Sulu College of Technology, Inc.

Formerly: Sulu Tong Jin School

Moore Avenue, Alat Street, Jolo, Sulu. Philippines
E-mail: [email protected]
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

21st CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD

Self-Learning Module

Preliminaries
I. Module 1.1 - Various Dimensions of Philippines Literary History from
Precolonial to Contemporary
Module Overview

In this module, you will be learning our Country’s history about Literature
from Precolonial era – Spanish colonization – American colonization – Japanese
colonization, until we reach the 21st century and Contemporary era.
The evolution of literature through time that these periods have brought
to our country and our artists such as our national heroes e.g. Dr. Jose Rizal,
Andres Bonifacio, Marcelo Del Pilar, etc.
In here, you will be aware of our ancestors’ treasures for us in this
generation, such as old Proverbs, Poems, Legends, Myths and Tales. Some of
these are stories we heard from our grandparents like the stories of Datus and
Rajahs and also about Mountains and Spirits in the Forest.
Lastly, in this module you will learn the art and practice of our Literature,
or what is called Philippine Literature.

Learning Competencies

At the end of this module, you are expected to:

1. Identify the geographic, linguistic and ethnic dimensions of the philippine

literary history from precolonial to contemporary;
2. trace the development of philippines literature from Precolonial to
Contemporary period;
3. explain how te theme of each era develops a Philippine National Literature.

Instructional Materials

Chua, Rina Garcia, 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World,
DIWA Learning Systems, Inc., Philippines, pg. 3 – 13

1
 Pre-Assessment

Before going any further, you should answer first this pre-assessment section to
gauge your prior knowledge on Literature and 21st Century Literature. Choose the
best answer from the options provided in each number. Write your answer on the
space provided before the number.

____ 1. Written works such as, Poems, Novels, Short Stories, Essay, etc.

a. Literature b. Literacy c. Works d. Philippine Literature

____ 2. An era or period of time in our Country where there is still no colonizer.

a. Post – Colonial b. Precolonial c. Spanish Colonial d. 21st Century

____ 3. 1564 – 1863, a period where Philippines was under what colonization?

a. Japanese Colonization b. American Colonization

c. Spanish Colonization d. Rizalist Age

____ 4. 1985 – PRESENT, what period is this era?

a. Modern Period/Era b. Contemporary Period/Era

c. American Colonization d. Revolutionary Period

____ 5. It is a question and is like Proverb, which is commonly used for

entertainment and past-time of our people that demands answers, to test our wits
and mind.

a. Proverbs b. Legends c. Myths d. Riddles

2
Introduction

Good morning, you are now at the first part of this module. Your first
task is to complete the script making activity below. Good Luck!

Motivation
Your task is to write your own script on this cartoon relating to the period
where the Spaniards came and colonized our country way back year 1565.
Write what you wanted to happen at that time. No one will dislike your
script.

Great… You did it!

Linking Statement

At the end of this module, you will be able to tell stories of our
ancestors and know what happen in those times when you were
still not born. You will be able to tell what is Literature and its
elements and the History of our Country which shaped and molded
the Literature that we know and have today.
3
Interaction

Hi! I provided you some reading materials and examples of literature from
the past (precolonial) until the present (contemporary), do read it for you
to be able to know and for you to be able to do the next task ahead.

Reading Materials/Concept Notes

Timeline of Philippine Literature

PRECOLONIAL ERA—Early Times – 1564
The first period of the Philippine literary history is the longest. Long time before the
Spaniards and other foreigners landed on the Philippine shore, our forefathers
already had their own literature stamped in the history of our race.

SPANISH COLONIZATION PERIOD – 1565 – 1863

Spanish occupied Philippines in early 15th century. The Spanish colonization has two
distinct classification—religion and secular.

NOTABLE FILIPINOS DURING THE SPANISH COLINIZATION PERIOD IN PHILIPPINE

LITERARTURE
JOSE DELA CRUZ (1746 – 1829)—He was foremost exponent of the Komedya during
his time.
FRANCISCO BALTAZAR (1788 – 1862)—He was popularly called balagtas, he is the
acknowledge master of traditional tagalog poetry.
NATIONALISTIC/PROPAGANDA AND REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD
1864 – 1896
Literary forms under this period include: REVOLUTIONARY LITERATURE – more
propagandistic than literary as it is more violent in nature and demanded complete
independence for the country.

RIZALIST AGE
1896 – 1899

1896 – Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo sparked the revolution of 1896.

RIZAL AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES

JOSE RIZAL
Philippine National Hero
1896 – Mi Ultimo Adios – a poem written by Jose Rizal that was one of the last
notes he wrote before his death.
4
 MARCELO H. DEL PILAR
Popularly known as Plaridel, he was the editor and co-publisher of La Solidaridad.

1888 – Dasalan at Tucsuhan – a satire on the friars’ hypocrisy, licentio usness

and greed sarcasm
ANDRES BONIFACIO
He was the “Father of Philippine Revolution”
1896 – Pag-Ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa—directed to the Filipinos In order to
arouse their spirit of nationalism and self-dependence.

AMERICAN COLONIZATION PERIOD

1901 – 1946
Philippine Literature in English, as direct result of American colonization of the
country, could not escape being imitative of American models of writing especially
during its period of apprenticeship.
A. PERIOD OF APPRENTICESHIP (1910 – 1930
JAPANESE COLONIZATION
1946 – 1960
A. WAR YEARS (1942 – 1944)
B. PERIOD OF MATURITY AND ORIGINALITY (1945 – 1960)
a. Palanca Awards for Literature – Established in 1950.
b. National Artist Awards – is an order bestowed on Filipinos who have made
significant contributions to the development of Philippine Art.

REPUBLIC PERIOD
1960 – 1985
CONTEMPORARY/MODERN PERIOD
1985 - PRESENT

The precolonial literature of the

philippines was marked by our ancestors’
daily observations about life,
explanations for natural phenomena and
beginnings of rituals. This also funtions as
an explanation for society and culture as
they know it to be.
(FORMS OF LITERATURE)

1. PROVERBS (SALAWIKAIN) – are practical observations and philosophy of everyday

life that are written usually in a rhyming scheme. It is obviously meant to entertain
while teaching basic skills in surviving local life.
5
 Examples:
Kung ano ang puno, siya rin ang bunga. Kung walang tiyaga, walang nilaga.
(Whatever the tree, so is the fruit.) (If you don’t persevere, you can
expect no reward.)

Wayruun asu bang way kayu In atay nag-duruwaruwa way

kasungan niya
(there is no smoke if there is no fire) (one who cannot decide will have
no future)

In lasa iban uboh dih hikatapuk in ullang natutug mada sin sug
(Love and cough cannot be hidden) (a sleeping shrimp will be carried by
the current)
2. RIDDLES (BUGTONG) – are like proverbs with one main difference; it demands an
answer and use to test the wits of those who are listening to them.
Examples:
Heto na si kaka, bubuka- bukaka Sa araw ay bungbong, sa gabi
ay dahon.
(Here comes Kaka, walking with an open leg) (Roll in the morning, leaf in the
afternoon.)

3. FOLKSONGS – are beautiful songs that are informal expressions of our ancestors’
experiences in life, these range from courtship, (harana or serenade), lullabies, harvest,
funerals, and others.

4. TALES – are stories of origin for certain places, their names, and their creation. These
are also known as myths and legends. It usually used to explain certain events or
phenomena in our ancestor’s lives, that cannot be explained by the limited practical kind
of science they knew back then. Some examples are the origin of Mountains such as:
Mount Makaling or Mount Arayat, or legends of a great heroes like Bernardo Carpio.

5. EPICS – are long winded poems about a hero and his adventures and misadventures. It
usually tells of a male hero who is born with all the pleasing qualities that your ancestors
like in a person and also has superhuman capabilities.

6
 Spanish Colonial Philippine Literature

When the Spaniards there was came, there was

an immediate shift on the focus of literature. It
became centred on the Christian faith, and the
stories about the natural phenomena suddenly
became all about the lives of saints and other
religious hymns. Slowly, Philippine literature
started to emulate the traditional Spanish ways
of themes and forms in writing, including the repetitive plots and obvious shadowy
characters. Despite these changes, Filipinos still found a way to make Spanish literature
their own, as shown through these common kinds:

• Corrido is a legendary religious narrative form that usually details the lives of saints or
the history of a tradition.
• Awit is a chivalric poem about a hero, usually about a saint. It is usually sung used in
religious processions.
• Pasyon is a narrative poem about the life of Jesus Christ, beginning from his birth and
up to his death. This is usually sun during the Lenten season. Many women were
trained before to perform the Pasyon. Nowadays, it is sung by seasoned performers in
churches nationwide.
• Cenaculo is the dramatization of the passion of Christ. It highlights the sufferings and
death of Jesus Christ, and it is also done during the Lenten season. A good example is
the San Pedro Cutud Lenten Rites in Sand Fernando, Pampanga.
• Moro-moro or Comedia de Capa y Espada is a blood-and-thunder melodrama depicting
the conflict of Christians and Muslim. It is usually about battles to the death and the
proofs of faith.
• Carillo is a play that uses shadows as its main spectacle. This is created by animating
figures made from cardboard, which are projected onto a white screen.
• Tibag is the dramatic reenactment of St. Helena’s search for the Holy Cross. St. Helena
is the mother of constantine and is oftentimes credited to have influenced her son to
be the great Christian leader he is known for today.
• Duplo or Karagatan are native dramas that are connected to Catholic mourning rituals
and harvest celebrations.
• Zarzuela is probably one of the most famous forms of entertainment back in the
Spanish era. Zarzuela are musical comedies or melodramas that deal wit the elemental
passions of human beings. A zarzuela follows a certain plot, which show either a satirial
look or begrudged life.

7
 Exercises and Drills
Welcome to the Exercises and Drills part. I prepared an activity for you
to fully understand the lesson. Don’t forget to read the instruction
properly. Happy Learning!

Instruction: Describe and tell what have these three different eras have contributed
to our Country’s Literature (Philippine Literature), at least 4 words, the first word
for each theme is example.

THEME
Spanish Colonial American Colonial Japanese Colonial
Religion Modernization Loyalty

Processing Questions:
1. What do you know about the people who colonized our country?
2. How do you find the activity? Do you find it challenging? Why?
3. How will you tell or share what you learn to others?

8
 Integration

Reflection Guide

You have learned that the early Filipinos used literature for daily
life purposes, like past-time, entertainment, and it mirrored their day-to-
day strivings during their time until the colonizers came and brought all
the changes in our Country (Spaniards, Americans, Japanese, etc.)
And that these have permanently changed and renewed our way
of living, the religion, culture, tradition that these colonizers have
brought was embraced and made ours by our ancestors and so what we
see and have in our lives today are the mark of what was brought to us
by them from the past hundreds of years. We Filipinos are best at
receiving and embracing what is given to us.

