INDEFINITE INTEGRATION JEE-ADV-SR-MATHS-VOL- II

INDEFINITE INTEGRATION
SYNOPSIS   Cot x dx  log | Sin x |  C   log cosecx  c
Defination :- The inverse process of   Sec x dx  log | Sec x  tan x | C
differentiation is called integration.
 x 
Let F  x  be a differential function of x such that = log tan     C
 4 2
primitive (or) antiderivative (or) an indefitine integral
(or) simply integral of f  x  w. r. to ' x ' and is   Co sec x dx  log | Co sec x  Cot x | C
written symbolically as x  log Co sec x  Cot x  C
= log tan  C =
d 2
 f  x  dx  F  x   c 
dx
 F  x  c  f  x
  Sec x tan x dx  Secx  C
Where f  x  is called the integrand and ‘c’ is called
the constant of integration (Where ‘c’ may be real
  Co sec x cot x dx   Co sec x  C
(or) imaginary) 2

The difference of two primitives is always constant

  sec x dx  tan x  C
2
General Formulae :   Co sec x dx   Cot x  C
d

dx
( F ( x))  f ( x )   f ( x) dx  F ( x )  c   Sin h x dx  Cos h x  C
 If K  R ,  Kdx  Kx  C
  Cos h x dx  Sin h x  C
n x n1
  tan h x dx  log | Cosh x |  C
 If n  1 ,  x dx  C
n 1   Cot h x dx  log | Sin h x | C
1
 Sec h x dx  2 tan e   C
1 x
  dx  2 x  c 
x
x

1
 x dx  log | x | C
  co sec hx dx  log | tan h
2
| C

2
2 3
  Sec h x dx  tan h x  C
  xdx  x 2  C 2
3   Co sec h x dx   Cot h x  C
x
 e . dx  e x  C
  Sec hx tan h x dx   Sec hx  C
ax

x
 a dx  log a  C (for a > 0, a  1 )   Co sec h x Cot hx dx   Co sec hx  C
dx
   Sin 1 x  C =
  Sin x dx   Cos x  C 1 x 2 COS 1 x  c

  Cos x dx  Sin x  C 
dx
 1 x 2
 tan 1 x  C = Cot 1 x  c
  tan x dx  log | Sec x | C   log cos x  c

122 PINEGROVE
 JEE-ADV-SR-MATHS-VOL- II INDEFINITE INTEGRATION

1  f x n1
dx sec1 xc, x 1 n
   f x . f xdx   C n  1
1
 
x x2 1 n 1
1
1 1 f  x  dx  2 f x  C
  dx cosec x c, x 1   f x
x x 2 1

1 f 1 x 
dx  sinh 1
xc   dx  log | f  x  | C
  f x 
1 x 2
 f g x . g x dx  f g x  C
1 1

 2
 log x  x  1  c x  R  f ax  b 
 f ax  b dx  a  C
1

1
  dx  cosh 1 x  c x  1,  
x 2 1 f 1(x)
  dx = Sin-1  f ( x )  +C
  cosh 1   x   c x   , 1
2 2
(or) a  ( f (x))  a 

 log x  x 2  1  c x   , 1  1,   f 1(x)  f ( x) 

  2
dx
= Cosh  a  +C
-1
 f (x)  a2
xx
 x dx  c
2 = log f  x    f x 2  a 2 C
x
  x dx  x c, x  0   f ( x )
f ' ( x)  f ( x) 
dx  Sinh 1  c
 2
 a 
Properties :  a2
 f ( x ), g ( x ) are two integrable functions then
= log f ( x)   f ( x)2  a 2 c
  f ( x)  g ( x) dx   f ( x)dx   g ( x )dx
 If f1 ( x ), f 2 ( x ),...... f n ( x) integrable functions then f  x 1  f  x 
  a   f  x  2
dx  tan 1  c
2 a  a 
  f1 ( x )  f 2 ( x )  .....  f n ( x)dx 
Standard Integrals :
 f1 ( x ) dx   f 2 ( x) dx ......   f n ( x ) dx
1 x
c
 If f ( x) is an integrable function and k is a number   dx = Sin-1  a 
a2  x2
then   kf ( x) dx  k  f ( x)dx
1 1 x 
 If f ( x ), g ( x ) are two integrable functions and  dx  cosh    c x   a,  
2
x a
2 a
k1 , k2 are two real number then
1  x 
 k 1 f ( x)  k2 g ( x) dx  k1  f ( x) dx  k 2  g ( x)dx   cosh    c x   ,  a  (or)
 a 
Important Results :
2 2
d  =log x  x  a  c x   , a    a,  
   dx f x  dx  f x   C
1
1  x
d   dx  Sinh    c

