Solutions – Matrices & Determinants – IIT Mains – 2025 Problems

adj(3𝐴) = 32 adj 𝐴 = 9 adj 𝐴 [adj(𝑘𝐴) = 𝑘 𝑛−1 adj 𝐴 , here 𝑛 = 3]

−1 −1
(𝐴 = adj 𝐴⁄det 𝐴)
= 9(𝐴 det 𝐴)
= −18𝐴−1 (det 𝐴 = −2, given)

−6 adj(3𝐴) = 108𝐴−1

adj(−6 adj(3𝐴)) = adj(108𝐴−1 ) = 1082 adj 𝐴−1

= 1082 (𝐴−1 )−1 det 𝐴−1 = 1082 𝐴 det 𝐴−1
1082 𝐴 1082 1
= =− 𝐴 (det 𝐴−1 = )
det 𝐴 2 det 𝐴
3 × 1082
3 adj(−6 adj(3𝐴)) = − 𝐴
2
3 3
3 × 1082 3 × 1082 3 × (22 ∙ 33 )2
det(3 adj(−6 adj(3𝐴))) = det (− 𝐴) = (− ) (−2) = (− ) (−2) = 210 ∙ 321
2 2 2
… given as 2𝑚+𝑛 ∙ 3𝑚𝑛

𝑚 + 𝑛 = 10, 𝑚𝑛 = 21
(𝑚 − 𝑛)2 = (𝑚 + 𝑛)2 − 4𝑚𝑛 = 102 − 4(21) = 16, 𝑚−𝑛=4
𝑚 + 𝑛 = 10
}⟹ 𝑚 = 7, 𝑛 = 3, 4𝑚 + 2𝑛 = 34
𝑚−𝑛=4

adj(2𝐴) = 22 adj 𝐴 = 4 adj 𝐴 = 4(𝐴−1 det 𝐴) = 2𝐴−1 (det 𝐴 = |𝐴| = ½, given)

4𝐴
adj(adj(2𝐴)) = adj(2𝐴−1 ) = 22 adj 𝐴−1 = 4(𝐴−1 )−1 det 𝐴−1 = = 8𝐴
det 𝐴
𝐵 = 8𝐴 (𝐵 = adj(2𝐴) = 22 adj 𝐴 , given)

𝑏11 𝑏12 𝑏13 𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 8𝑎11 8𝑎12 8𝑎13

[𝑏21 𝑏22 𝑏23 ] = 8 [𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ] = [8𝑎21 8𝑎22 8𝑎23 ]
𝑏31 𝑏32 𝑏33 𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 8𝑎31 8𝑎32 8𝑎33

trace(𝐴) = 3 (given), 𝑎11 + 𝑎22 + 𝑎33 = 3

trace(𝐵) = 𝑏11 + 𝑏22 + 𝑏23 = 8𝑎11 + 8𝑎22 + 8𝑎33 = 8(𝑎11 + 𝑎22 + 𝑎33 ) = 8(3) = 24

𝑏11 𝑏12 𝑏13 8𝑎11 8𝑎12 8𝑎13 𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13

det 𝐵 = |𝑏21 𝑏22 𝑏23 | = |8𝑎21 8𝑎22 8𝑎23 | = 83 [𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ] = 83 det 𝐴 = 83 ∙ ½ = 256
𝑏31 𝑏32 𝑏33 8𝑎31 8𝑎32 8𝑎33 𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33