Reflective Question:
1. How has the literature during the spanish era differed from the literature during the
precolonial era? And which do you think has been able to exert its influences the
most in contemporary Philippine society?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

2. What is the difference between Spanish colonial and precolonial era?

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

9
 Post – Assessment

Congratulations, you are now at the final round to complete your module. Read and
analyze the questions in every item and encircle the letter of the correct answer
among the given options.

1. 1985 – PRESENT, the period in our life where all what we see now?

a. Modern Period/Era b. Contemporary Period/Era

c. American Colonization d. Revolutionary Period

2. are like proverbs with one main difference; it demands an answer and use to test
the wits of those who are listening to them.
a. Proverbs b. Legends c. Myths d. Riddles

3. 1564 – 1863, these long years we were under the colonization of what?

a. Japanese Colonization b. American Colonization

c. Spanish Colonization d. Rizalist Age

4. Written works such as, Poems, Novels, Short Stories, Essay, etc.

a. Literature b. Literacy c. Works d. Philippine Literature

5. An era or period of time in our Country where there is still no colonizer.

a. Post – Colonial b. Precolonial c. Spanish Colonial d. 21st Century

10
 Sulu College of Technology, Inc.
Formerly: Sulu Tong Jin School
Moore Avenue, Alat Street, Jolo, Sulu. Philippines
E-mail: [email protected]
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

21st CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD

Self-Learning Module
Preliminaries

I. Module 1.2 - Canonical authors and works of Philippine National Artists in

Literature
a. Philippines National Artist in Literature
b. Works of regional authors in Literature
II.
Module Overview

In this module, you will learn and know about our Country’s National Artists in
Literature and some of their works that they have contributed to the welfare of the
nation, and also some of regional authors in literature.

Learning Competencies

At the end of this module, you are expected to:

1. Identify representative texts and authors from each region (e.g. engage in oral
history research with focus on key personalities from the students’
region/province/town by;
2. explain the works of regional writers and national artists for literature;
3. appreciate the works of national artists and regional writers by reading and
discussing samples of their works.

Instructional Materials

Mendez, Jr., Mario “Em” L., DIWA Learning Systems, Inc., DIWA Senior High Series:
Contemporary Philippine Arts from the Regions, pg. 43 – 52, Kahayon, Alicia H.,
Philippine Literature through the Years, Philippines Copyright, 2000, pg. 22 – 23.

11
 Pre-Assessment

Before proceeding, you are needed to complete this pre-assessment to activate your
prior learning regarding national artists in literature or some authors in the regions.
You need to underline what you think is the right answer.

1. They are awarded and honored for being talented and their contribution to our
country, what are they called?

a. National Artists b. Policemen

c. Regional Authors d. Artists
2. If you’re a National Artist and your category is writing or composing, what kind of
National Artist are you?

a. National Artsist in Sculpture b. National Artist in Dance

c. National Artist in Literature d. National Artist in Architecture

3. What do you call those who love to make and write stories? Both true stories and
Fictions.

a. Newscasters b. Authors/Writers
c. Nurses d. Teachers

4. These are stories about the beginning/creation of something, example: alamat ng

manga.

a. Legends b. Dramas c. Tales d. Religion

5. What do you call the behavior and practices of our tribe that came from our
ancestors, that we still practice up until now?

a. Lesson b. Tradition c. Knowledge d. Literature

12
 Introduction

Good day, you are now at the first part of this module. Your first task
is to answer the following questions. Good Luck!

Motivation
In this task, you need to recall and remember some of the stories told by
your grandparents/elderly relatives. And try to answer the following
questions:

1. Do you think that in other regions they have these kinds of stories?

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

2. Do you know some stories from other regions/places? (NCR, CAR, Regions I – XII,
BARMM) if you do what are those and what are the similarities and differences to
the stories here in our places? If none do you wish to know some? Or are you
curious to know?

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Excellent… You did it!

Linking Statement

At the end of this module, you will be able to distinguish some

National Artists in Literature from different regions of our country
and their contributions that have been a treasure for our country
that is helpful for us Filipinos to be able to know that our country
is a diverse and rich country when it comes to literature.
13
 Interaction

Hello! We have provided you with reading materials to get knowledge from
and serve as learning material where you can see examples and for you to
be able to finish the upcoming tasks to be given.

Reading Materials/Concept Notes

Philippine National Artist in Literature

Philippine literature is a rich group of literary works that has developed along with
the country’s history. Long before the arrival of Western influences, early Filipinos already
have stories to tell to younger generations.

The Philippines has a rich collection of fables, legends, and myths from different
regions. The babaylan, the early healers, used chants to please the supernatural beings
or spirits to bestow good health and fortune in the home and the fields. When the
Spaniards came in the 16th century, they introduced Christianity to the islands and used
literature to colonize the country. During the time of the Americans, English was
introduced and Filipinos have grown adept in the usage of the language. Today,
contemporary writer are expanding the horizon of reality and imagination in their works
to reflect the Filipino spirit.

Philippine literature is diverse, although some of the most famous literary works
focus on the country’s postcolonial heritage, politics, and modern traditions. Filipino must
recognize and give importance to the people behind the development of Philippine
literature.

The Philippines has an

immense literary
tradition that reflects
the country’s history.

14
 National Artists for Literature

Francisco Arcellana (1916-2002)

Year of Conferment: 1990

Francisco “Franz” Arcellana was a Filip[pino writer, poet, essayist,

journalist, critic and teacher. He was born on September 6, 1916. He is
one of the important progenitors of modern Filipinos hort story in English,
the development of the short story as a lyrical prose-poetic form. For
Arcellana, the pride of fiction is “that it is able to render truth that is able
to present reality”. Some of his short storis are: Frankie, The Man Who Would Be Poe,
Death in a Factory, A Clown Remembers, Divided by two, and his poems The other
Womn, To Touch you and I touch Her.

N.V.M Gonzalez (1915-1999)

Year of Conferment: 1997

Nestor Vicente Madali Gonzalez was born 8 September 1915 the

beautiful province of Romblon. He is a fame poet, short story, writer,
essayist, professor, and recipient of numerous recognitions. Two yaers
before his death , he was proclaimed as a National Artist for Literature.
Some of his famous work are the following: The Winds of April (1941), A
Season of Grace (1956), and The Bamboo Dancers (1988). His exemplary works have been
published in several languages including Filipino, Englis, Chinese, German, Russian and
Indonesian.

Virgilio S. Almario (1994-)

Year of Conferment: 2003

Also known as Rio Alma, Virgilio S. Almario is a Filipino poet and

literary historian, critic, revived and reinvented traditional Filipino poetic
forms, championed modernist poetics He was born on 9 March 1994 in San
Miguel de Mayumo, Bulacan. His works in poetry include Makinasyon,
Peregrinasyon, the trilogy Doktrinang Anakpawis, Mga Retrato at
Rekwerdo, and Muli, sa Kandungan ng Lupa. Virgilio Almario redefined how the Filipino
poetry in his 10 books of criticisms and anthologies Ang Makata sa Panahon ng Makina,
Balagtasismo Versus Modernismo, Walong Dekada ng Makabagong Tula Pilipino.

15
Cirilo F. Bautista (1941-
Year of Conferment: 2014
Cirilo Bautista is highly praised poet, fictionist, and essayist. He is
also a Palanca Hall of Famer, winning countless awards and honors,
including the National Book Awards, Gawad Jose Corazon de Jesus, and
Gawad CCP para sa sining with exceptional achievements significant
contributions to the development of of the countrys’ literary arts
contribute to the development of Philippine literature significant body of works discovery
and encouragement of young writers worksop lectures. His woks include The Trilogy of
Saint Lazarus (2001); Believe and Betray: New Collected Poems (2006); Galaw ng Asoge
(2004);

Nick Joaquin (1917-2004)

Year of Conferment: 1976

Nick Joaquin’s literary works are prolific and unparelleled. He is

considered by many as the most distinguished Filipino writer in English
writing. Separately so well about so many aspects of the Filipino. Joaquin
has written plays, novel, short stories, poems and essays including
reportage and journalism. Among his famous work are The Woman Who
Had Two Navels, A portrait of the Artist as Filipino: An Elegy in Three
Scenes, Manila My Manila: A History for the Young, The Ballad of the Five the Battles, Rizal
in Saga: A Life for the Student Fans, Almanac for Manilenos, and Cave and Shadows.

Amado Vera Hernandez (1903-1970)

Year of conferment: 1973
This courageous Filipino writer was well-known for his disapproval of social
injustices in the country. He was later imprisoned for his participation in the
communist movement. He firmly believe that writers play an important role
in society and to affirm the greatness of the human spirit in the face of
inequity and oppresion.”

He wrote his novel Mga Ibong Mandaragit while in the prison. Other notable
works by Amado V. Hernandez include the following: Bayang Malaya, Isang Dipang Langit,
Luha ng Buwaya, Tudla at Tudling, : Katipunan ng mga Nalathalang Tula 1921-1970,
Langaw sa Isang Basong Gatas at Iba Pang Kuwento, and Magkabilang Mukha ng Isang
Bagol at Iba Pang Akda. He was married to another national artist, Filipino actress Atang
de la Ram

16
CARLOS P. ROMULO (1898-1985)

Year of Conferment: 1982

Carlos P. Romulo was a multifaceted career stand 50 years as educator,

statesman, soldier, correspondent, University President, writer, and founder
of the Boy Scouts of the Philippines. He was the only Asian to be awarded a
pulitzer Prize in journalism for a series article forecasting the outbreak of
World War II. Romulo wrote and published 18 books The United (novel), I
Walked with the Heroes (authobiography), I saw the Fall of the Philippines, Mother
America, I See the Philippines Rise (war-time memories)

Edith L. Tiempo (1919-2011)

Year of Conferment: 1999

Edith L. Tiempo’s literary works are often described as a remarkable fusion of

style and substance of craftsmanship and insight. She was a poet, fictionist,
teacher, literary critic, finest Filipino writer in English. Tiempos published Her
works include the following novels: A Blade of Fern (1978), The Native Coast
(1979), and The Alien Corn (1992 ), Her poetry collections include the The
Tracks of Babaylon and Other Poems (1966) and the Charmer’s Box and Other Poems
(1993).

Francisco Sionil Jose

Year of Conferment: 2001

Francisco S. Jose is a prolific Filipino writer whose works have been

translated in more than 20 languages. Since the late 60’s that can best be
described as epic. One of his popular novels, The Pretenders, is the story of
one mans’ separation from his poor Background and the dissipation of his
wife’s prosperous Family. His most famous work was the Rosales Saga that
includes The Pretenders, Tree, My Brother, My Executioner, Mass, and Po-ON. Jose was
the founder of the Philippine chapter of the international organization PEN. In 1999, he
was awarded the CCP Centennial Honors for the Arts.