dx
 f x dx   f x  x2  a2 a

PINEGROVE 123
 INDEFINITE INTEGRATION JEE-ADV-SR-MATHS-VOL- II

2 2  u v dx  u v 1  u ' v 2  u '' v3  u ''' v 4  ...

= log x  x  a  c
e f  x dx e  f (x)  f (x)  f (x)  f 111(x) ....
x x 1 11

1 1 x
 x 2 2
dx  an-1   +c
Tan where f is a polynomial in x
a a a
n x n1  1 
1 1 ax   x  log xdx   log x   c (for n  -1)
 a 2 2
dx  log c n 1  n  1
x 2a ax
 e  f ( x )  f ' ( x)dx  e f ( x )  c
x x

1 1 xa
 x dx  log c
 e  k f ( x )  f '( x )  dx   D  e f  x    e
2 2 kx
a 2a xa  kx
kx
f ( x)  c

1 1 1  x x
 f  x   f '  x  dx  e x f  x  C
  dx  sec  c  e
x x2 a2 a a
   f ( x)  xf '( x) dx   D  x f  x    xf ( x)  c
2
x 2 2 a 1  x  ax
Sin (bx  c ) dx 
  a2  x2 dx  a  x  Sin  c  e
2 2  a
eax
aSin(bx  c)  bCos(bx  c)  K
x 2 2 a2  x a 2  b2
  x2  a2 dx x  a  Cosh1   c
2 2 a ax
Cos (bx  c ) dx 
 e
2
x 2 a
= x  a 2  log x  x 2  a 2  c e ax
2 2 [aCos(bx+c)+bsin(bx+c)]+K
a2  b2
x 2 2 a2  x x x log a
 
2
x  a dx= 2
x a  sinh 1   +c
 a  Sin ( bx  c ) dx  e .sin  bx  c  dx
2 2 a
x 2 a2 ax
= x  a 2  log x 2
x a 2
c = [(log a)  Sin(bx  c) bCos(bx  c)]  K
2 2 (log a)2  b2
x
Integration By Parts :   a Cos (bx  c)dx 
 If u and v are functions of x, then
ax
[(log a)  cos(bx  c)  bSin(bx  c)]  K
 du  (log a)2  b2
 uv dx  u  v dx    dx    v dx  dx (or)
xeax
. ax.sin(bx c)dx 
  xe  asin(bxc) bcos(bxc)
 f ( x )  g ( x)dx  f ( x)  g ( x) dx a2 b2

   f '( x)  g ( x)dx   dx eax

 2
(a 2  b2 )sin bx  2ab cos bx   k
2 2 
(a  b )
where f(x) = First function, g(x) = second function.
 Proper choice of first and second function : x.e a x
  x.e a x .cos(bx  c)dx   a cos(bx  c )  b sin(bx  c) 
a) The frist function is the function which comes first a2  b2
in the word ILATE. eax
b) If one of the two functions is not directly integrable,  (a2 b2 )cos(bx  c)  2absin(bx  c)  k
(a2 b2)2 
then take this function as the first function.
c) If one of the function is not directly integrable, and Some Standard Substitutions :
there is no other function, then unity is taken as the 1
2 2
second function.  Form of integrand : a  x ,
 If u and v are easily derivable, integrable functions a2  x2
of x, then Substitution : x  a sin  or x  a cos 