|𝐵| + trace(𝐵) = 24 + 256 = 280

1
Let matrix (adj 𝐴−1 + adj 𝐵−1 )−1 = 𝐶. We need to find inverse of 𝐴𝐵𝐶, 𝑖𝑒 (𝐴𝐶𝐵)−1 or 𝐵−1 𝐶 −1 𝐴−1

𝐴 𝐵
𝐶 −1 = adj 𝐴−1 + adj 𝐵−1 = 𝐴 det 𝐴−1 + 𝐵 det 𝐵 −1 = +
det 𝐴 det 𝐵
𝐵 −1 𝐴𝐴−1 𝐵−1 𝐵𝐴−1 𝐵−1 𝐴−1
𝐵−1 𝐶 −1 𝐴−1 = + = + [𝐵−1 𝐵𝐴−1 = (𝐵−1 𝐵)𝐴−1 = 𝐼𝐴−1 = 𝐴−1 ]
det 𝐴 det 𝐵 det 𝐴 det 𝐵
𝐵−1 det 𝐵 + 𝐴−1 det 𝐴 adj 𝐵 + adj 𝐴 adj 𝐴 −1
= = (𝐴−1 = , 𝐴 det 𝐴 = adj 𝐴 , det(𝐴𝐵) = det 𝐴 det 𝐵)
det 𝐴 det 𝐵 det(𝐴𝐵) det 𝐴

adj 𝐵 + adj 𝐴
=
|𝐴𝐵|

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐

𝐴 = [𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ] = [𝑝 𝑞 𝑟] (say). We need to find value of 𝑎23 or 𝑟.
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧

0 0 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 0 𝑏 0 𝑏=0 𝑎 0 𝑐
Given: 𝐴 [1] = [0] , [𝑝 𝑞 𝑟 ] [1] = [𝑞 ] = [0] , 𝑞=0, 𝐴 = [𝑝 0 𝑟]
0 1 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 0 𝑦 1 𝑦=1 𝑥 1 𝑧
4 0 𝑎 0 𝑐 4 4𝑎 + 3𝑐 0 4𝑎 + 3𝑐 = 0 𝑎 = −¾𝑐
Given: 𝐴 [1] = [1] , [𝑝 0 𝑟 ] [1] = [ 4𝑝 + 3𝑟 ] = [1] , 4𝑝 + 3𝑟 = 1 , 𝑝 = −¾𝑟 + ¼
3 0 𝑥 1 𝑧 3 4𝑥 + 1 + 3𝑧 0 4𝑥 + 1 + 3𝑧 = 0 𝑥 = −¾𝑧 − ¼
−¾𝑐 0 𝑐
𝐴 = [−¾𝑟 + ¼ 0 𝑟]
−¾𝑧 − ¼ 1 𝑧
2 1 −¾𝑐 0 𝑐 2 ??? 1
Given: 𝐴 [1] = [0] , [−¾𝑟 + ¼ 0 𝑟 ] [1] = [2(−¾𝑟 + ¼) + 2𝑟] = [0] , 2(−¾𝑟 + ¼) + 2𝑟 = 0, 𝑟 = −1
2 0 −¾𝑧 − ¼ 1 𝑧 2 ??? 0
𝑎23 = 𝑟 = −1

The condition 𝑎𝑖𝑗 ∈ 𝑆 means the the various matrices (𝐴′ 𝑠) that can be formed can have only these numbers as
their elements: ―3, −2, −1, 1 and 2.

[𝑎] 𝑆1 : 𝐴 = 𝐴⊤ : We can have any number (in any order, even repetition is allowed) for highlighted 6 elements. The
remaining elements will be dictated by these.

Number of permutations: 56 (= number of matrices)

It ′ s like making making 6‑lettered words from 5 given letters
( )
where repetition is allowed

2
[𝑏] 𝐴 = 𝐴⊤ 𝐴𝑁𝐷 𝑎11 + 𝑎22 + 𝑎33 = 0:

Possible combinations 1 1 2
}: 𝐶1 ( ̶ 3 ) , 𝐶2 ( ̶ 2 ) , 𝐶3 (−1 )
(for diagonal elements) 2 1 −1
3! 3!
number of permutations: 3! + + = 12
2! 2!
Number of pemutations for other 3 (highlighted) elements: 53

Number of matrices satisfying 𝐴 = 𝐴⊤ 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝑎11 + 𝑎22 + 𝑎33 = 0: 12 × 53

[𝑐] 𝑆3 : 𝑎11 + 𝑎22 + 𝑎33 = 0

Number of ways we can have digonal elements such that 𝑎11 + 𝑎22 + 𝑎33 = 0: 12 (alrady calculated)