17
Bienvenido Lumbera
Year of Conferment: 2006

Lumbera is an awarad- winning poet, librettist, and scholar. He has

published numerous literary and creative works including Likhang Dila,
Likhang Diwa (993): Balabay: Mga Tulng Lunot at Manibalang (2002): and “
Agunyas sa Hacienda Luisita,” Pakikiramay (2004). His scholarly work in the
field of literary history and criticism are foundational texts in the Philippine
colleges and universities: Tagalog Poetry, 1570-1898: Tradition and
Influences in its Development; Philippine Literature: A History and Anthology; Realuation;
Essays on Philippine Literature; and Writing the Nation/Pag-akda ng Bansa.

Alejandro R. Roces
Year of Confernment: 2003

Alejandro R. Roces was an exceptional writer of comicshort stories. One

of his finest literary works is “ My Brother’s Peculiar Chicken.” It is a short
stort that reveals how much people perceive things around them. This
peculiar story won an award in the University of Arizona and was listed in
Martha Foley’s Best American Short Stories. Roces also wrote several
newspaper columns. He has always focused on the derelict aspects of the country;s
cultural heritage. His works have been published in a variety of international publications.
Rocees is also a multi-awarde writer, receiving honors and recognitions including the Rizal
Pro Patria Award and the Gawad CCP para sa sining.

Region 1: ILOCOS

Ilocos is a region in the Philippines, encompassing the northwestern coast of Luzon island.
It’s known for its historic sites, beaches and the well-preserved Spanish colonial city of
Vigan. Dating from 16th century, vigans Mestizo district is characterized by cobblestone
streets and mansions with wrought-iron balconies. Father nort, Laoag City is a jumping off
point for the huge La Paz Sand Dunes.

18
 Biag-ni-Lam-Ang
(Ilocano Epic)
(This epic was written by Pedro Bukaneg who was said to have been
thrown by his parents down the Abra River while still an infant
because he was blind. A woman who found him gave him away to an
Agustinian priest. He was christened Pedro Bukaneg. He was cared for,
and sent to school until he became proficient inSpanish and Samtoy
(Ilocano dalect). He is now known as the Father of Ilocano Literature.
From his name we derive the word BUKANEGAN which means Balagtasan in Tagalog.An
Outline of Biag-ni-Lam-Ang

In Nalbuan (now part of La Union) there once lived a couple by the names of Namongan
(the woman) and Don Juan (the man). When Namongan was about to deliver a child, Don
Juan went to the mountains to punish some Igorot tribes. Before he could arrive home,
the infant already talked and asked to be named Lam-ang. He was the who chose his own
godfather. Because his mother was always the one watching him, he ask her where his
father was.

At 9 months, when Lam-angs’s father had not arrived, he followed him to the mountains.
On the way, he dreamed that the Igorots where holding feast to celebrate the death of
his father. He woke up and angrily hastened to the Igorots and totured one of them before
he set him free.

Upon his return to Nalbuan, some women friends gave him a bath in the Amburayan River.
All the fish in the river died because of his dirt and foul smell. Lam-ang fell in love with a
woman named Ines Kannoyan whom he courted in her hometown together with a white
rooster and a dog. He met Sumarang, another suitor on the way to Ines’ house, and after
a fight slew him. He also met a lot of suitors in front of Ines’ house. He let rooster crow
and immediately a neighboring house collapsed. Ines look out of the window. Lam-ang let
his dog bark and immediately, the fallen house stood up again. Ines parents consented to
his courtship provided he could equal their wealth.

Lam-ang returned home. When he returned to Kaluntian (town of Ines) he rode a boat
full of gold worth more than the wealth of Ines. They were soon married and a big
wedding feast was held. After several years, the town elders told Lam-ang that it was now
his turn to catch the rarang (a fish). This was everyone’s obligation.

Lam-ang confided to Ines about his premonition that he would be bitten by a berkakan (a
species of shark), if he caught the raring this came true: Lam-ang died.

In her grief, she called the rooster and a diver to gather the bones of Lam-ang and when
were gathered and formed, Lam-ang came back to life.
19
 Exercises and Drills

Welcome to the Exercises and Drills part. We

prepared the activity ahead for you to fully Activity
understand the module. So, read carefully and
understand what you need to do.

Instruction: Fill the Blanks in the table with the information you can get from reading
the concept notes. Just choose 3 National artists based on the design of the table below.

National Artist for Region or Place

Their Works (Arts) Year of Conferment
Literature they belong

Processing Questions:
1. What do you feel while reading the story of Lam – Ang?
2. What do you think made the National Artists for Literature full of imagination
in making (writing) their works?
3. What do you think will inspire you to be like them in any other way?

20
 Integration

Reflection Guide

You have been made to read and learn all the National Artists for
Literature, and their life works that they have given all their time, efforts,
talent, etc. for our Nation and all the people living in it which is all of us.
So, furthermore learning from this module. You need to reflect to
the following questions that you can share to all throughout this school
year.

Reflective Question:

1. How do you think the works of all of these writers/artists contributed to our Country?

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

2. Among all the national artists in literature, which among them you idolized? Or liked?
And what work of him/her did you liked most?

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

3. What lessons/values did you learned after reading the story of Lam-Ang?

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

21
 Post Assessment

Good Job, you are now at the last part of this module, you just need to thoroughly
finish answering the following questions and your all done for this one. Just choose
your best answer by putting a box in it.

1. What do you call those who love to make and write stories? Both true stories and
Fictions.

a. Newscasters b. Authors/Writers
c. Nurses d. Teachers
2. These are stories about the beginning/creation of something, example: alamat ng
manga.

a. Legends b. Dramas c. Tales d. Religion

3. They are awarded and honored for being talented and their contribution to our
country, what are they called?
a. National Artists b. Policemen
c. Regional Authors d. Artists

4. If you’re a National Artist and your category is writing or composing, what kind of
National Artist are you?
a. National Artsist in Sculpture b. National Artist in Dance
c. National Artist in Literature d. National Artist in Architecture

5. What do you call the behavior and practices of our tribe that came from our
ancestors, that we still practice up until now?

a. Lesson b. Tradition c. Knowledge d. Literature

22
 Sulu College of Technology, Inc.
Formerly: Sulu Tong Jin School
Moore Avenue, Alat Street, Jolo, Sulu. Philippines
E-mail: [email protected]
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

21st CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD

Self-Learning Module
Preliminaries

Module 1.3 – Backgrounds of the literature from the regions.

a. The Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim mindanao (BARMM)

Module Overview
In this module, you will be entering our own diverse and rich culture that is both
known and unknown to us. You can learn that our ancestors’ past was really exciting
and full of mysteries.
So, you better not take this one easy, enjoy this part of the module and cherish
our own culture’s diversity.

Learning Competencies

At the end of this module, you are expected to:

1. Identify literary, biographical, linguistic, and social context;

2. Value the contributions of local writers to the development of regional literary
tradition;
3. Infer literary meaning from literal language base on usage.

Instructional Materials

Lacia, Ferdilyn C., Libunao, Lydia L., Fabella, Mark G., Buhain, Vivian I., The Literatures
of the Philippines, REX Book Store, Manila, Philippines, pg. 182 – 183.

23
 Pre-Assessment
Before proceeding, you are needed to complete this pre-assessment to activate your
prior learning regarding our own History as Tausug, just answer the following simple
questions by putting a check () on the box of the best answer.

1. Before our Region was called BARMM, what was it called before?
 ARM
 ARMM
 BARM
 BARMMM
2. How many Provinces are there in our region (BARMM)?
 7
 4
 6
 5
3. What we call the stories that we heard from our grandparents, and is the story of
our ancestors?
 Salsila
 Story
 Tarasul
 Pangalay
4. What do you call our own version of Poem?
 Salsila
 Story
 Tarasul
 Pangalay
5. They are the Leader in the provinces of our region in our ancestors’ time.
 Mayor
 Sultan
 Datu
 Rajah

24
 Introduction
Good day, you are now at the first part of this module. Your first task
is to make/write your own script with what suits you best with the
picture below. Remember: you’re going to write script with regards
of the attitude of our elders. Good Luck!

Motivation
In this task, you are going to write your own script with the picture given
or portrayed below.

Well Done…

Linking Statement

At the end of this module, you will be more knowledgeable of our very
rich culture and tradition, the past happenings in our small province
have a big impact on our daily lives right now. So, we should or you
should be aware of it and embrace it as if someone will tend to take
it from you.

25
 Interaction

Up ahead is a story of our brave ancestors, that you can get values from
and learn that we are brave ever since the day we were born in this land
of ours. So, carefully read and understand the story for you to be more
aware of our characteristics as Tausug.

Reading Materials/Concept Notes

The conquest of North Borneo

Rita C. Tuban (Aka Jamala-Rah II)

Salsilas are ethno-historical narratives. They are written nobility genealogies which deal
with heroic deeds and significant events. The main purpose of the salsilas is to
authenticate descent, especially the title of datu’s eligibility as a sultan. There are many
salsilas in Sulu because each tausug datu who claims to be descendant of Sulu sultans has
his own salsila.

The narrator of the salsila below tells first the origin of salsila which taken from Pangian
Lanba Fatima Albani Jamala-Rah.

Sultan karamat, the grandfather becomes worried over the twins because Datu
Alimuddin is handsome and normal but Datu Salikala is ugly and hairy like a monkey with
two penises. He decides to give Datu Salikala to Datu Maharaja Dinda Bantilan in Luuk,
because he says that no two princes can ascend the throne at the same time. Hence, Datu
Salikala grows up in Luuk, Sulu, with Datun Maharaja Dindah Bantilan as his foster father.

Endowed with superhuman strength, nobody can beat him in many games like
running, riding a horse, sipa or wrestling, binti or hustling, mountain climbing, climbing
the tree, swimming, and tearing animals with his bare hands. The people of place really
believe in his strength.

One day after hunting game, he rests and feels weak. After three weeks, he dreams
that he fights with the white people and his foster Father tells him that Spaniards will soon
invade Jolo, Sulu. His foster father is prophetic, for indeed the Spaniards and their
battleship are approaching the shore of Tandu, Jolo, Sulu.

The Spaniards invade jolo and sultan with soldiers fight against them for three days
but the tausugs retreat to mount datu under leadership Datu Alimuddin. Immediately,
Sultan Bararudin writes Datu Maharaja Dindah Bantilan in Luuk to rescue him and his
26
people and adds that he will give his daughter to marry any man who can drive away the
Spaniards.