124 PINEGROVE
 JEE-ADV-SR-MATHS-VOL- II INDEFINITE INTEGRATION

2
2 2 1 d 2 
 Form of integrand :
a x ,  dx (ax  bx  c)   
a2  x2 by
4a
Substitution : x  a tan  or x  a cot  or
where   b  4ac
2

x  asinh
W.E-1 : Evaluate  2 x 2  3 x  4 dx
1 2 2
 Form of integrand : , x a
2 2 2
x a 2
Sol: Replace 2 x  3 x  4 by
 4 x  3  23
Substitution : x  a sec  (or ) x  a cosec 8
(or) x  a cosh 2


 4 x  3  23
dx
ax ax 8
 Form of integrand : ,
ax ax
1  4x  3 2 23  4x  3   1
Substitution : x  a cos 2 (or ) x  a cos    4 x  3  23  cosh 1     C
8 2 2  23   4
x ax
 Form of integrand : , dx
ax x W.E-2 : Evaluate I   2
x  4x  7
Substitution : x  a sin 2  (or ) x  a cos 2
2

Sol: Replace x 2  4 x  7 by
 2x  4  12
x ax
 Form of integrand : , 4
ax x
4 1 1  2x  4 
Substitution : x  a tan 2  (or ) x  a cot 2 I  2
dx  4   Tan 1  
2 x  4  12 2 12  12 
xa
 Form of integrand : ,  x  a  b  x  
1  x2
Tan 1 
b x C
3  3 
1
, px q 2
 x  a  b  x    ax bxc dx  A.log ax bxc
2

Substitution : x  a cos 2   b sin 2  1

 B 2
dx
ax  bx  c
xa
 Form of integrand : ,  x  a  x  b 
x b   ( px  q) ax 2  bx  c dx 
Substitution : x  a sec 2   b tan 2  2
A(ax2  bx  c)3/ 2 +B ax 2  bx  c dx,
1 3 
 Form of integrand :  x  a  x  b  px  q
  dx 
ax 2  bx  c
Substitution : x  a  t 2 or x  b  t 2
1
Important methods of Integration : 2A ax 2  bx  c  B  dx
 If the given integral is of the form ax 2  bx  c
1
 ax 2  bx  c dx (or)  2
ax  bx  c
dx
where A =
p
, Bq
pb
2a 2a
1
(or)  ax 2  bx  c dx then replace ax 2
 bx  c (or) Use px  q  k
d
 ax 2  bx  c   l
dx

PINEGROVE 125
 INDEFINITE INTEGRATION JEE-ADV-SR-MATHS-VOL- II

 . If the given integral is of the form

aCosx  bSinx
1   cCosx  dSinxdx 
 ( px  q) ax 2  bx  c
dx (or)
 ac  bd   ad  bc 
 2 2 
x 2 2
log denominator  
1 c d  c d 
 ( px  q) r dx (or)
ax2  bx  c dx
W.E-3: Evaluate 
x 1  tan x
 ( px  q) ax 2  bx  c
dx
cos x
Sol:  cos x  sin x dx ; a = 1, b = 0, c = 1, d = 1
1 x 1
then put px  q  I  log cos x  sin x  C
t 2 2
 If the given integral is of the form
aCosx  bSinx  l
px  q   cCosx  dSinx  k dx 
 ax  b
dx,   ax  b ( px  q )dx,
 ac  bd   ad  bc 
 2 2 
x 2 2
log denominator
1 c d  c d 
  ax  b  dx
px  q 1
  l  Ak   dx
cCosx  dSinx  k
 ax  b  dx then put px  q  t 2
 px  q where A 
ac  bd
c2  d 2
 If the given integral is of the form
3 cos x  2 sin x  4
1
dx
W.E-4: Evaluate  4 cos x  3 sin x  5 dx
  ax 2  bx  c  px  q then put px  q  t 2
Sol: a  3, b  2, l  4 , c  4, d  3, k  5
 If the given integral is of the form I 
18
x
1
log 4 cos x  3 sin x  5 
2 1
 3 sin x  4 cos x  5 dx
25 25 5
1 1
 a  b sin x dx (or)  a  b cos x dx (or) 18 1 4
I x  log 4cos x  3sin x  5  C
25 25  x 
5 Tan  3
1  x  2 
 a cos x  b sin x  c dx then put tan    t
2
ae x  be  x
 I  dx , then take
2dt 2t 1 t 2 ce x  de x
 dx  , sin x  , cos x 
1 t 2 1 t 2 1 t 2
d
 If the given integral is of the form Nr  A  Dr   B  Dr  then
dx
1 1
 a  b sin 2 x dx (or)  a  b cos 2 x dx (or) 1 a b  1 a b 
I     x     log cex  dex  c
1
2 c d  2 c d 
 a cos 2 x  b sin 2 x  c dx then put tan x  t  If the given integral is of the form
1
 dx 
dt
, sin 2 x 
2t
, cos 2 x 
1 t 2  aCos 2 x  bSin2 x  cCosx sin x dx (or)
1 t 2 1 t 2 1 t 2
1 1
 a  b Sin 2
x
dx (or) 
a  b Cos 2 x
dx, (or)