Number of permutations for other 6 elements: 56

Number of matrices satisfying 𝑎11 + 𝑎22 + 𝑎33 = 0: 12 × 56

[𝑑] 𝑆2 : 𝐴 = −𝐴⊤ : No such matrix (if 𝐴 = −𝐴⊤ , then diagonal elements must be 0)

Using Venn diagram:

𝑝 + 𝑟 = 56
𝑟 = 12 × 53
𝑞 + 𝑟 = 12 × 56

𝑛(𝑆1 ∪ 𝑆2 ∪ 𝑆3 ) = 𝑛(𝑆1 ∪ 𝑆3 ) = 𝑝 + 𝑞 + 𝑟
= (𝑝 + 𝑟) + (𝑞 + 𝑟) − 𝑟
= 56 + 12 × 56 − 12 × 53
= 53 (13 × 53 − 12)
= 125(1613) … given as 125𝛼, 𝑖𝑒

𝛼 = 1613

cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃

Given: 𝑃 = [ ], 𝑃⊤ = [ ]
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
𝑃𝑃 ⊤ = [
cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
][ ]=[ cos2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃] = [1 0] = 𝐼
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 − cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 + cos2 𝜃 0 1

𝐶 = 𝑃 ⊤ (𝑃𝐴𝑃 ⊤ )10 𝑃 = 𝑃 ⊤ ∙ ⏟
𝑃𝐴𝑃 ⊤ ∙ 𝑃𝐴𝑃 ⊤ ∙ ∙ ∙ 𝑃𝐴𝑃 ⊤ ∙ 𝑃 = ⏟
(𝑃 ⊤ 𝑃)𝐴 ∙ (𝑃 ⊤ 𝑃)𝐴 ∙ ∙ ∙ (𝑃 ⊤ 𝑃)𝐴 ∙ 𝑃 ⊤ 𝑃
10 times 10 times
=⏟
𝐼𝐴 ∙ 𝐼𝐴 ∙ ∙ ∙ 𝐼𝐴 ∙ 𝐼 (𝑃𝑃 ⊤ = 𝐼 = 𝑃 ⊤ 𝑃)
10 times
= 𝐴10

𝐴2 = 𝐴𝐴 = [1⁄√2 −2] [1⁄√2 −2] = [1⁄2 −2 − √2]

0 1 0 1 0 1

𝐴3 = 𝐴𝐴2 = [1⁄√2 −2] [1⁄2 −2 − √2] = [1⁄√2 −2] [1⁄2√2 ? ? ?] (? ? ? : need not care)
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
⋯
10
𝐴10 = [(1⁄√2) ? ? ?]
0 1

3
 1 10 1 33 𝑚
Sum of diagonal elements: ( ) +1= +1 = … given as , 𝑖𝑒 𝑚 = 32, 𝑛 = 32, 𝑚 + 𝑛 = 65
√2 32 32 𝑛

𝐴 is a matrix but 𝐴𝑖𝑗 ′𝑠 are determinants. To avoid mixup, we shall write 𝐴𝑖𝑗 as 𝐵𝑖𝑗 .

Expanding Σ:
2

𝑖 = 1, 𝑗 = 1: 𝐶11 = ∑ 𝑎1𝑘 𝐵1𝑘 = 𝑎11 𝐵11 + 𝑎12 𝐵12

𝑘=1
2
𝑎11 𝐵11 + 𝑎12 𝐵12 𝑎11 𝐵21 + 𝑎12 𝐵22
𝑖 = 1, 𝑗 = 2: 𝐶12 = ∑ 𝑎1𝑘 𝐵2𝑘 = 𝑎11 𝐵21 + 𝑎12 𝐵22
𝐶 = [𝐶𝑖𝑗 ] = [ ]
𝑘=1
2 𝑎21 𝐵11 + 𝑎22 𝐵12 𝑎21 𝐵21 + 𝑎22 𝐵22
𝑖 = 2, 𝑗 = 1: 𝐶21 = ∑ 𝑎2𝑘 𝐵1𝑘 = 𝑎21 𝐵11 + 𝑎22 𝐵12 𝐶 = [𝑎_𝑖𝑗][𝐵𝑖𝑗 ] = 𝐴𝐵
𝑘=1
2