After three days, Datu Maharaja Dinda and Datu Salikala received the letter and
immediately, they march to Jolo with their armed kinsmen. They fight side by side with
the sultan’s soldiers against the Spaniards, who are driven out of Jolo. The Sultan keeps
his promise to give his daughter in marriage to any Datu to receive Dayang-dayang Agatah
Lana as a wife. However, when the Sultan the Queen, Datu Alimuddin and Datu
Nasaruddin and the princess are all present before the Ruma Bichara or the council of
the datus, the foster father, Datu Salikala, the son of sultan Bararuddin appeared to
welcome them. They immediately embrace Datu Salikala and they asked him for
forgiveness. So the marriage does not take place but they make Datu Salikala, a general
or Tumanggung Danngagan. When they are about to live for Luuk, Datu salikala hears
about the arrival of ambassadors the sultan of brunei who bring with them a letter which
states that the sultan Muhammad Al who was killed by sultan Abdul Mubin, needs badly
their military support and the prize will be North Borneo, if they win the war.

Both Datu Alimuddin and Datu Salikala are eager to lead the Tausugs against the
enemy of their friend Sultan Muhuddin of Brunei. They all decide to bring before Sultan
Muhuddin and Sultan Abdul Mubin forty-four paraws or boats and let the 300 paraws
hide at the back of the river Brunei, Borneo. Sultan Muhuddin comments that they are
not enough to fight the enemies. Meanwhile, when the 300 paraws leave Jolo’s port, the
wives, children, and love ones of Tausug warriors, who board the boats, go up the
mountain and there start to cry from the foot of the mountain to the top of the mountain,
waiving their handkerchiefs at the men. Then the Sultan decree that the mountain will be
called Tumantangis since they’ve all cried at the mountain.

When the Tausug reached North Borneo, Sultan Abdul Mubin invites them to play
games first before the fight. The men of the Sultan tell the Tausugs to prepare for a
carabao fight. A man named Elidji tells the two Datus to buy a young or baby carabao and
they will feed it with water and milk. On the day of the game, they place a sash with
poisoned needle in the mouth of the baby carabao and covered it with a mosquito net so
it cannot see its enemy. At the arena where the game is to take place, the Tausug’s baby
carabao is freed from the net and it starts to run wildly after the big male carabao. It sucks
the male organ of the big carabao thinking it is a mammary gland; So it kills the big male
carabao of the Sultan Abdul Mubin.

The next game is the fight with the vultures, which will eat their enemies. Elidji again
tells the two Datus to prepare a mirror, a shield, and a spear. On the day of the vulture
game. Elidji positions himself at one place with the shield that covers his body and mirror

27
and spear between him. As soon as the vulture swoops down to strike him, he hits it with
the spear and the male vulture dies instantly. Another female vulture, the wife of the male
vulture, swoops down to strike Elidji but he is very clever and alert that he hits the vulture
as soon as it lands on his spot. The vulture dies and this ends the game.

The Sultan is very angry and so they decide to fight the next day. The night before
the battle, Datu Salikala burns the camp of Sultan Abdul Mubin. The fire leaves only scarce
ammunition to the Sultan and his men. The following day, they fight. In the ensuing battle,
Datu Salikala fights so hard that he kills many men in one stroke of his sword while the
forces of Sultan Muhuddin just witness the battle. Later, the Tausugs win the war and
Sultan Abdul Mubin flees and tells the Tausugs and Sultan Muhuddin that he will never
again disturb them. Sultan Muhuddin gives North Borneo as a prize for the Tausug’s
military assistance. However, Datu Salikala and some of his men are seriously wounded.
Datu Salikala has been hit on the hips. The wounded men together with Datu Salikala burn
themselves on Borneo’s soil. Datu Alimuddin and his men build a monument for them. He
is very sad about the tragic ending of his twin brother Datu Salikala and his men, although
they have won the war and the prize is North Borneo as written on the bronze document
(pangiran tumbaga). Later Elidji dies, and this prompts Datu Alimuddin to stay for seven
more years in North Borneo until he can forget the tragedy of his twin brother and Elidji.
He sends his messenger Sangkalang Malayu to his father Sultan Bararuddin to tell him
that they have won the war and Sultan Muhuddin has Given North Borneo to them but
his twin brother died.

(This is one of the salsilas that recounts the heroic deeds of the Datus and Sultans
of Sulu North Borneo.

28
 Exercises and Drills
Welcome to the Exercises and Drills part. We prepared the
activity ahead for you to fully understand the module. So, Activity
read carefully and understand what you need to do.

Instruction: Fill out the table with differences in characteristics of the Tausug people from
the salsila (past) and the Tausug in our time (present). And if there is still the same
characteristics from past until present, you can write them in the middle.

TAUSUGS’ CHARACTERISTICS
YOU CAN GET FROM THE PRESENT OR NEW
YOU CAN GET FROM THE SALSILA THAT YOU CAN CHARACTERISTICS YOU
SALSILA SEE STILL SEE IN CANNOT GET FROM THE
TAUSUGS NOWADAYS SALSILA ANYMORE.
BRAVE BRAVE CRAVEN (Some)

Processing Questions:
1. What do you feel while reading the salsila: Conquest of North Borneo?
2. What do you think about the Tausugs during those times?
3. Do you feel inspired after reading it?

29
 Integration

Reflection Guide

You have learned that we Tausugs are not just brave but wise and
cunning too, we all heard stories that our ancestors are all brave and
strong, but have you ever thought that we own a large part of this nation?
We Tausugs were once ruler to this very own Country, as a reminder
we should be grateful and embrace our own characteristics and let it be a
guide to our future and let the other race know that we are Proud to be
Tausug.

Reflective Question:

1. How do you think this and other salsilas will reflect to the younger generations of
Tausug?

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

2. How much do you believe in this salsila, explain your thoughts?

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

3. What is the conquest all about?

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
30
 Post Assessment

Good Job, you are now at the last part of this module, you just need to thoroughly
finish answering the following questions and your all done for this one. Just choose
your best answer by putting a box in it

1. What we call the stories that we heard from our grandparents, and is the story of
our ancestors?
Salsila
Story
Tarasul
Pangalay

2. Before our Region was called BARMM, what was it called before?
ARM
ARMM
BARM
BARMMM

3. How many Provinces are there in our region (BARMM)?

7
4
6
5

4. They are the Leader in the provinces of our region in our ancestors’ time.
Mayor
Sultan
Datu
Rajah

5. What do you call our own version of Poem?

Salsila
Story
Tarasul
Pangalay

31
 Sulu College of Technology, Inc.
Formerly: Sulu Tong Jin School
Moore Avenue, Alat Street, Jolo, Sulu. Philippines
E-mail: [email protected]
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

21st CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD

Self-Learning Module

Preliminaries

Module 1.4 – Study and appreciation of literary texts from the different regions
written in different genres.
Literary Works form different regions of the Philippines
a. Creative Presentation of a Play
b. Legend of Batangas (Luzon)
c. Myth from Western Visayas
d. Folktale from BARMM (Mindanao)

Module Overview

In this part of the module you are going to learn the diversity and versatility of
our Country, from the past up until now.
You are about to learn and know different stories from different parts of our
own Motherland.

Learning Competencies

At the end of this module, you are expected to:

1. identify examples of literature from different regions of the Philippines;

2. explain excerpt read from any regions in the Philippines;
3. perform a presentation out of the literary texts read;
4. Produce a creative representation of a literary text by applying multimedia and
ICT skills.

Instructional Materials

Chua, Rina Garcia, 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World, DIWA
Learning Systems, Inc., Philippines, pg. 69 – 80, Lacia, Ferdilyn C., Libunao, Lydia L.,
Fabella, Mark G., Buhain, Vivian I., The Literatures of the Philippines, REX Book Store,
Manila, Philippines, pg. 43, 72 – 73, 184.

32
 Pre-Assessment

Before proceeding, you are needed to complete this pre-assessment to activate your
prior learning regarding the topic ahead. Just write your best answer on the line
provided before each number.

___1. What do you call a building or a stage that is used for role playing or dramatic
performances?
a. Theater
b. Theatre
c. Bookstore
d. Library
___2. When you are acting based on a sequence, roles, and scripts from a story.
a. Drama
b. Acting
c. Role-Playing
d. Dancing
___3. Who is the one that is directing the role play?
a. Leader
b. Actors/Actresses
c. Cameraman
d. Props man
___4. During a performance, what do you need to memorize/remember to be able to
perform best?
a. Notes
b. Lyrics
c. Script
d. Lecture
___5. During a performance, what do you need to look like it is really the scene from
the story?
a. Nothing
b. Props
c. Camera
d. Notes

33
 Introduction
Good day, you are now at the first part of this module. Your first task
is to just answer the question asked.

Motivation
In this part, you just look at the picture and analyze what you need to add
to the scene and answer the question asked.

Hi, I’m from

Hello, I’m from Visayas
Luzon

Hello, and I’m

from Mindanao

Because they’re from different parts of our country, what stories do you think they can
share to each other?

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

WOW! Nice Work…

Linking Statement

At the end of this module, you will be more aware of the stories
from different parts/regions of our country, and not just that. You
will also be learning the Creative Presentation of a Play, that is
based on some proper steps to achieve or attain best result in
presenting. 34
 Interaction

Next on this module is what you are waiting for, the stories from
different places in our Country and the Creative Presentation of a Play.
Read and understand them carefully for you to be able to finish the
upcoming tasks/activities.

Reading Materials/Concept Notes

The following stories are examples of literary works found in the different regions of the
Philippines
(Ang Alamat ng Batangas – Region IV-A/Luzon, Tungkung Langit and Alunsina – Region
VI/Visayas, and Pilandok’s Tale – BARMM, Mindanao)

Ang Alamat ng Batangas

Napakaganda po noon sa bayan ng Batangas. Maraming mga malalaking puno ng
kahoy, mga magagandang halaman, mga bunga ng punongkahoy at gulayin. Mayroon daw
po noong mga Kastilang dumating sa bayan ng Batangas. Tuwang-tuwa sila sapagkat
napakaganda sa pulong iyon at pinangalanan nila ang bayan na yaon na Komintan dahil sa
magandang malaparaisong lugar na iyon. Dahil sa ang mga Kastila ay gustong manakop at
makaimpluwensiya, marami po silang naakit. Marami po silang napapag-Katoliko at
naturuang sumamba sa mga santo at isa na rito ang tinatawag nilang Santo Ninyo.
Nagtagal po ang mga Kastila roon at noong sila ay papaalis na, sumakay na sila sa kanilang
barko ngunit may malakas na unos o bagyong dumating kung kaya nanatili sila. Sa tuwing
aalis sila, dumarating itong malakas na unos. Nagadasal sila at umawit ng pagpupuri.
Kumalma nang konti ang hangin. Nagpatuloy sila sa pag-alis at biglang hinampas ang
barkong sinasakyan nila. Doon ay nawasak ang kanilang sasakyan at marami sa kanila ay
namatay. Isang araw sa tabi ng bayan ng Batangas, may isang batangan o batang na kung
liliwanagin ay troso at nakasakay doon ang isang Santo Ninyo. Kinuha nila ito maging yung
sinakyan nitong batangan o troso. At mula sa salitang batangan ipinangalan nila ito sa
Batangas

35
 Tungkung Langit and Alunsina
(Panay-Visayan MYTH)

One of the stories about the creation of the world, which the old people of Panay,
especially those living near the mountains, do not tire relating, tells that in the beginning
there was no sky or earth – only a bottomless deep and a world of mist. Everything was
shapeless and formless – the earth, the sky, the sea, and the air were almost mixed up. In
a word, there was confusion.