126 PINEGROVE
 JEE-ADV-SR-MATHS-VOL- II INDEFINITE INTEGRATION

1 1 (iv) If both m, n are rational numbers such that m  n 

 dx
 aCos2x  bsin2 x c dx ,(or)
 aCosx  bSinx 
2 negative even integer then put tan x  t (or)cot x=t
then divide both numerator & denominator with dx
2 
cos x and then take tan x  t
1

 ax2  bx  c  px 2  qx  r
W.E-5 : Evaluate a dx
2
sin x  b 2 cos 2 x
2
Case – I :- when ax 2  bx  c breaks up into
Sol: multiply & divided Nr with sec 2 x two linear factors e.g.,

sec 2 x dx
 dx ; a tanx  t I 
a 2 tan 2 x  b 2
 x2  x  2  x 2  x  1 then
dt 1  a tan x 
sec 2 x dx  ;  tan 1  C
a ab  b   A B  1
 If the given integral is o f the fo rm   x  2  x  1  2
dx
x  x 1
b  a sin x
 (a  b sin x) n dx then divide both numerator & 1
A dx 
denominat or wit h cos 2 x and then t ake 2
 x  2 x  x 1
a sec x  b tan x  t 1
 If the given integral is o f the fo rm B dx
2
b  a cos x
 x  1 x  x 1
 (a  b cos x) n dx then divide both numerator &
1
denominat or wit h sin x and then t ake 2 Put x  2 
t
aco sec x  b cot x  t 1
2sin x  5 put x  1 
t
W.E-6 :   2  5sin x  2
dx
Case – 2 :- If ax 2  bx  c is a perfect square
2sec x tanx  5sec 2 x 1
Sol:   2
dx say  lx  my 2 then lx  my 
 2 sec x  5 tan x  t
put 2sec x  5 tan x  t Case – 3 :- If b  0 , q  0 ,
dt cos x dx
I   C
t 2
2  5sin x 
 If the given integral is o f the fo rm
e.g.
 ax2  c  px 2  r
m
 sin x cos n x dx then
1
(i) Put cos x  t if ‘m’ is odd and ‘n’ is even integer then put x 
t
or n is a rational number.
 If the given integral is of the form
(ii) Put sin x  t if ‘n’ is odd and ‘m’ is even integer or
m is a rational number. x 2 1 x2
 x 4   x 2 1 dx (or)  x 4   x 2  1 dx
(iii) If both m,n are odd and m > n then take sin x  t

