Section 11 7

. : Maximum and Minimum

Values
 Relative min/max Absolute min/max
from Calc 1
vs .

Remember
.

Clocal) (global)

-%
M M2 A - - -

Mi

·
...

Ms
M2 ---
=
-
=

abs max
M ,
=
abs min .
, Mi = abs max
.
Mi =

Mi = ·

abs max and

Mz = M2 =
Mz
.

abs min local max

Mc
abs
=
local
·

max
Mz =
local min ; Ms = abs min
Ms
.

My =
My =
local max
local
My =
abs .
max; may xe-values ·
boundary points
y-value -- X-values

places where f'

o
at
=
-
occur :
MORAL OF THE STORY : Extrema can
X-value
(i min
places where f'(x)DNE
or
. e
.,
max
·
 real-valued functions of two variables and
Def : Letz =
f(x y) ,
be a y
100 Yo)
The
function f(x , y) has an absolute maximum at ,
if :
flago fla e) , ,

for every (x y)
,
in

the domain of f
absolute minimum at (20 yo) if
,
:
fa 4) <
f(x 4) for every
f
,
has an
,

(x y).
,
in the domain

has relative maximum at 180 yo) if

,
:
fla 4) f(x ) ,
of f
f hd of 100 40)
a
in
( 4)
for
a ,
,

and of
for (2)
in

at 180 yo) if F(10 , 40) < fla , 4) (20 , 40

relative minimum
:
,

I
has
y2-x

↑
a
E z =

Z
③

m ·
d z + xi + y = 1
N
Def : Let flu y)
,
be defined in a
neighborhood of point
a (x0 yo) .
, The point (20 yo) ,

point for stationary point) of f if of the following is true :

is called a critical , one

fy(x0 yo) (or : flo = )

(x (2014)
= 0 =
,

(1)

~
Z

"Ex
-
+

d z + x+y = 12 fx =
-

2xfxx =

z = 1 - x2 -

y
fy =
-by fyy
fx 2x fxx fx 2xfxx
=
= =
= =
-

fy 2y fyy fxy fyx

Fygy
= =

fy - 2y
=
= =

fxy fyx= =
fxy =
fyx =
 is horizontal
NOTE :
If If = -
,
then the tangent place ,
so it is natural that
local min there
Ex = 0
fy=e we might have a or max .

relative min at 10 Yo) (in open

Iff has
or an
max ,

Theorem
a
:

(20 yo) is critical point of f.

R)
a
then ,
region ,
local min or
is NOT ENOUGH to have a

Just being a critical point

2 max I think of the saddle point !

x 5y* 8x 10y 13
the relative extrema of f(x y)
-

+
-

= - -

Example Determine
MINOR MAX ?
:

KNOW IF IT'S A LOCAL

I
-
HOW DO WE
2x + 8 0
complete the squares
fx
=

, we can
-
=
In this example

13
10y 10 0
(x 5(y 2y)
8x) +
-

fy
-

=
z
- -

=
=

= -

fx = 0 x = 4(4 , z
=

-
((x 4) 16) 5)(y 1) 1)
-
- -
+ -
-

13
1)
f(4
-

1 z 18
.

4)2 5(y 1)
=

fy 0
y
=
z 8 (x +
-

MAX -
-

= =
-
-
 test works
More generally ,
sometimes the following
Second Partials Test : Let z =
f(x , y) have continuous second partial
-

containing a
point (a , b) ,
where fx (a ,
b) = 0 =
fyla b) . ,

derivatives on an open region

I
Exxlaib) Exyla b)
I
,

Let d = =
fxx(a ,
b) -

fyy(a ,
b) -

fxy(a b) fyx(a
, , b)

fyx(a , b) fyy(a b) ,

a
has relative minimum
(9 , b) > O then I a

(a b)
(1) If d > 0 and
Exx ,
, .

has relative maximum atla ,b) .

(a b) <o
then I a

and Exx
,
d>
,

(2) If 0

saddle point .
(3) Ifd < 0 then (a ,
b , fla b)) ,
is a

d the test is inconclusive .

(4) If = 0 ,
 a
has relative minimum
then I a

(1) Ft dy 0 and
Exx(9 b) >0 , , (a b) , .

has relative maximum atla ,b) .

then I a

Exx (a
b) <0
and
,

If d
,
0
(2) >
saddle point .
(3) Ifd < 0 then (a ,
b , fla b))
,
is a

d the test is inconclusive .

(4) If = 0
y2x

"N
, z =

Y
zixy y fx
2
2xfxx do
-

= -
=

2x 2 - 2 Fy =
Cy fyg 2
fx fxx Ex -2xfxx
=

d70
= =
= =

fy 2y fee Exx40fg fxy fyx

0
2
=

Egg
= =
24
=
-2
d = 4 = -
=

fxy fyx = =
0 fxy =
fyx = 0
6xx >8
WHAT ABOUT ABSOLUTE EXTREMA ? Analogue of a closed interval [a , b)
-
closed bounded domain.

Theorem /Extreme Value Theorem)

:
a

S
-
closed bounded region R in RP .
Then there
flu y) be continuous
on a
Let R such that
point (
,
in
(so yo) in R and y )
point
one , ,

exists at least
one ,

absolute minimum
absolute maximum and f(x y,) is
.

an
,

fluoto) is
an

with
box has its base in the sy-plane
one

Example e.
A rectangular 6x 4y 3z 24
opposite
vertex in the
plane + + =

the
origin and
-

vertex at the
such box.
Find the maximum
volume of a
 What the
Example e.
A rectangular box has its base in the sy-plane with one

3z 24 -
Q1 : is
region in the
6x 4y
opposite
vertex in the
plane + + =

the where (x y)
vertxat the origin and
volume of such a box. xy-plane ,

Find the maximum can bie ?

8 What is the volume NOTE :

vor oa
Q2 :
MAX DOES

1
-

of the box ?

·
V = a .

y
. z
because on
4y)
y (24 bdry
6x
-
-
V= 0
.
= x -

4
+(24xy 6x yayz
-

v(x y) , ([ay(24
=
-

6x -

4y)] =
-

y
-

Va y) ,
= Oxy -

2x2y -

Buy
Va 8 y Yxy - y yy(2 (y)
-
= x
-
-

Vy 0x 2x2 8/zxy 2x(4 x 4(3y)

- -
- =
= -
 if either x
or y 0

8 y Yxy - y yy(2
= =

Va (y) 0
-
= x
-

=
-

=
(then z = 0

Vy 0x 2x2 83xy 2x(4 4(zy) o)

= -
- =
-

x
-

= 0 soV =

2-X-ty +y 2(

E 4-X-Ly (a
=
0
Otherwise , need
=

=>
4(2)
and = 0
x +
zy =

get
:
Take (2)-(1) ,

*
2
y
=

Pluginto (1) , get x =

-
2

=
.2) G
-4 .

(4/3 2) is a

V(43 , 2) =
E . 2 ,

critical point
MAX -7 . / cubic unib.