Then from the depth of this formless void, there appeared two gods, Tungkung Langit
(Pillar of the Sky) and Alunsina (The Unmarried One). Just where these two deities came
from, it was not known. However, it was related that Tungkung Langit had fallen in love
with Alunsina; and after so many years of courtship, they got married and had their abode
in the highest realm of the ethereal space, where the water was constantly warm and the
breeze was forever cool. It was in this place where order and regularity first tool place.

Tungkung Langit was an industrious, loving, and kind god whose chief concern was how
to impose order over the whole confused set-up of things. He assumed responsibility for
the regular cosmic movement. On the other hand, Alunsina was a lazy, jealous, and selfish
goddess whose only work was sit by the window of their heavenly home and amuse
herself with her pointless thoughts. Sometimes she would go down the house, sit down
by the pool near their doorsteps, and comb her long, jet-black hair all day long.

One day, Tungkung Langit told his wife that he would be away from home form sometime
to put an end to the chaotic disturbances in the flow of time and in the position of things.
However despite this purpose Alunsina sent the breeze to spy on Tungkung Langit, this
made the latter very angry upon knowing about it. Immediately, after his return from his
trip, he called this act to her attention, saying that it was ungodly to her to be jealous,
there being no other creature living in the world except the two of them. This reproach as
resented by Alunsina and a quarrel between them followed.

Tungkung Langit lost his temper. In his rage, he divested his wife of powers and drove her
away. He did not know where Alunsina went; she merely disappeared. Several days after
Alunsina had left, Tungkung Langit felt very lonely. He realized what he had done.
Somehow, it was too late even to be sorry about the whole matter. The whole place, once
vibrant with Alunsina’s sweet voice, suddenly became cold and desolate. In the morning
when he woke up, he would find himself alone; and in the afternoon when he came home,
he would feel the same loneliness creeping deep in his heart because there was no one to
meet him at the doorstep or soothe the aching muscles of his arms. For months, Tungkung
Langit lived in utter desolation. He could not find Alunsina, try hard as he would. And so,
in desperation, he decided to do something in order to forget his sorrows. For months and
months he thought. His mind seemed pointless; his heart weary and sick. But he must do
something about his lonely world. One day, while he was sailing across the regions of the
clouds, a thought came to him. He would make the sea and the earth, and the earth and
36
the sea suddenly appeared. However, the sober sight of the sea and the barren land
irritated him. So he came down to earth and planted the ground with trees and flowers.
Then he took his wife’s treasured jewels and scattered them in the sky, hoping that when
Alunsina would see them she might be induced to return home. Despite all this Alunsina
did not came back.

Up to this time, the old folks say Tungkung Langit lives alone in his palace in the skies.
Sometimes he would cry out his pent-up emotions and his tears would fall down upon the
earth. The people in Panay today say that the rain is Tungkung Langit’s tears. Incidentally,
when it thunders hard, the old folks also say that it is Tungkung Langit sobbing, calling for
his beloved Alunsina to come back entreating her so hard that his voice reverberates
across the fields and countryside.

37
 Pilandok’s Tale

A favorite character of the Maranaw tales is Pilandok. He is the Juan Tamad in the tales of
Maranaw, Juan Pusong or Juan Osong is to the Christian communities in Luzon and the
Viasayas. There are several stories about him. In Tausug he is known as Pusung. Some
portray him as bungling, bumbling, dimwit; others as a brave hero. Here is one popular
story about him.

Pilandok was once sentenced by the ruling sultan to be placed in a cage and thrown into
the sea. By some luck, he was able to escape from his undersea prison. Swimming ashore,
he went home, changed his wet clothe, and presented himself to the sultan dressed as a
rajah.

“What? You’re still alive?” exclaimed the sultan. “How did you manage to get out of the
cage?”

Pilandok smiled and answered: “I have come to thank you, O sultan, for throwing me into
the sea. When my cage touched the bottom, I saw my rich ancestors who were only too
happy to see me. They opened my cage and took me to their undersea kingdom. My
tongue cannot describe the treasures that I saw, precious stones, gold, and silver! And I
would have them if I stayed. Thinking of my family here, I asked permission to see them
for the last time before going back to live permanently in that undersea kingdom, I have
to return at once. Goodbye then, my relatives are waiting for me!”

“Wait,” said the sultan, very much interested in Pilandok’s story, “Take me with you. I
would like to see my rich ancestors too. Surely you will not begrudge me this favor.”

Pilandok thought it over for a moment. “No my Lord, I cannot do that,” he replied “We
cannot go together. You will have to go alone in your cage.”

“Then put me in one” begged the greedy sultan, “and drop me into the sea.”

“It is not that I am selfish, but who will take care of your kingdom while you are away?”
Pilandok asked.

“Suppose you stay in my place and rule the kingdom during my absence,” said the sultan
“It will be only for a short time anyway. When I come back, you may return to your
ancestors. Just help me prepare for the journey.”

Pilandok thought again. Then he reluctantly consented to the sultan’s plans, cautioning
the latter not to reveal their secret to anyone. The sultan called all his followers soon after
and announced to them that he was appointing Pilandok to be the sultan in his absence.
Everyone was to obey every command of the new ruler.

38
Pilandok then ordered that a heavy iron cage be made. When it was ready he placed the
sultan in it and, loading it in a boat, dropped into the bottom of the sea. Of course, the
sultan never came back, Pilandok remained a sultan.

Creative Presentation of a PLAY

1. Find a Play. Go through your library, old school books, or even the
internet to look for a play that you may like to stage.
For an amateur play, you may stage one-act plays that
will be easy to manage and execute. One-act plays are
play that only involves 1 setting, ex: in a classroom,
bedroom, or any room.
2. Find a group who Find a group of at least 10 of your classmates who are
you want to work willing to work with you. Make sure that they have
with. their own expertise that they can bring to help you
stage you play: acting, lighting, preparing, and making
props, taking charge of the sound system, and
directing.
3. Assign specific Make sure to not over-assign or under-assign tasks;
tasks to each of assign them to those you think are the best in that
your group mates. particular task. As for you, you may be the director if
you wish or the leader who will oversee all the
proceedings of the production.
4. Make a timeline If your teacher gives you 1 – 2 week time to prepare,
of what you wish to then draw or write a timeline of what you want to
accomplish accomplish every day. For example, in the first three
days you have your round-table reading of the final
script, and for the next four days your team starts
making props. And lastly, in the final week you focus on
rehearsals/practice acting with our dresses or
costumes being used to be comfortable with it in the
final performance.
5. Stick to your plan. If in case something goes wrong with your plan, always
have a backup plan or a plan B. The key to a successful
presentation is to always be ready for anything that
may happen.
6. Finally, enjoy the It is also recommended that you give your audience an
presentation! evaluation sheet, so that you know what you can
improve on for the next presentation. You may
research an example of an evaluation sheet on the
Internet. After your presentation, discuss the
comments in the evaluation sheets with the rest of
your team/group as a post-evaluation step of the
presentation.
39
 Philippine theatre has evolved in many
ways in the face of modernization, but it
always goes back to what Filipinos want:
fun, music, dance, and contemporary
issues that we all can relate to.
Exercises and Drills
Welcome to the Exercises and Drills part. We prepared the
activity ahead for you to fully understand the module. So,
Activity
read carefully and understand what you need to do.

Instruction: Fill out the table with the characters you can find in each of the story in you
reading materials.

Literary Works from the different regions

Tungkung Langit and Pilandok’s Tale
Ang Alamat ng Batangas
ALunsina

Processing Questions:
1. What is the difference of the characters when it comes to characteristics?
2. What do you think is common/same in the characters from different stories?
3. Do you feel inpired after reading the story?

40
 Integration

Reflection Guide

You have learned that we Tausugs are not just brave but wise and
cunning too, we all heard stories that our ancestors are all brave and
strong, but have you ever thought that we own a large part of this
nation?
We Tausugs were once ruler to this very own Country, as a
reminder we should be grateful and embrace our own characteristics
and let it be a guide to our future and let the other race know that we
are Proud to be Tausug.

Reflective Question:

1. How do you think this and other salsilas will reflect to the younger generations of Tausu

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

2. How much do you believe in this salsila, explain your thoughts?

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

3. What is the conquest all about?

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

41
 Post Assessment

Good Job, you are now at the last part of this module, you just need to thoroughly
finish answering the following questions and your all done for this one. Just choose
your best answer by putting a box in it

1. Who is the one that is directing the role play?

a. Leader
b. Actors/Actresses
c. Cameraman
d. Props man
2. During a performance, what do you need to look like it is really the scene from the
story?
a. Nothing
b. Props
c. Camera
d. Notes
3. What do you call a building or a stage that is used for role playing or dramatic
performances?
a. Theater
b. Theatre
c. Bookstore
d. Library
4. During a performance, what do you need to memorize/remember to be able to
perform best?
e. Notes
f. Lyrics
g. Script
h. Lecture
5. When you are acting based on a sequence, roles, and scripts from a story.
a. Drama
b. Acting
c. Role-Playing
d. Dancing

42
 Sulu College of Technology, Inc.
Formerly: Sulu Tong Jin School
Moore Avenue, Alat Street, Jolo, Sulu. Philippines
E-mail: [email protected]
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

21st CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD

Self-Learning Module

Preliminaries

Module 1.5 – Major Genres (Poetry and Hyper-poetry)

Contemporary Literary Forms
a. Poetry
b. Close Reading of Filipino Poetry

Module Overview

In this module, you will learn that filipino poetry is unique in its own
composition. Despite having been colonized for hundreds of years by different
countries, the Philippines has set itself apart with its own unique brand of poetry
that may tackle themes ranging from love, to isolation, racial prejudice, one’s close
relationship with god, natural disaster and so much more.
There are ways to interpret poetry such as discussing different element that
are present.these element includes words of choice, form, and imagery.
Aside from that you will also learn the figures of speech because accordingly
much of the suggestive power of words comes from figures of speech. They are
essential part pf poet’s craft especially if stated in his original, fresh, and subtle
way.
Learning Competencies

At the end of this module, you are expected to:

1. Analyze the figures of speech and other techniques and devices in the text;
2. Do self- and/or peer-assessment of the creative adaptation of a literary text,
based on rationalized criteria, prior to presentation;
3. Write and understand a piece of poetry.