PINEGROVE 127
 INDEFINITE INTEGRATION JEE-ADV-SR-MATHS-VOL- II

1 dx
(or)  x 4   x 2  1 dx  (a  x ) m
(b  x )n
where m  n  2 , then the

where  is a constant then divide both Nr,Dr with m

 b x  dx
1 1 above integral becomes    2 now
 a  x  (b  x)
x 2 and then take x  x  t (or) x  x  t
ax
2 take t
x 1 bx
W.E - 7 : Evaluate 4
dx x
1 1 n n2
n
 (tan x sec x) sec2 xdx 
(z  z )dz
2
Sol: Divided Nr and Dr with x 2 

1 By putting z  sec x  tan x

1
x 2 dx dz
 2 1 add on sub Dr by ’2’  dz  sec x (sec x  tan x) 
z
 sec x dx
x  2
x
1 1
 sec x  tan x , z   2 sec x
1 1 z z
1 1
x2 x2 2
sec 2 dx

1
dx  
1
2
dx W.E - 8 : Evaluate   tan x  sec x 
x2   2

x2
 22
x  x    2 1 1 1
  Sol: n = 2 ; 
2   z 2  1 dz  z 3  z  C
6 2
1  1 
x  t ; 1  2  dx  dt 1 3 1
x  x    sec x  tan x    sec x  tan x   C
6 2
 (i) If t he given integral is o f the fo rm
dt 1 t 2
  log m/n
2
 R( x.x ,.....x r / s ) dx where R is a rational
t2   2 2 2 t 2
function of its arguments, then put x  t k ,where
1 x 2  2x  1 k  l.c.m of the denominators {n,.......s}
 log
2 2 x 2  2x  1 dx
W.E - 9 : I   1  x 12  1  x 13
1 1 ( x 2  b)  ( x 2  b)    
 dx
 x 4  ax2  b 2 = 2b  x 4  ax 2  b2 dx Sol : l.c.m of 2,3 is 6 ; put 1  x  t 6
where b is a positive constant ,
t3
x 2
1 (x  b)  (x b) 2 2 I  6   t  1 dt
 dx   4 dx and split  dx  6t dt ; 5

x 4 2
 ax  b2
2 x  ax2  b2
dx  t3 t 2  1

 If the given integral is of the form   6    t  log t  1   C where t  1  x  6

( x  a )m ( x  b)n 3 2 
when m  n  2 , then the above integral becomes   ax  b 1/ n  ax  b
 xb 
m
dx xa
   x,  cx  d  dx , then put cx  d  t n
R
 
  x  a  ( x  b)2 now take x  b  t
 If the given integral is of the form
 If the given integral is o f the fo rm
1 1
x dx,  dx,
 xn 1  
xn xn  1
1/ n

128 PINEGROVE
 JEE-ADV-SR-MATHS-VOL- II INDEFINITE INTEGRATION

1
1   Sinh x.dx  xSinh 1 x  x 2  1  c
 dx
n 1
, then take x n common in Dr..
2 n

x x 1 n    Cosh
1
x dx  x cos h  1 x  x 2  1  c

1 1 x 1  x  2 2
  Sinh  .dx  xSinh    x  a  c
and put 1  t. a a
xn

1  x 1  x  2 2
 Cosh    dx  xCosh    x  a  c
Integration By Using Partial Fractions: a a

1 1 ax  b Reduction Formulae:
  dx  log K
( ax  b )( cx  d ) ad  bc cx  d  For n N, if I n =  x n e ax dx , then

1 e ax n n
  2 dx  In   x  I n1 for n  1
( x  a )( x 2  b 2 )
2 a a
n
 For n N, if I n =  Sin x dx , then
1 1 1 x 1 1 x 
tan  tan c
b 2  a 2  a a b b   Sin n 1 xCosx n  1
In =  I n  2 for n  2
n n
x 1 x2b2  For n  N, if I n =  Cos n x dx , then
 (x2 a2)(x2 b2) 2(a2 b2) x2 a2 c
dx  log
Cos n1 xSinx n  1
In =  I n  2 for n  2
1 1 xn n n
  n dx  log c
x(x  k) nk xn  k  For n  N, if I n =  tan n x dx , then
tan n1 x
1 1 x k n In =  I n 2 for n  2
dx  log c n 1
  x( x n
 k) nk xn
 For n  N, if I n =  cot n x dx , then