𝑖 = 2, 𝑗 = 2: 𝐶22 = ∑ 𝑎2𝑘 𝐵2𝑘 = 𝑎21 𝐵21 + 𝑎22 𝐵22

𝑘=1 }
𝑎11
𝑎12
𝐵11 is cofactor of 𝑎11 , 𝑖𝑒 𝐵11 = det [𝑎
𝑎22 ] = 𝑎22
21
Similarly, 𝐵12 = 𝑎21 , 𝐵21 = 𝑎12 , 𝐵22 = 𝑎11
𝐵11 𝐵12 𝑎22 𝑎21 𝑎12 𝑎11 𝑎11 𝑎12
𝐵=[ ] = [𝑎 ] = − [𝑎 ] = [𝑎 𝑎22 ] =𝐴
𝐵21 𝐵22 12 𝑎11 ⏟ 22 𝑎21 ⏟ 21
rows swapped columss swapped

𝐶 = 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐴, det 𝐶 = det 𝐴 det 𝐴 = (det 𝐴)2

log 128 log 4 5 log 27 log 4 5 7 log 5 2 log 4 5 7 1
det 𝐴 = | 5 |=| 5 3 |=| | = log 5 2 ∙ log 4 5 ∙ | |
log 5 8 log 4 25 log 5 2 log 4 52 3 log 5 2 2 log 4 5 3 2
= 11 ∙ log 5 2 ∙ log 4 5 = 11 ∙ log 4 2 = 11 × ½ (log 𝑐 𝑎 ∙ log 𝑏 𝑐 = log 𝑏 𝑎)

8|𝐶| = 8|𝐴|2 = 8(11 × ½)2 = 242

2 −1
Given: 𝐴 = [ ]
1 0
2 −1 2 −1 3 −2
𝐴2 = 𝐴𝐴 = [ ][ ]=[ ]
1 0 1 0 2 −1
2 −1 3 −2 4 −3
𝐴3 = 𝐴𝐴2 = [ ][ ]=[ ]
1 0 2 −1 3 2
⋯
2
𝐴𝑚 = [
1+𝑚 −𝑚
], 𝐴𝑚 = [1 + 2𝑚
2 −𝑚2 ] , 𝐴−6 = [
−5 6
]
𝑚 1−𝑚 𝑚 1 − 𝑚2 −6 7
2
From given equation: 𝐴𝑚 + 𝐴𝑚 + 𝐴−6 = 3𝐼
2 2 2
LHS = [1 + 2𝑚 −𝑚2 ] + [1 + 𝑚 −𝑚
]+[
−5 6
] = [𝑚2 + 𝑚 − 3 −𝑚2 − 𝑚 + 6]
𝑚 1 − 𝑚2 𝑚 1−𝑚 −6 7 𝑚 + 𝑚 − 6 −𝑚 − 𝑚 − 9
2 2 3 0 3 0 3 0
[𝑚2 + 𝑚 − 3 −𝑚2 − 𝑚 + 6] = [ ] (RHS = 3𝐼 = 3 [ ]=[ ])
𝑚 + 𝑚 − 6 −𝑚 − 𝑚 − 9 0 3 0 3 0 3
2 2
Element‑to‑element comparision: 𝑚2 + 𝑚 − 3 = 3 −𝑚2 − 𝑚 + 6 = 0 , 𝑚2 + 𝑚 − 6 = 0, 𝑚 = 1, −2
𝑚 + 𝑚 − 6 = 0 −𝑚 − 𝑚 − 9 = 3