Instructional Materials

Chua, Rina Garcia, 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World, DIWA
Learning Systems, Inc., Philippines, pg. 3 – 13,
http://www.familyfriendpoems.com/poems/famous/inspirational

43
 Pre-Assessment

Before going any further, you should answer first this pre-assessment section to
gauge your prior knowledge on understanding short poem and figures of speech.
Choose the best answer from the options provided in each number. Write your
answer on the space provided before the number.

____ 1. You are the wind beneath my wings.

a. Simile b. Metaphor c. Hyperbole d. Personification

____ 2. Good books are food and drink to an avid reader.

a. Simile b. Metaphor c. Hyperbole d. Personification

____ 3. Read the short poem, written by Robert Herrick and answer the question
that follows:

Here a pretty baby lies

sung asleep with lullabies
pray be silent and not stir
they say earth that covers her

◼ putting the first three line together, the reader understands the speaker to be
describing the

a. sleeping baby c. Baby shaken to death

b. death of a baby d. buried baby

____ 4. What is a composition in verse?

a. Verse b. Poem c. Lyrics d. Story

____ 5. What do you call the parts/ingredients of Poem that is necessary for it to be
called a poem?

a. Lyrics b. Verses c. Lines d. Elements

44
 Introduction
Good day, you are now at the first part of this module.
Your first task is to just answer the question asked.

Motivation
In this part, you are just going to read the poem below and feel motivated
despite the struggles and challenges in life. And answer the simple
question ahead.

Still I Rise
By Maya Angelou

You may write me down in history

With your bitter, twisted lies,

You may tread me in the very dirt

But still, like dust, I’ll rise.

➢ Express your feelings regarding the poem you have read.

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Nicely Done…

Linking Statement

At the end of this module, it will be easy for you to comprehend and
understand every single poem that you will encounter or find in the
future. Not just that, it will also be easy for you to make your own poem,
that will be more likely beautiful and meaningful to your future readers

45
 Interaction

Next on this module is what you are waiting for, you will be able to
define what poetry is and its elements, also the figures of speech.

Reading Materials/Concept Notes

Poetry
Poems are literally attempting to share personal experiences and feelings. Since
literature, in general, is all about significant experiences. Poetry is probably the most
sophisticated of all literary genres. Your Filipino ancestors, through oral tradition,
shared epics, proverbs, riddles, and folksongs in poetic form – with a specific formal
scheme which they strictly followed.

The following elements of poetry will help a reader understand a poem:

1. Senses and Images are used by writer to describe their impressions of their topic or
object of writing. The writer uses carefully chosen and phrased words to create an
imagery that the reader can see through his or her senses. The kinds of sense
impressions in poetry are categorized in mainly the following:
a. Visual imagery – what the writer wants you to see;
b. Olfactory imagery – what the writer wants you to smell;
c. Gustatory imagery – what the writer wants you to taste;
d. Tactile imagery – what the writer wants you to feel;
e. Auditory imagery – what the writer wants you to hear,
2. Diction is another important element in Filipino Poetry. In fact, Filipino writers are very
careful of the way they write and the words they use to form their poems. Diction is
the denotative and connotative meaning of the words in a sentence, phrase,
paragraph, or poem.
3. Rhyme Scheme is the way the author arranges words, meters, lines and stanzas to
create a coherent sound when the poem is read out loud.
4. Figures of Speech. Much of the suggestive power of words comes from figure of speech.
They are essential part of the poet’s craft.

46
 Types of Figure of Speech Examples
Simile is a directly expressed • Serenity of mind poises like a gull
comparison between two dissimilar swinging in the air.
objects means of the words like as or • He watches from his mountain
as if. wall; like a gull swinging in air and
like a thunderbolt he falls.
Metaphor- suggest comparison
without the use of like and as. • When I saw her smile, a stone
rolled away from my heart.
• The road was a ribbon of
moonlight
Personification gives an inanimate • At last the wind sighed itself to
object or an abstract idea a human sleep.
attribute or considers it a live being. • Break, break, break / On thy cold,
gray stones, / O sea!
Hyperbole is the exaggeration for • Morning, noon, and night her
effect and not to deceive or to be tongue was incessantly doing.
taken literally. • My backpack weighs a ton!
Irony is the method of humorous • It was very kind of you to remind
subtly sarcastic expression in which me of my humiliation.
the intended meaning of the words is • The doctor is as kind hearted as a
direct opposite of what is meant. wolf.
3 types of irony: Verbal, Situational, • I posted a video on YouTube
and Dramatic about how boring and useless
YouTube is.
Symbolism – a person, place, thing, or • The dove is a symbol of peace.
action that stands for something else. • Black is a symbol that represents
evil or death
Idiom is a cultural expression that • Butas ang Bulsa is someone with
cannot be taken literally. no cash but literally means “hole
in the pocket.”
• Makati ang paa translate to
“itchy feet,” describing someone
going places.

47
Close Reading of Filipino Poetry

The concept of organic unity was established by the New Criticism school of thought.
It says that all the interdependent parts of a literary selection must add up to create one
whole. To understand the organic unity of a poem, you must use the process of Close
Reading. Close reading is a way for you to analyze a poem by carefully reading and
rereading a text until you found its interpretation. When you close read you must find the
context of the poem—when it was written, the setting in which it was written, the reason
why it was written—for you to better understand its idea.

Exercises and Drills

Welcome to the Exercises and Drills part. We prepared the

activity ahead for you to fully understand the module. So, Activity
read carefully and understand what you need to do.

Instruction: Given the examples of elements and figures of speech , you need to compose
you own short poem.

Figures of Speech Examples

She sells seashells.
Walter wondered where Winnie
Alliteration is the repetition of the was.
beginning sounds of neighboring Blue baby bonnets bobbed
words. through the bayou.
Nick needed new notebooks.
Fred fried frogs’ legs on Friday.
I came, I saw, I conquered. – Julius
Caesar
Mad world! Mad kings! Mad
Anaphora is a technique where
composition! – King John II,
several phrases or verses begins with
William Shakespeare
the same word or words.
With malice toward none; with
charity for all; with firmness in the
right. – Abraham Lincoln.
Heart of stone
Time is money
Metaphor makes a comparison
The world is a stage
between two unlike things or idea
She’s a night owl
He’s an a ogre
48
 Title of your Poem: ______________

By: ______________________

_____________________________________

_____________________________________

_____________________________________

_____________________________________

Processing Questions:
1. Is it really hard to write or compose your own poem?
2. What does it make a poet to compose such beautiful and meaningful poems?
3. After composing your own poem what would you feel?

49
 Integration

Reflection Guide

Poetry is yet a diverse and somewhat tricky Genre of Literature, but if you have
understood yourself it will be easy for you to make your own poem that is uniquely
made based on your characteristics.

It is a Genre of Literature that is simple yet sophisticated, you need to be more

flexible so you will easily find to make your own statement in it.

Reflective Question:

1. How do you find Poetry in our daily life as Filipinos?

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

2. What element of Poetry did help you in composing your own Poem?

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

3. Was it fulfilling when you have made your own poem?

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

50
 Post Assessment

Good Job, you are now at the last part of this module, you just need to thoroughly
finish answering the following questions and your all done for this one. Just choose
your best answer by putting a box in it

1. What is a composition in verse?

a. Verse b. Poem c. Lyrics d. Story

2. Good books are food and drink to an avid reader.

a. Simile b. Metaphor c. Hyperbole d. Personification

3. What do you call the parts/ingredients of Poem that is necessary for it to be called
a poem?

a. Lyrics b. Verses c. Lines d. Elements

4. You are the wind beneath my wings.

a. Simile b. Metaphor c. Hyperbole d. Personifica

5. Read the short poem, written by Robert Herrick and answer the question that
follows:

Here a pretty baby lies

sung asleep with lullabies
pray be silent and not stir
they say earth that covers her

◼ putting the first three line together, the reader understands the speaker to be
describing the

a. sleeping baby c. Baby shaken to death

b. death of a baby d. buried baby

e.

51
 Sulu College of Technology, Inc.
Formerly: Sulu Tong Jin School
Moore Avenue, Alat Street, Jolo, Sulu. Philippines
E-mail: [email protected]
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

21st CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD

Self-Learning Module

Preliminaries

Module 1.6 – Major Genres (Fiction and Creative Non-Fiction)

1. Contemporary Literary Forms
a. The Landscape of Philippine Fiction
b. Archipelagic Nonfiction
c. Essay and Modern Essay

Module Overview
In this module, you will be learning Philippine Fiction, and Creative Nonfiction,
what differences they have? What are their advantages and disadvantages?
In short, you will be diving into a diverse genre and biggest genre of literature

Learning Competencies

At the end of this module, you are expected to:

1. explain the literary, biographical, linguistic, and sociocultural contexts;
2. discuss how they enhance the text’s meaning and enrich the reader’s
understanding;
3. define fiction and nonfiction;
4. Infer literary meaning from literal language based on usage.

Instructional Materials

Mendez, Jr., Mario “Em” L., DIWA Learning Systems, Inc., DIWA Senior High Series:
Contemporary Philippine Arts from the Regions, pg. 43 – 52, Kahayon, Alicia H.,
Philippine Literature through the Years, Philippines Copyright, 2000, pg. 22 – 23.
Chua, Rina Garcia, 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World, DIWA
Learning Systems, Inc., Philippines, pg. 29 – 31, 82 – 83, 92 – 93, Lacia, Ferdilyn C.,
Libunao, Lydia L., Fabella, Mark G., Buhain, Vivian I., The Literatures of the Philippines,
REX Book Store, Manila, Philippines, pg. xxii – xxv.

52
 Pre-Assessment

Before going any further, you should answer first this pre-assessment section to
gauge your prior knowledge on Fiction and Nonfiction. just choose your best answer
and write it on the space provided before each number.

_____1. What do you call a story which is entirely made-up or is not based on true
happenings or events?

a. Nonfiction b. Fiction c. Drama d. Story

_____2. What do you call a story that is based on true happenings/events?

a. Nonfiction b. Fiction c. Drama d. Story

_____3. A fiction that is made for role playing or is only short.

a. Short Story b. Long Story c. Story d. Essay

_____4. When you’re are asked to write and express your true feelings or thoughts,
what is it called?

a. Short Story b. Long Story c. Story d. Essay

_____5. When you’re are adding comment or saying something about someone
else’s work/idea.

a. Literary Criticism b. Criticism c. Checking d. Commenting

53
 Introduction
Good day, you are now at the first part of this module.
Your first task is to just answer the question asked.

Motivation
In this part, you are going to choose from fiction and nonfictions based on
the table below, and answer the corresponding question.