1 1 xn  cot n 1 x
  dx  log c In =  I n 2 for n  2
x(k  xn ) nk k  xn n 1
Integral Of Inverse Trigonometric Functions:  For n  N, if I n   Sec n x dx , then
1 1 2 Sec n 2 x tan x n  2
  Sin x.dx  xSin x  1  x  c In =   I n 2 for n  2
n 1 n 1
  Cos
1
x.dx  xCos 1 x  1  x 2  c  For n  N, if I n =  Co sec n x dx , then

1  cos ec n  2 x cot x n  2
1 1
2 In    I n  2 for n  2
  Tan x.dx  xTan x  2 log(1  x )  c n 1 n 1
 For n  N, if I m,n =  Sin m xCos n x dx , ( for n  2 )
1 1
  Cot x.dx  xCot 1 x  log(1  x 2 )  c
2 Sin m 1 xCos n1 x m  1
then I m,n =    I m  2 ,n
1 mn mn
  Sec x.dx  xSec 1 x  Cosh 1 x  c
for m  2
1 1 1
  Co sec x.dx  xCo sec x  Cosh x  c  For n  N, If I n 1 =  (log x) n dx , then
n
I n  x  log x   n. I n 1 for n  1

PINEGROVE 129
 INDEFINITE INTEGRATION JEE-ADV-SR-MATHS-VOL- II

1 (ax 2  bx  c )dx

In   n dx  n  N  then 2. To evaluate  (dx  e) fx 2  gx  h we writ e,
If
 x2 a2 
ax 2  bx  c  A1 ( dx  e)(2fx+g)+B1 ( dx  e)  C1
x
In  n 1 Where A1 , B1 and C1 are constants which can be
 2n  2  a 2  x 2  a 2  obtained by comparing the coefficient of like terms
on both sides and given integral will reduce to the
 2n  3  1 form
  I n1 for n  2
 2n  2  a 2 A1 
(2fx+g)
dx  B1 
dx
 C1 
dx
2 2
n
fx  gx  h fx  gx  h (dx  e) fx2  gx  h
t n 1
t
 If I n   dt  n  N  then I n  2   In 3. To evaluate
2 n 1
t 1
2
(ax  bx  c)dx (ax2  bx  c)dx
Note :- Replacing n by n  2 in above reduction  , , (ax2  bx  c) (ex2  fx  g)dx
ex2  fx  g (ex2  fx  g) 
t n 1 put ax 2  bx  c  A(ex 2  fx  g )  B(2ex  f )  c
formula we get I n   I n 2
n 1 Find the values of A,B and C by comparing the
 To evaluate the integrals of the form
coefficient of x2 , x and constant term.
i)  f sin 2 x  sin x  cos x  dx (ax  b)dx
put sin x  cos x  t 4. To evaluate  (cx  e) ex 2  fx  g
we put

ii)  f sin 2 x  sin x  cos x  dx (ax  b)  A(cx  e)  B . Find the values of A and B
by comparing the coefficient of x and constant
put sin x  cos x  t
term.
 To evaluate integrals of the form
(ax 2  bx  c)dx
 1  1  1
f  x   1  dx , put x   t 5. To evaluat e  (ex  f ) gx 2  hx  i
we put
i)   x   x2  x
ax 2  bx  c  A( ex  f )(2 gx  h)  B(ex  f )  c
 1  1  1 Find the values of A,B and C by comparing the
ii)  f  x  x  1  x2 dx , put x  x  t coefficient of x2 , x and constant term.
 2 1  1  1 xdx
iii)  f  x   x  dx put x 2  t 6. To evaluate  (ax 2  b) (cx 2  e) we put cx 2  e  t 2
2
x  3
x  x2
Integration of the Functions of the Type
 1  1  1
iv)  f  x 2   x  dx , put x 2  t x m (a+bx n ) p :
 x2  x3  x2
Case-I: If p  N (Natural number), we expand the
integral with the help of binomial theorem and in-
ADVANCED tegrate
MAIN POINTS Case-II: If p  I , write x = pk , where k is the
L.C.M of denominators of m and n.
Integration of Irrational Algebraic
m+1
functions Case-III: If is an integer, we put (a+bx n )  r k ,
n
dx
1. To evaluate  (x  k) . we substitue, where k is the denominator of the fraction p.
r
ax2  bx  c
m+1
x  k  1/ t . This substitution will reduce the given Case-IV: If p is an integer, we put
n
t r 1dt a  bx n  r k x n , where k is the denominator of the
integral in to  At 2
 Bt  c