4
 𝑆 = {1, −2}, 𝑛(𝑆) = 2

𝑝2 𝑝3 𝑝4 𝑝2 𝑝3 𝑝4 𝑝2 𝑝3 𝑝4 ?? ?? ??
2
Let 𝑝 denote √2. 𝐴 = [𝑝3 𝑝4 𝑝5] , 𝐴 = [𝑝 3 𝑝4 𝑝 5 ] [𝑝 3 𝑝4 𝑝 5 ] = [? ? ? ? ? ?] (? ? : need not care)
𝑝4 𝑝5 𝑝6 𝑝4 𝑝5 𝑝6 𝑝4 𝑝5 𝑝6 𝑢 𝑣 𝑤

𝑢 = 𝑝6 + 𝑝8 + 𝑝10 , 𝑣 = 𝑝7 + 𝑝9 + 𝑝11 , 𝑤 = 𝑝8 + 𝑝10 + 𝑝12

Sum of 3rd row elem′ s: 𝑢 + 𝑣 + 𝑤 = 𝑝6 + 𝑝7 + 2𝑝8 + 𝑝9 + 2𝑝10 + 𝑝11 + 𝑝12

= 8 + 8√2 + 2 ∙ 16 + 16√2 + 2 ∙ 32 + 32√2 + 64
= 168 + 56√2 … given as 𝛼 + 𝛽√2, 𝑖𝑒 𝛼 = 168, 𝛽 = 56, 𝛼 + 𝛽 = 224

1 1 2 | 6
Augmented matrix for the system of equations: [2 3 𝑎 | 𝑎 + 1]
−1 −3 𝑏 | 2𝑏

1 1 2 | 6
𝑅3 ← 𝑅3 + 𝑅1 : [2 3 𝑎 | 𝑎+1]
0 −2 𝑏 + 2 | 2𝑏 + 6

1 1 2 | 6
𝑅2 ← 𝑅2 − 2𝑅1 : [0 1 𝑎−4 | 𝑎 − 11]
0 −2 𝑏+2 | 2𝑏 + 6

1 1 2 | 6
𝑅3 ← 𝑅3 + 2𝑅2 : [0 1 𝑎−4 | 𝑎 − 11 ]
0 0 2𝑎 + 𝑏 − 6 | 2𝑎 + 2𝑏 − 16

2𝑎 + 𝑏 − 6 = 0 2𝑎 + 𝑏 = 6 𝑎 = −2
For infinitely many solutions: , , , 7𝑎 + 3𝑏 = 16
2𝑎 + 2𝑏 − 16 = 0 2𝑎 + 2𝑏 = 16 𝑏 = 10

𝜆−1 𝜆−4 𝜆 | 5
Augmented matrix for the system of equations: [ 𝜆 𝜆−1 𝜆−4 | 7]
𝜆+1 𝜆+2 −𝜆 − 2 | 9

𝜆−1 𝜆−4 𝜆 | 5
𝑅3 ← 𝑅3 − 𝑅1 : [ 𝜆 𝜆−1 𝜆−4 | 7]
2 6 −2𝜆 − 2 | 4

5
 𝜆−1 𝜆−4 𝜆 | 5
𝑅3 ← 𝑅3 ÷ 2: [ 𝜆 𝜆−1 𝜆−4 | 7]
1 3 −𝜆 − 1 | 2

𝜆−1 𝜆−4 𝜆 | 5
𝑅2 ← 𝑅2 − 𝑅1 : [ 1 3 −4 | 2]
1 3 −𝜆 − 1 | 2

𝜆−1 𝜆−4 𝜆 | 5
𝑅3 ← 𝑅3 − 𝑅2 : [ 1 3 −4 | 2]
0 0 −𝜆 + 3 | 0

For infinitely many solutions: −𝜆+3 = 0, 𝜆2 + 𝜆 = 12

1 1 1 | 6
Augmented matrix for the system of equations: [1 2 5 | 9]
1 5 𝜆 | 𝜇

1 1 1 | 6
𝑅2 ← 𝑅2 − 𝑅1
}: [0 1 4 | 3 ]
𝑅3 ← 𝑅3 − 𝑅1
0 4 𝜆−1 | 𝜇−6

1 1 1 | 6
𝑅3 ← 𝑅3 − 4𝑅2 : [0 1 4 | 3 ]
0 0 𝜆 − 17 | 𝜇 − 18

𝜆 − 17 = 0 𝜆 = 17
For no solution: ,
𝜇 − 18 ≠ 0 𝜇 ≠ 18

2 −1 1 | 4
Augmented matrix for the system of equations: [ 5 𝜆 3 | 12 ]
100 −47 𝜇 | 212

