ELECTIVE BIOLOGY

NAME OF TEACHER

MR. STEPHEN OWUSU SAMANHYIA OSEI

CLASS
WASSCE YEAR 10
 By the end of the lesson, learners will be
Be able to:

Define Define the term cell;

OBJECTIVES

State State the three types of cells;

Identify Identify the animal and plant cells;

State at least functions of two organelles

State in the animal cell.
QUESTION

What are the basic

building blocks of living
organisms?

EXPECTED RESPONSE
The basic building blocks
of living things or
organism are cells.
 CELL
BIOLOGY
It is the study of cells, their
structure and function.
Also, it examines how cell
divide, differentiate, and
specialize to perform
various functions.
 CELL
Cell is derived from the Latin
word “cella” which means a
“storeroom” or “chamber”.

Cells were first discovered

by a British Scientist called
Robert Hooke in 1665.
 CELL
He was observing a slice of
cork (back of tree) through a
microscope he designed, and
he observed box-shaped
structures that reminded him
of rooms in monasteries.
Therefore, he called these
structures cells.
 Cells are the basic structural,
functional and biological units
of all living organisms (life).
In other words, they are the
basic building blocks of all
living organisms, including

CELLS plants and animals.

Some living organisms are made up of

single cell (unicellular organisms) while
others are made up of two or more cells (
multicellular organisms).
TYPES OF CELLS
Basically, there
are three types
of cells in
living organism:
Bacteria
Archaea

Eukaryotes
 BACTERIA
L CELL
A bacterial cell is a
single-celled organism
that lacks nucleus and
is made up of
organelles.
NOTE. Its cell wall is
made up of
peptidoglycan
(murein).
EXAMPLES OF
BACTERIAL CELLS

Streptococcus

Escherichia coli
(E. coli)

Staphylococcus
ARCHAEAL CELLS
An archaeal cell is a single cell
organism that lacks nucleus
and other membrane bound
organelles.
However, its cell wall is made
up of polysaccharides. The
component of the cell wall
differentiates it from a
bacterial cell.
EXAMPLES OF
ARCHAEAL
CELLS
Thermophiles
(Thermus aquaticus)

Acidophiles
(Acidianus)

Methanogens
(Methanococcus)
 Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells have
nucleus and other membrane bound
organelles.
Both plants and animals are examples
EUKARYOTES eukaryotes of which humans are no exception.
NOTE. An organelle a structure or part of a cell
that performs one or more specific functions.
Organelles include nucleus, ribosomes, cell
wall, and many more.
 THE ANIMAL CELL
An animal cell is a eukaryotic
cell that makes up the body of
an animal.
Animal cells are the basic
building blocks of life that give
structure and supports to the
body, absorb nutrients, and also
help animals to move.
 The animal
cell has These are as
three main follows:
divisions.

STRUCTURE OF Cell
THE ANIMAL membrane
Cytoplasm

CELL
Nucleus
 The cell membrane, also called the plasma
membrane, is found in all cells and separates
CELL the interior of the cell from the outside
environment.
MEMBRANE
The cell membrane consists of a lipid bilayer
OF ANIMAL that is semipermeable or selectively
CELL permeable. The cell membrane regulates the
transport of materials entering and exiting the
cell.
ANIMAL CELL MEMBRANE
 FUNCTIONS OF
CELL MEMBRANE
It functions as a physical barrier
that separates the external
environment and the cytoplasm of
a cell as well as the organelles in
the cell.
It allows the movement of certain
substances(molecules) and ions
into and out of the cell. Therefore,
it is said to be selectively
permeable. K+ , Ca2+ , Cl- .
It anchors the cytoskeleton to
provide shape and structure to
the cell.
FUNCTIONS OF
CELL MEMBRANE

 It functions by
facilitating
communication and
signaling between the
cells.
FUNCTIONS OF
MEMBRANE PROTEINS

There are proteins which form pores in

the membrane through which
substances can pass.
There are proteins which actively
transport materials across the
membrane using chemical energy
obtained from the cell in the form of
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP).
There are proteins which act as a
skeleton for the membrane to give it
shape and to allow it to move.
NUCLEUS OF
CELL
The nucleus of the
cell is the
organelle that
contains the cell’s
DNA
(Deoxyribonucleic
acid). It is
responsible for
regulating gene
expression.
 The nucleus is surrendered by a
double membrane called the
nuclear envelope.