130 PINEGROVE
 JEE-ADV-SR-MATHS-VOL- II INDEFINITE INTEGRATION

fraction p. 1) log | x |  f  x   c1 2) log | x |  f  x   k

7. Integrals of the form  R ( x, ax 2  bx  c ) dx are cal- 3) x f  x   c1 4) x log | x | c1
culated with the aid of one of the three
1 x
Euler susbstitutions. 7.  1 dx 
4
x
1. ax 2  bx  c  t  x a if a  0;
4 5/ 4 4 5/ 4
2. ax 2  bx  c  tx  c if c  0; 1) x  x  c 2) x  x  c
5 5
3. ax 2  bx  c  ( x   )t if ax 2  bx  c  a( x   )( x   ) 2 5/ 4 3 5/ 4
i.e.,if  is a real root of ax2  bx  c  0 . 3) x  x  c 4) x  x  c
5 5
1
8.  Cot ( Sec x  Tanx ) dx = .......
EXERCISE - I(C.W.)
 x x2  x x2
PROBLEMS BASED ON STANDARD INTEGRALS 1)  c 2)  c
4 4 4 4
cos 2 x x2 x2
1.  cos 2 x.Sin 2 x dx  3) c 4) c
4 2
1) - Tan x - cot x + c 2) Tan x + Sin x + c
dx
3) Tan x + cot x + c 4) Tan x + Cos x + c 9.  
xa  xb
1  Sin x
2.  1 Sin x dx  1

1) (a  b) ( x  a) x  a  ( x  b) x  b  c 
1) 2 tan x - 2 Sec x - x + c
2
2) 2 tan x - Secx - x + c 2) 3( a  b) ( x  a ) x  a  ( x  b) x  b  c
3) tan x + 2 Sec x + x + c
2
4) tan x - 2 Sec x + x + c 3)
3(a  b)
 
( x  a) x  a  ( x  b) x  b  c

cos 2 x  cos 2 4)
3.  dx = xa  xb c
sin x  sin 
1) 2[cos x + (sin  )x] + c 10.  1  tan x. tan  x    dx 
2) 2[cos x - x sin  ] + c cot( x   )
3) -2[cos x - x sin  ] + c 1) cot  log cot( x   ) c 2) cot  log cos x
c
4) -2[cos x - sin  ] + c
cos x sin x
3) cot  log cos( x   ) c 4) cot  log cot( x   )  c
x
4. If x  , , then  1 sin dx 
2 cos x  sin x
 x x  x x
11.  cos x  sin x  2  2 sin 2 x  dx is equal to
1) 2  Sin  Cos   c 2) 4 Sin 4  Cos 4   c
 4 4   1) sin 2x  c 2) cos 2x  c
 x x  x  x 3) tan 2x  c 4) cot 2x  c
3) 4  Sin  Cos   c
4 2
4) 4 Sin 4  Cos 4   c
  
1 x  x  x2
Cot x 2 12.  x  1  x dx 
5.  (Co sec 2
x  Co sec x)
dx 
1 2 3
1) x-Sin x + C 2) x + Cos x + C 1) c 2) 1  x  2 + C
2 1 x 3
3) sin x - x + C 4) x - cos x + C
1 x4 3) 1  x  c 4) 2(1  x ) 3 2  c
6. If  dx  f  x   c , then  x  x 5 dx 
x  x5

PINEGROVE 131