10 −5 5 | 20
𝑅1 ← 5𝑅1 , 𝑅2 = 2𝑅2 ∶ [ 10 2𝜆 6 | 24 ]
100 −47 𝜇 | 212

10 −5 5 | 20 10 −5 5 | 20
𝑅2 ← 𝑅2 − 𝑅1 𝑢 = 2𝜆 + 5
}: [ 0 2𝜆 + 5 1 | 4]=[0 𝑢 1 | 4] (where )
𝑅3 ← 𝑅3 − 10𝑅1 𝑣 = 𝜇 − 50
0 3 𝜇 − 50 | 12 0 3 𝑣 | 12
10 −5 5 | 20
3
𝑅2 ← ( ) 𝑅2 : [ 0 3 3⁄𝑢 | 12⁄𝑢]
𝑢 0 3 𝑣 | 12

10 −5 5 | 20
𝑅3 ← 𝑅2 : [ 0 3 3⁄𝑢 | 12⁄𝑢 ]
0 0 𝑣 − 3⁄𝑢 | 12 − 12⁄𝑢

6
 𝑣 − 3⁄𝑢 = 0 𝑢 = 1 (= 2𝜆 + 5) 𝜆 = −2
For infinitely many solutions: , , , 𝜇 − 2𝜆 = 57
12 − 12⁄𝑢 = 0 𝑣 = 3 (= 𝜇 − 50) 𝜇 = 53

1 2 −3 | 2
Augmented matrix for the system of equations: [2 𝜆 5 | 5]
14 3 𝜇 | 33

1 2 −3 | 2 1 2 −3 | 2
𝑅2 ← 𝑅2 − 2𝑅1 𝑢 =𝜆−4
}: [0 𝜆−4 11 | 1 ] = [0 𝑢 11 | 1] (where )
𝑅3 ← 𝑅3 − 14𝑅1 𝑣 = 𝜇 − 42
0 −25 𝜇 − 42 | 5 0 −25 𝑣 | 5

1 2 −3 | 2
25
𝑅2 ← ( ) 𝑅2 : = [0 25 275⁄𝑢 | 25⁄𝑢]
𝑢
0 −25 𝑣 | 5

1 2 −3 | 2
𝑅3 ← 𝑅3 + 𝑅2 : = [0 25 275⁄𝑢 | 25⁄𝑢 ]
0 0 𝑣 + 275⁄𝑢 | 5 + 25⁄𝑢

𝑣 + 275⁄𝑢 = 0 𝑢 = −55 (= 𝜆 − 4) 𝜆 = −51

For infinitely many solutions: , , , 𝜇 + 𝜆 = 13
5 + 25⁄𝑢 = 0 𝑣 = 22 (= 𝜇 − 42) 𝜇 = 64

sin 𝑥
𝑎+ 1 𝑏
𝑥
| sin 𝑥 |
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎 1+ 𝑏
| 𝑥 |
sin 𝑥
𝑎 1 𝑏+
𝑥
sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝑎+ 1 𝑏 𝑎 + lim 1 𝑏
𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥
| sin 𝑥 | | sin 𝑥 |
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim 𝑎 1+ 𝑏 = 𝑎 1 + lim 𝑏
𝑥→0 𝑥→0
| 𝑥 | | 𝑥→0 𝑥
|
sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝑎 1 𝑏+ 𝑎 1 𝑏 + lim
𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥

