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5. MicroStation (Bentley Systems)

MicroStation’s advanced parametric 3D modeling and intelligent drafting capabilities enable

infrastructure professionals of any discipline to collaborate on and deliver projects of any scale and
complexity.

6. 3Ds Max (Autodesk)

Autodesk 3ds Max, formerly 3D Studio and 3D Studio Max, is a professional 3D computer graphics
program for making 3D animations, models, games and images. It has modeling capabilities and a
flexible plugin architecture and must be used on the Microsoft Windows platform. It is frequently used
by video game developers, many TV commercial studios, and architectural visualization studios.

7. Aveva Marine (Bentley Systems)

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CAD Software Company

Caddie ACS (Europe) Limited
MultiSurf AeroHydro, Inc
SurfaceWorks AeroHydro, Inc
CADSUPER ANDOR Co., Ltd
EASYDRAW ANDOR Co., Ltd
DesignFlow ANDOR Co., Ltd
AutoCAD Autodesk
3DS Max Autodesk
Inventor Autodesk
Fusion 360 Autodesk
AVEVA Plant AVEVA
AVEVA Marine AVEVA
MicroStation Bentley Systems
BricsCAD Bricsys
CADMAI CADMAI
Nupas-Cadmatic CADMATIC Oy
MEDUSA CAD Schroer GmbH
PEPS Camtek
CAXA EB CAXA
CAXA Solid CAXA
DataCAD DATACAD LLC
CATIA Dassault Systemes
DraftSight Dassault Systemes
SolidWorks Dassault Systemes
PowerSHAPE Delcam
PowerCADD Engineered Software
General CADD Pro General CADD Products, Inc.
TurboCAD IMSI/Design
DesignCAD IMSI/Design
IronCAD Ironcad
TopSolid'Design Missler Software
NAPA NAPA
OmniCAD OmniCAD
Pro/ENGINEER Parametric Technology Corporation (PTC)
Pro/DESKTOP Parametric Technology Corporation (PTC)
Creo Parametric Technology Corporation (PTC)
Onshape Parametric Technology Corporation (PTC)
Nastran Siemens PLM Solutions
SolidEdge Siemens PLM Solutions
I-DEAS Siemens PLM Solutions
BRAVO Siemens PLM Solutions
SketchUp Trimble Inc
DesignCAD Upperspace

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HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT 1

Fill in the following table for the following CAD software

1 080180043 Sarp Kocair FreeCAD

2 080190017 Ata Emir Erdoğdu CATIA
3 080200019 Cemal Yasin Atasoy MicroStation
4 080200020 Alper Toprak Rhinocerus
5 080200034 Yiğitcan Tilaver CADmatic
6 080200040 Sefa Ramazan Nacakcı DesignCAD
7 080200049 Burçe Elmas SolidWorks
8 080200052 İlker Aksoy DataCAD
9 080200059 Emre Berber MultiSurf
10 080200065 Muhammet Mustafa Karakaya 3dSMax
11 080200070 Ekin Saraçoğlu Nupas Cadmatic
12 080200071 Burak General Nastran
13 080210010 Dehan Doruk Çalı 4D Additive
14 080210057 Yağmur Tuncay SolidEdge
15 080210069 Emre Altun COBALT
16 080220026 İsranur Bülbül TurboCAD
17 080220713 Ceylan Şavluk BricsCAD
18 TinkerCAD
19 BlocksCAD
20 Creo
21 ZWCAD
22 Siemens NX
23 Inventor
24 SketchUp

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Student Name and No

Name of the Program
History of Development

Versions

Used by .....

Typical example drawing

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