Manuel S.

Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City College of Engineering

An Autonomous University

Introduction to
Engineering Data Analysis
MATH 123A

SYNCHRONOUS LECTURE
College of Engineering
 Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City College of Engineering
An Autonomous University

LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this lesson, the students are expected to:
• Discuss the background and the development of Statistics;
• Identify the fields of contributions of statistics;
• Define and differentiate the two branches of statistics;
• Differentiate population from sample;
• Differentiate the two types of variable;
• Identify and illustrate the areas of quantitative variables;
• Enumerate the classification of data;
• Apply the types of variables in various fields of applications

Engineering Data Analysis

Introduction to Engineering Data Analysis
 Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City College of Engineering
An Autonomous University

Introduction and Basic Concepts

Statistical information and development can be
traced back from ancient times. People compiled
statistical data with regard to all sorts of things such
as: Agricultural crops, Taxes, Athletic events,
Commerce and trade and so on.
The present state of the science and art of statistics
is an outcome of the very active researches of the
statisticians during the past 400 years or so.

Engineering Data Analysis

Introduction to Engineering Data Analysis
 Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City College of Engineering
An Autonomous University

Notable Contributors in the

Development of Statistics:
• John Graunt - English statistician, generally considered to
be the founder of the science of demography, the
statistical study of human populations.

• Abraham De Moivre - Notable contributors in the

development of statistics who discovered the equation of
the normal distribution in 1773.

• Carl Gauss who made its derivation from study errors in

repeated measurements which he called it Gaussian
distribution.

Engineering Data Analysis

Introduction to Engineering Data Analysis
 Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City College of Engineering
An Autonomous University

Notable Contributors in the

Development of Statistics:
• Francis Galton and Karl Pearson - Developed
the theory of regression and correlation.

• Adolf Quetelet - A Belgian is referred to as the

Father of Modern Statistics. He considered
statistics as the Queen of the Sciences.

• William S. Gosset - Developed the small-sample

theory that was further developed by Sir Ronald
Fisher. Statistician and geneticist. Fisher’s
origination of the concept of analysis of variance,
or ANOVA.

Engineering Data Analysis

Introduction to Engineering Data Analysis
 Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City College of Engineering
An Autonomous University

Definition of Statistics
• It is the science of conducting studies that
collect, organized, summarize, analyze and draw
conclusion from data.
• Statistics has the same meaning as a Latin word
datum which means a fact or information.
• Statistics can refer to the mere tabulation of
numeric information as in reports of stocks,
market transactions, or to the body of
techniques used in processing or analyzing data.

Engineering Data Analysis

Introduction to Engineering Data Analysis
 Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City College of Engineering
An Autonomous University

Branches of Statistics
Descriptive Statistics
• Statistician tries to describe situation.
• It includes data collection, data classification,
data display, and data processing such as
product failure rates, customer preference for
food products, market share data, and average
wage rates between industry groups
• First coined by G.T. Fechner (Gustav Theodor
Fechner) during the latter half of the 19th century.

Engineering Data Analysis

Introduction to Engineering Data Analysis
 Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City College of Engineering
An Autonomous University

Branches of Statistics
Inferential Statistics
• Consist of generalizing from samples to
populations, performing hypothesis testing,
determining relationships among variables and
making prediction.
• Its main concern is to analyze the organized
data leading to prediction or inferences.
• Example: predicting the life span of mechanical
toy gun is based on the performance of a
several similar toy guns.

Engineering Data Analysis

Introduction to Engineering Data Analysis
 Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City College of Engineering
An Autonomous University

Branches of Statistics
Inferential Statistics
• Parametric test - are based on assumptions
about the distribution of population from which
the sample was taken.
• Non-parametric test - are not based on
assumptions, that is, the data can be collected
from a sample that does not follow a specific
distribution.

Engineering Data Analysis

Introduction to Engineering Data Analysis
 Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City College of Engineering
An Autonomous University

Key Terms
• Data – the raw material which the statisticians works. It can
be found through surveys, experiments, numerical records,
and other modes of research.
• Population – refer to the groups or aggregates of people,
objects, materials, events, or things of any form.
• Sample – a subgroup of a population. Taken from a
population so as to represent the population characteristics
or traits.
• Parameters – measures of the population.
• Estimates – measures of the sample.

Engineering Data Analysis

Introduction to Engineering Data Analysis
 Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City College of Engineering
An Autonomous University

Variables and Data

Statistical data or information can be gathered
through different ways such as interviewing people,
observing or inspecting items, using questionnaires
and checklists.

The characteristic that is being studied is called a

variable. A variable is a characteristic that takes two
or more values which varies across individuals.

Engineering Data Analysis

Introduction to Engineering Data Analysis
 Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City College of Engineering
An Autonomous University

Types of Variables or Data

• Qualitative variables - represent differences in
quality, character, or kind but not in amount.
Example of it that yield non-numeric variables are
sex, birthplace or geographic locations, religious
preference, marital status, and eye color.

• Quantitative variables - numerical in nature and

can be ordered or ranked. Example of it which yield
numeric variables are weight, height, age, test
scores speed, and body temperature.

Engineering Data Analysis

Introduction to Engineering Data Analysis
 Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City College of Engineering
An Autonomous University

Classification of Quantitative Variables

• Discrete Variables – is a variable whose values can
be counted using integral values such as the
number of enrollees, drop-outs, graduates in a
certain college, deaths, number of employees,
number of students in a classroom, number of cars
owned, number of mathematics subjects taken and
number of calls received by an operator.
• Continuous Variables – is a variables whose
values can assume any numerical value over an
interval or intervals such as height, weight,
temperature, time, pressure in a tire, and number of
mile driven.
Engineering Data Analysis
Introduction to Engineering Data Analysis
 Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City College of Engineering
An Autonomous University

Scales of Measurement of Data

• Nominal data
• use numbers for the purpose of identifying name or
membership in a group or category
• all qualitative variables are measured on a nominal scale
• in nominal level of measurements, observations can be
classified and counted without particular order or
ranking imposed on the data.
• Ordinal Data
• connote ranking or inequalities
• one category is higher than the other one
• in this type of data, numbers represents “greater than” or
“less than” measurements, such as preferences or
rankings.

Engineering Data Analysis

Introduction to Engineering Data Analysis
 Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City College of Engineering
An Autonomous University

Scales of Measurement of Data

• Interval Data
• indicate an actual amount and there is equal unit of
measurement separating each score, specifically equal intervals
• interval data do not only include “greater than” and “less than”
relationships, but also has a limit of measurement that permits
us to describe how much more or less one object possesses
than another.
• Ratio Data
• similar to interval data but has absolute zero and multiples are
meaningful.
• examples are as follows: election vote; speed of a production
line: average daily delivery of 1, 000 packages per day
• ratio data include all usual measurements of length, height,
weight, area, volume, density, velocity, money, and durations.

Engineering Data Analysis

Introduction to Engineering Data Analysis
 Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City College of Engineering
An Autonomous University

Scales of Measurement of Data

Feature Interval Data Ratio Data

Zero Point Arbitrary (no true zero) True zero exists
Negative Values Can exist Cannot exist
Ratios Not meaningful Meaningful
Weight, height, age,
Examples Temperature (°C, °F), IQ
income

Engineering Data Analysis

Introduction to Engineering Data Analysis
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City College of Engineering
An Autonomous University

End of Chapter 1