𝑎+1 1 𝑏 sin 𝑥
=| 𝑎 1+1 𝑏 | (lim = 1)
𝑥→0 𝑥
𝑎 1 𝑏+1
1 −1 0
= |0 1 −1 | (𝐶1 = 𝐶1 − 𝐶2 , 𝐶2 = 𝐶2 − 𝐶3 )
𝑎 1 𝑏+1
1 0 0
= |0 1 −1 | (𝐶2 = 𝐶2 + 𝐶1 )
𝑎 𝑎+1 𝑏+1

7
 1 −1
=| | = (𝑏 + 1) + (𝑎 + 1) = 2 + 𝑎 + 𝑏 … given as 𝜆 + 𝜇𝑎 + 𝜈𝑏, 𝑖𝑒 𝜆 = 2, 𝜇 = 1, 𝜈 = 1
𝑎+1 𝑏+1
(𝜆 + 𝜇 + 𝜈)2 = (2 + 1 + 1)2 = 16

1 + sin2 𝑥 cos2 𝑥 4 sin 4𝑥

𝑓(𝑥) = | sin2 𝑥 1 + cos2 𝑥 4 sin 4𝑥 |
sin2 𝑥 cos2 𝑥 1 + 4 sin 4𝑥
1 + sin2 𝑥 + cos2 𝑥 + 4 sin 4𝑥 cos2 𝑥 4 sin 4𝑥
= |1 + sin2 𝑥 + cos2 𝑥 + 4 sin 4𝑥 1 + cos2 𝑥 4 sin 4𝑥 | (𝐶1 ← 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 )
1 + sin2 𝑥 + cos2 𝑥 + 4 sin 4𝑥 cos2 𝑥 1 + 4 sin 4𝑥
1 cos2 𝑥 4 sin 4𝑥 1 cos2 𝑥 4 sin 4𝑥 𝑅 = 𝑅2 − 𝑅1
= (2 + 4 sin 4𝑥) |1 1 + cos2 𝑥 4 sin 4𝑥 | = (2 + 4 sin 4𝑥) |0 1 0 | ( 2 )
𝑅3 = 𝑅3 − 𝑅1
1 cos2 𝑥 1 + 4 sin 4𝑥 0 0 1
1 0
= (2 + 4 sin 4𝑥) | |
0 1
1 0
= (2 + 4 sin 4𝑥) (| | = 1)
0 1
𝑀 = max(2 + 4 sin 4𝑥) = 2 + 4(1) = 6 (max(sin 4𝑥) = 1)
∶ 𝑀4 − 𝑛4 = 64 − (−2)4 = 1280
𝑚 = min(2 + 4 sin 4𝑥) = 2 + 4(−1) = −2 (min(sin 4𝑥) = −1)

𝑥+𝑦+𝑧=1
System of equations: 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 𝑚
𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 10𝑧 = 𝑚2

1 1 1 | 1
Augmented matrix for above: [1 2 4 | 𝑚]
1 4 10 | 𝑚2

1 1 1 | 1
𝑅3 ← 𝑅3 − 𝑅1
}: [0 1 3 | 𝑚−1]
𝑅2 ← 𝑅2 − 𝑅1
0 3 9 | 𝑚2 − 1

1 1 1 | 1
𝑅3 ← 𝑅3 − 3𝑅1 : [0 1 3 | 𝑚−1 ]
0 0 0 | 𝑚2 − 3𝑚 + 2

For infinitely many solutions: 𝑚3 − 3𝑚 + 2 = 0, (𝑚 − 1)(𝑚 − 2) = 0, 𝑚 = 1, 2 … given as 𝛼, 𝛽

𝛼 = 1, 𝛽 = 2
10 10 10
𝑛(𝑛 + 1) 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)(2𝑛 + 1)
∑(𝑛𝛼 + 𝑛𝛽 ) = ∑ 𝑛 + ∑ 𝑛2 = (1 + 2 + ⋯ + 10) + (12 + 22 + ⋯ + 102 ) = [ + ]
2 6𝑛 𝑛=10
𝑛=1 𝑛=1 𝑛=1
10 × 11 10 × 11 × 21
= + = 55 + 385 = 440
2 6