FICTION NONFICTION
Short Stories Essay
Novels News
Wattpad Stories Documentaries
TV Shows (Dramas, Fantasies, Action) Movies that are based on true Events
Movies True Stories

➢ Based from the table above choose a side and explain why you chose it? Example
you chose the side of fiction, the question is, WHY?

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Good Work!
Linking Statement

At the end of this module, you will be familiar with the differences of
fiction and nonfiction, and what is the importance of each of them in
your daily life.

54
 Interaction

Next on this module is the details to the topic that we are tackling,
and the notes that will lighten up your thoughts and give you
knowledge about Fiction and Nonfiction

Reading Materials/Concept Notes

The Landscape of Philippine Fiction

If there is one thing Filipinos love, it is good dramatic story. Filipinos can easily find
themselves in one of the characters they whom they watch on TV: the optimistic little girl
who is tormented by evil relatives; the poor rich girl who has everything but can never be
as optimistic as the poor protagonist; and even the antagonist who has a vendetta against
everyone but gets the wittiest lines in the TV show. Aside from this, Filipinos also relate
the situations in the story to a certain part of their lives, such as the longing for a lost
parent or child, the death of a relative, or dramatic love story that is against the world.
One of the most popular telenovelas in the Philippines is Mara Clara. Did you watch this
telenovela? Did you like the story? No matter how much Filipinos see themselves and their
situations in popular TV shows, the fact remains that these are all products of fiction. A
FICTION is a story that is entirely made up and is not true. At times, fiction may resemble
reality, but it is purely circumstantial. In the Philippine literature, there are many stories
that have shaped the way Filipinos read and view their surroundings. A good example is
Jose Rizal’s books, Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo. Another good example of fiction
is the Short Stories.

Short Stories

A short story is a work of fiction that is usually written in narrative format. Fiction
refers to novels and stories that describe imaginary people and events. The important
elements of a short story are:

1. Setting – the time and location in which a story takes place. For some stories, the
setting is very important, while for other stories, it is not.
2. Plot – the sequence of the events in a story or play.

55
3. Conflict – essential to plot; without conflict there is no plot. It is the opposition of
forces which ties one incident to another and makes the plot move. Conflict is not
merely limited to open arguments; rather, it is any form of opposition that the
character faces.
4. Character – may refer to the person in a work of fiction or the characteristics of a
person.
5. Theme – the central idea or insight that comments on human condition; a truth in life
which is the heart of the story. The theme is usually implied rather than stated, for
example, good vs. evil

Plot Structure of Fiction

56
 Archipelagic Nonfiction
One of the most popular genres of literature in the Philippines has always been essay
also known as creative nonfiction. The essay is often defined as a short piece of writing on
a particular subject. Sometimes, it is also defined as an account of historical, personal and
academic events. However, the definition of an essay is sometimes seen as a literary genre
that is of lesser form than poetry and fiction.
What then is essay for you? Have you ever written an essay for school? Was it difficult to
write or was it easy for you to accomplish? An essay can take many forms, but there is one
main requirement: the voice of the writer must ring clear, true and fine all throughout the
written work. So basically, you need to write based on your true feelings.

The Modern Essay

What is the modern essay of Filipinos? What do you read nowadays, and what does it
say to you? The modern essay of Filipinos has become more experimental—it would
usually take on an informal form. Some are brave enough to tackle sensitive issues and
some are also bold enough to call out and criticize Filipino culture.

Functions of Literary Criticism

There are many functions of literary criticism, and they vary depending on the text
itself or the context where it is being perform. Literary criticism may be the simple review
of books that you often read online or in local newspapers, or a systematic theoretical
discussion of a story’s impact on society. Criticism in everyday newspapers may also
summarize the worth of a book, or support or deconstruct a publisher’s claim about a
given book. Another function of literary criticism is to reevaluate any given text, literary
criticism may also be used to invoke discussions, reassess society, and redefine culture
based on a literary text.

The creative nonfiction or essay is all about

life. When you read an essay, you read the
thoughts, feelings, and experiences of a
writer about an important time in his or her
life. Thus, you also connect with the writer
and his or her experiences and may get
insights on how to handle your own current
situation.

57
 Exercises and Drills

Welcome to the Exercises and Drills part. We prepared the

activity ahead for you to fully understand the module. So, read Activity
carefully and understand what you need to do.

Instruction: In this part you’re going to identify the TITLES from the left side of the table
and put your answer on the right side of the table. Whether it is FICTION or NONFICTION.

TITLES FICTION or NONFICTION

Ang Probinsyano
Magpakailanman
Development of Earth
Encantadia
History of the Philippines
24 oras
TV Patrol
(MMK) Ma ala-ala Mo Kaya
9/11 twin bombing
One Piece

Processing Questions:
1. How can you easily identify a Fiction from Nonfiction?
2. How does it make a Fictitious strory to be more interesting?
3. What does it make for an Essay to capture the attention of the reader?

58
 Integration

Reflection Guide

After the long reading, did you learn that Fiction has no limit in its
characters? And that Nonfiction is somewhat diverse when it comes to
expressing one’s feelings to his/her readers. Just like posting real
thoughts on Facebook. How can you hook as many reactors/likers as
possible?
This kind of question should always be remembered whenever
beginning to write/post your real thoughts.
Going back to Fiction, what is your aim before beginning a fictitious
story? Keep that in mind. How will you maintain your readers’ attention
in your stories?

Reflective Question:
1. In the end, which did you like most? Fiction or Nonfiction?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

2. How can you tell a Fictitious story from a Real Story?

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

3. What do you think can be easily reenacted or used as a subject for role playing?
Fiction or Nonfiction? Explain you answer.

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
59
 Post Assessment

Good Job, you are now at the last part of this module, you just need to thoroughly
finish answering the following questions and your all done for this one. Just choose
your best answer by underlining it.

1. A fiction that is made for role playing or is only short.

a. Short Story b. Long Story c. Story d. Essay

2. When you’re are adding comment or saying something about someone else’s
work/idea.

a. Literary Criticism b. Criticism c. Checking d. Commenting

3. What do you call a story which is entirely made-up or is not based on true
happenings or events?

a. Nonfiction b. Fiction c. Drama d. Story

4. When you’re are asked to write and express your true feelings or thoughts, what is
it called?

b. Short Story b. Long Story c. Story d. Essay

5. What do you call a story that is based on true happenings/events?

a. Nonfiction b. Fiction c. Drama d. Story

f.

60
 Sulu College of Technology, Inc.
Formerly: Sulu Tong Jin School
Moore Avenue, Alat Street, Jolo, Sulu. Philippines
E-mail: [email protected]
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

21st CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD

Self-Learning Module

Preliminaries

Module 1.7 – 21st Century Major Literary Genres

a. Hyper-poetry; b. blogs; c. Textula; d. Chick lit.

Module Overview

In this module, you will be learning the 21st Century Major Literary Genres. I’m
sure this will be easy for most of you because it is basically from the current
technology we are in, or we are using, like smartphones, laptops, other gadgets.

Come to think of it, you can make literature the old passioned way or the new
generation way.

Learning Competencies

At the end of this module, you are expected to:

1. identify the varied 21st century literary genres;
2. explain the similarities and differences of varied 21st literary genres;
3. appreciate the 21st century literary genres by composing flash fiction, spoken
poetry and by watching a film on women empowerment; and
4. write a close analysis of a text focusing primarily on its genre.

Instructional Materials

Mata E.L & et al (2016), 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World
for Senior High School, MUTYA Publishing House, Inc., pg. 60, 51, 149 – 150, 43.
http://www.kirkwood.edu/site/index.php?p=27725,
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chick_lit.

61
 Pre-Assessment

Before going any further, you should answer first this pre-assessment section to
gauge your prior knowledge on 21st Century Major Genres. just choose your best
answer and write it on the space provided before each number.

_____1. What is the Genre of Fiction which focuses on Female Main Character?

a. Hyper Poetry b. Textula c. Chick Lit d. Blogs

_____2. What is a form of digital poetry that uses links using hypertext mark-up.

a. Hyper Poetry b. Textula c. Chick Lit d. Blogs

_____3. traces its origins to the traditional Tagalog form of poetry called tanaga,
which consists of four lines with 7 syllables each.

a. Hyper Poetry b. Textula c. Chick Lit d. Blogs

_____4. What is the shortened version of the term “web log.” It refers to a regularly
updated journal on the internet.

a. Hyper Poetry b. Textula c. Chick Lit d. Blogs

_____5. is also called as well as other names, has many definitions

and, like hyperfiction, is difficult to categorize.

a. Literary Criticism b. Hyper Poetry

c. Digital Poetry d. Cyber Poetry

62
 Introduction
Good day, you are now at the first part of this module.
Your first task is to just answer the question asked.

Motivation
In this part, you are going understand the meaning of all 21st Century
Major Genres, and choose one from it as the one that you like most.

21st century Major Genres Meaning

A poetry made in a computer or can be
Hyper-Poetry
found in the internet.
A form of poetry that is like tanaga which
Textula
consists of four lines with 7 syllables each.
A genre of fiction that focuses on female
Chick Literature
main characters.
The ones who makes this kind of literature
Blog are called bloggers/vloggers, or content
creators.

➢ Based on the table above which of the four 21st Century Major Genres do you like
most and why?

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Nicely Done!
Linking Statement

At the end of this module, you are able to identify Major Genres of
Literature in your generation. And also, you can make one from each of
it if you wish to or like to.

63
 Interaction

Next stop is the so-called concept notes or the LECTURE, in here you
can find the definition of the 21st Century Major Genres. And
furthermore, understand it.

Reading Materials/Concept Notes

HYPERPOETRY is a form of digital poetry that uses links using hypertext mark-up. It is a
very visual form, and is related to hypertext fiction and visual arts. It is usually found
online, though CD-ROM and diskette versions exist. The earliest examples date to no later
than the mid-1980s. This genre, is also called cyberpoetry as well as other names, has
many definitions and, like hyperfiction, is difficult to categorize. Much poetry on the web
is basically just traditional work uploaded.

BLOG is the shortened version of the term “web log.” It refers to a regularly updated
journal on the internet. The term is said to have come from the words “weblog” coined
by John Barger in 1997, and the word “blogger” was later created in reference to the
person with a blog. A popular social media site, Twitter, falls under the category of
microblogs which allow a limited number of words for every message posted and so as
other social-medias.