STRUCTURE
The nuclear envelope has pores
OF THE that allow molecule to pass
between nucleus and the
NUCLEUS cytoplasm.

The nucleus contains chromatin

(thread-like) structures which
is known as the genetic
material ( DNA).
 NULEAR
ENVELOPE
The pores in the nuclear
envelope allow substances
to move into and out of
the nucleus.
SUBSTANCES THAT MOVE INTO
NUCLEUS
Histones
Polymerases
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Ribosome
 HITONES &
POLYMERASE

Histones are proteins

that the DNA wraps
itself around in order to
coil and condense to
form chromosome.
Polymerase assembles
the nucleotides of cell
during DNA synthesis
(replication)
DNA POLYMERASE
 It stores the It controls
DNA. cell division

FUNCTIONS
OF THE It makes
NUCLEUS copies of the
DNA for cell
division
It regulates
cell immune
response
through a
against
process called
pathogen.
DNA
replication.
FUNCTIONS OF
RIBOSOMES
Ribosomes synthesize
proteins needed by the cell
to function well.
The synthesis of protein is
done as ribosomes put
amino acids together.
ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM
Endoplasmic is a Latin word which
means within the cell.
Also, reticulum is a Latin word
which means “little net”.
The endoplasmic reticulum is a
part of a transportation system of
the eukaryotic cell, and has many
other important functions such as
protein folding.
FUNCTION OF
MITOCHONDRION

Mitochondria are organelles in cells

that produce energy and perform other
vital functions. They are often called the
"powerhouse of the cell".

Mitochondria convert chemical energy

from food into adenosine triphosphate
(ATP), the cell's energy currency.
This process is called oxidative
phosphorylation.
 Lysosomes are organelles that break down
and recycle cellular waste in the cell.

They break down excess or worn-out cell

parts.

Thy digest material taken up from

FUNCTIONS outside the cell.

OF LYSOSOMES Destroy invading viruses and bacteria

Help damaged cells self-destruct through

programmed cell death (apoptosis)
FUNCTIONS OF
VACOULES
In animal cells, vacuoles help with storage,
digestion, excretion, and
osmoregulation. They also assist with
endocytosis and exocytosis.

Endocytosis is a process whereby

substances move into a cell by forming
vesicles around the material to be
internalized. It's an energy-dependent
process that involves the plasma
membrane.

Vacuoles store many substances such as

water, nutrients, pigments, proteins, and
waste materials.
FUNCTIONS OF VESICLES
Vesicles are small fluid-filled sacs
found in the animal cells.
They transport substances such as
proteins, enzymes and hormones.
Also, they aid in storage of nutrients ,
and digestion.
 A lysosome is an organelle in a
cell that contains enzymes that
break down waste and other
materials. Lysosomes are often
LYSOSOMES called the cell's digestive system.
 Digestion: Lysosomes break down excess or
worn-out cell parts, as well as materials
FUNCTIONS taken in from outside the cell

OF Defense: Lysosomes help destroy invading

viruses and bacteria
LYSOSOMES
Cell death: Lysosomes can help a cell
self-destruct in a process called
apoptosis

Growth: Lysosomes are involved in cellular

and organismal growth
GOLGI
APPARATUS
The Golgi apparatus, also
known as the Golgi complex
or Golgi body, processes,
sorts, and packages proteins
and lipids for transport to
other parts of the cell.
 A centrosome is a larger structure within a
cell that contains a pair of centrioles,
essentially acting as the organizing center for
microtubules, while a centriole is a smaller,
cylindrical organelle that is one of the
components making up a centrosome; in
simpler terms, a centrosome is made up of
two centrioles, and its primary function is to
CENTROSOME organize microtubules during cell division,
with the centrioles acting as the structural
foundation for this process.
CENTRIOLES
Centrioles are paired barrel-
shaped organelles located in the
cytoplasm of animal cells near
the nuclear envelope. Centrioles
play a role in organizing
microtubules that serve as the
cell's skeletal system. They help
determine the locations of the
nucleus and other organelles
within the cell.
 CENTRIOLES

They also help

Centrioles organize determine the
Microtubule microtubules that
organization location of the Cilia and flagella
form the cell's nucleus and other
skeletal system. organelles.

Cilia are tiny

Centrioles act as projections that Flagella are
basal bodies to elongated
move back and forth
direct the assembly to propel the cell projections that
of cilia and or transport function like a tail
flagella. to move the cell.
substances.