TEXTULA traces its origins to the traditional Tagalog form of poetry called tanaga, which
consists of four lines with 7 syllables each. The tanaga may vary in terms of rhyme scheme:
the basic or AAAA rhyme scheme; the enclosed or ABBA rhyme shceme (known as inipit
in Filipino); the alternate or ABAB rhyme scheme (known as salitan in Filipino); and the
AABB rhyme shceme (also known as sunuran in Filipino). An early example of this poetic
form is attributed to the friars Juan de Noceda and Pedro de Sanlucar shown below in its
modern Tagalog version

“Katitibay ka Tulos
Sakaling datnang agos!
Ako’y mumunting lumot
Sa iyo’y pupulupot.”
CHICK LIT or Chick Literature is a genre of fiction, which "consists of heroin-centered
narratives that focus on the trials and tribulations of their individual protagonists". The
genre often addresses issues of modern womanhood – from romantic relationships to
female friendships to matters in the workplace – in humorous and lighthearted ways. In
other word chick literature focuses of the female side of the story, or the story is generally
all about a girl—female—woman.
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 Exercises and Drills
Welcome to the Exercises and Drills part. We prepared the
activity ahead for you to fully understand the module. So, read
carefully and understand what you need to do.

Instruction: In this exercise you are going to site or give the similarities and differences of
21st Century Major Genres and Traditional Genres of Literature. Just give 3 for each Genre.

21st Century Major Traditional Genres

Similarities Differences
Genres of Literature of Literature
Hyper-Poetry is
It still has the
made in a
elements
computer

Hyper-Poetry Traditional Poetry

News
Blogs
Papers/Magazines

Tanaga or Other
Textula Traditional Poetry
similar to it

Chick Literature Any Other

Literatures that
solely focuses not
only on Female
Characters

Processing Questions:
1. How will you differentiate old ways from new ways?
2. Which of the ways do like most, the old ways or the new ways?
3. What does it make for millenials to easily cope up with old ways/traditions?

65
 Integration

Reflection Guide

In the end. You are bound to be a flexible student knowing the past
and the present, it will make you a better person remembering your
ancestors’/elders’ works.
This country is diverse because we Filipinos do not forget where we
came from, we still cherish the old times that our ancestors/elders taught
us. But, as a student you should be flexible and open to new ideas that the
time has brought us, for in this way we will stand firm and strong no
matter what comes in the near future.

Reflective Question:

1. Are you embracing new ideas that the technology has to offer, why or why not?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

2. Do you still remember the life lessons that your elders taught you?

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

3. Why is it important to embrace new ideas?

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

66
 Post Assessment

Good Job, you are now at the last part of this module, you just need to thoroughly
finish answering the following questions and your all done for this one. Just choose
your best answer by underlining it.

1. What is the Genre of Fiction which focuses on Female Main Character?

a. Hyper Poetry b. Textula c. Chick Lit d. Blogs

2. What is a form of digital poetry that uses links using hypertext mark-up.

a. Hyper Poetry b. Textula c. Chick Lit d. Blogs

3. traces its origins to the traditional Tagalog form of poetry called tanaga, which
consists of four lines with 7 syllables each.

a. Hyper Poetry b. Textula c. Chick Lit d. Blogs

4. What is the shortened version of the term “web log.” It refers to a regularly
updated journal on the internet.

a. Hyper Poetry b. Textula c. Chick Lit d. Blogs

5. is also called as well as other names, has many definitions and, like
hyperfiction, is difficult to categorize.

a. Literary Criticism b. Hyper Poetry

c. Digital Poetry d. Cyber Poetry

g.

67
 Sulu College of Technology, Inc.
Formerly: Sulu Tong Jin School
Moore Avenue, Alat Street, Jolo, Sulu. Philippines
E-mail: [email protected]
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

21st CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD

Self-Learning Module

Preliminaries

Module 1.8 – 21st Century Major Literary Genres

e. Speculative Fiction; f. Graphic Novel; g. Flash Fiction.

Module Overview

In this module, you will be continuing the learning of 21st Century Major
Literary Genres. This will be the last part of it.

In here, you can learn the how broad literature is, and you never know that
literature is a part of you ever since you knew it. So lastly, stick to it and bear with
us until the end.

Learning Competencies

At the end of this module, you are expected to:

1. understand literary meanings in context and the use of critical reading strategies;
2. produce a creative representation of a literary text by applying multimedia skills;
3. examine the relationship between text and context.

Instructional Materials

Mata E.L & et al (2016), 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World for
Senior High School, MUTYA Publishing House, Inc., pg. 94 – 95, 149 – 150, 43.

68
 Pre-Assessment

Before going any further, you should answer first this pre-assessment section to
gauge your prior knowledge on 21st Century Major Genres. just choose your best
answer and write it on the space provided before each number.

_____1. A movie or piece of written work that is based on science explanation, like
having super powers based on science.

a. Science Fiction (Sci-Fi) b. Speculative Fiction

c. Flash Fiction d. Comic Book/Graphic Novel
_____2. refers to any format that uses a combination of frames, words, and pictures
to convey meaning and tell a story, that is usually about superheroes.

a. Science Fiction (Sci-Fi) b. Speculative Fiction

c. Flash Fiction d. Comic Book/Graphic Novel
_____3. A broad category of fiction encompassing genres with certain elements that
don’t exist in the real world

a. Science Fiction (Sci-Fi) b. Speculative Fiction

c. Flash Fiction d. Comic Book/Graphic Novel
_____4. Usually when a comic book exceeds 50 pages and is bound in either soft or
hard cover it becomes a ____________.

a. Science Fiction (Sci-Fi) b. Speculative Fiction

c. Flash Fiction d. Graphic Novel

_____5 It goes by different names such as “short short-story,” “micro-fiction,” “micro-

narrative,” and “sudden fiction.”

a. Science Fiction (Sci-Fi) b. Speculative Fiction

c. Flash Fiction d. Comic Book/Graphic Novel

69
 Introduction
Good day, you are now at the first part of this module.
Your first task is to just answer the question asked.

Motivation
In this part, you are going understand the meaning of all 21st Century
Major Genres, and choose one from it as the one that you like most.

21st century Major Genres Meaning

Is a Broad category of fiction that includes
Speculative Fiction
what we like most to watch, Sci-Fi Movies
A comic book refers to any format that uses
a combination of frames, words, and
pictures to convey meaning and tell a story.
Comic Book/Graphic Novel
Usually when a comic book exceeds 50
pages and is bound in either soft or hard
cover it becomes a graphic novel.
It goes by different names such as “short
Flash Fiction short-story,” “micro-fiction,” “micro-
narrative,” and “sudden fiction.”

➢ Based on the table above which of the four 21st Century Major Genres do you like
most and why?

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Great!
Linking Statement

At the end of this module, you are able to identify Major Genres of
Literature in your generation. And also, you can make one from each of
it if you wish to or like to.

70
 Interaction

Next stop is the so-called concept notes or the LECTURE, in here you
can find the definition of the 21st Century Major Genres. And
furthermore, understand it.

Reading Materials/Concept Notes

SPECULATIVE FICTION is a broad category of fiction encompassing genres with certain

elements that don’t exist in the real world, often in the context of supernatural, futuristic
or other imaginative themes. These include, but are not limited to, science fiction, fantasy,
horror, superhero fiction, alternate history, utopian and dystopian fiction, and
supernatural fiction, as well as combinations thereof (e.g. science fantasy). Speculative
fiction differs from other types of fiction such as slice of life and from non-fiction.

71
COMICBOOK/GRAPHIC NOVEL – When we think of comic books, superheroes come to
mind. We generally think of them as juvenile reading materials, and that they are read
only for entertainment. There is a misconception that comic books are only limited to
humorous stories or the fantastical adventures of superheroes with no real social or
literary value. The truth is, the comic book is just a diverse as any medium. Not all comic
is meant to be funny. In fact, there are several comic books which tackle serious themes.
While superheroes may be very common in the genre, there are numerous comic books
that are about ordinary people dealing with real life issues. Then what is a comic book? A
comic book refers to any format that uses a combination of frames, words, and pictures
to convey meaning and tell a story. Usually when a comic book exceeds 50 pages and is
bound in either soft or hard cover it becomes a graphic novel.

FLASH FICTION, as the term suggests, refers to a largely fictional work of relative brevity.
In terms of length, there seems to be some disagreement: some say that it should have
not more than 50 words while others say that it can have as many as a thousand words.
It goes by different names such as “short short-story,” “micro-fiction,” “micro-narrative,”
and “sudden fiction.”

In the Philippines, the genre has its equivalent – the dagli. Some scholars claim, however,
that the term dagli had already been around for decades even before the term flash fiction
became popular. As a matter of fact, examples of dagli appeared on a regular basis in
newspaper and magazines as early as the first few years of the American occupation of
the Philippines.

72
 Exercises and Drills
Welcome to the Exercises and Drills part. We prepared the
activity ahead for you to fully understand the module. So,
read carefully and understand what you need to do. Activity

Instruction: In this exercise you are going to site or name the movies you’ve watched or
the stories you read from books, that are under these genre.

SPECULATIVE FICTION
FANTASY SCIENCE FICTION
Fairy Tales Robots/Cyborg

Processing Questions:
1. How does watching movies helped you in your life?
2. Do you always watch newly released movies?
3. Do you prefer reading books?

73
 Integration

Reflection Guide

In the end. You are bound to be a flexible student knowing the past
and the present, it will make you a better person remembering your
ancestors’/elders’ works.
This country is diverse because we Filipinos do not forget where we
came from, we still cherish the old times that our ancestors/elders taught
us. But, as a student you should be flexible and open to new ideas that
the time has brought us, for in this way we will stand firm and strong no
matter what comes in the near future.

Reflective Question:

1. Do you like to watch new movies (21st Century Movies), why?

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

2. How does the movies now-a-days influence you?

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

3. How does reading story from books influence you?

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

74
 Post Assessment

Good Job, you are now at the last part of this module, you just need to thoroughly
finish answering the following questions and your all done. Just choose your best
answer by encircling it.

1. A movie or piece of written work that is based on science explanation, like having
super powers based on science.

a. Science Fiction (Sci-Fi) b. Speculative Fiction

c. Flash Fiction d. Comic Book/Graphic Novel
2. refers to any format that uses a combination of frames, words, and pictures to
convey meaning and tell a story, that is usually about superheroes.

a. Science Fiction (Sci-Fi) b. Speculative Fiction

c. Flash Fiction d. Comic Book/Graphic Novel
3. A broad category of fiction encompassing genres with certain elements that don’t
exist in the real world

a. Science Fiction (Sci-Fi) b. Speculative Fiction

c. Flash Fiction d. Comic Book/Graphic Novel
4. Usually when a comic book exceeds 50 pages and is bound in either soft or hard
cover it becomes a ____________.

a. Science Fiction (Sci-Fi) b. Speculative Fiction

c. Flash Fiction d. Graphic Novel

5. It goes by different names such as “short short-story,” “micro-fiction,” “micro-

narrative,” and “sudden fiction.”

a. Science Fiction (Sci-Fi) b. Speculative Fiction

c. Flash Fiction d. Comic Book/Graphic Novel

h.

75