University Abdelhamid Ibn Badis of Mostaganem

Faculty of Exact Sciences & Informatics

Department Maths & Informatics

Introduction to Linux Operating Systems (Engineer L1/S1)

Lab 4: Shell Scripting

Purpose

The goal of this lab is to become proficient with script shell writing involving if, while, for, case statements. Student
will perform programming combining these statements with the well-known CLI commands such echo, read, cd, ls,
mkdir, etc. to write useful script(program) to perform a variety of tasks on the system.

Use nano to write and run the following scripts (name each file with its statement. Example script_if.sh for the 1st
example, script_while.sh for the 2nd example, etc) :

Script with IF statement:

echo -n "would you like to see the files/folders listing Y/N : "
read yesno
if [ "$yesno" = "y" ] || [ "$yesno" = "Y" ]; then
echo "List of files :"
ls -la
elif [ "$yesno" = "n" ] || [ "$yesno" = "N" ]; then
echo "Ok, bye! "
else
echo "please, tape either Y or N!! not $yesno"
fi
__________________________________________________________________________________
Script with while statement.
cmpt=1
cm=3
echo -n "password : "
read pd
while [ "$pd" != "ubuntu" ] && [ "$cmpt" != 4 ]
do
echo -n "invalid password, try again, no more than "$cm" chance(s): "
read pd
cmpt=$(($cmpt+1))
cm=$(($cm-1))
done
echo "No No No, sorry but brute-force is strictly forbidden..... !!"
exit 0
__________________________________________________________________________________
Script with case statement:
echo -n "Are you tired ? "
read on

case "$on" in
yes | y | Y | Yes | YES ) echo "Let’s take a cup of coffee …. !";;
no | n | N | No | NO ) echo "Let’s do shell scripting…. !";;
* ) echo "What else ?";;
esac
exit 0
__________________________________________________________________________________
Full script :
clear
echo
echo "#################### Scripting ############################"
echo
echo "#############################"
echo -n "LOGIN: "
read login
echo -n "Host : "
read host
echo "#############################"
echo
echo "### type help to get Help ###"
echo
while [ 1 ]; do # perform infinite loop
echo -n ""$login"@"$host"$ " # use break to leave the loop
read reps

case $reps in
help | hlp )
echo "A propos of Shell Scripting --> about"
echo "ls --> files/folders listing"
echo "rm --> remove or delete a file (guided)"
echo "rmd --> delete/remove a folder (guided)"
echo "kernel --> Linux kernel version"
echo "connect --> who is previously connected ";;
ls )
ls -la;;
rm )
echo -n "which file would like to remove/delete : "
read eff
rm -f $eff;;
rmd | rmdir )
echo -n "which folder would you like to remove/delete : "
read eff
rm -r $eff;;
kernel | "uname -r" )
uname -r;;
connect )
last;;
about | --v | to )
echo "simple script simple to start with shell scripting ";;
quit | "exit" )
echo selem aleikoum !!
break;;
 *)
echo "unknown Command";;
esac
done
exit 0
___________________________________________________________________________
Script with for statement:
1st example
for var in 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9; do
echo $var
done

tab=("Allah Akbar" "Subhan Allah")

len=${#tab[*]}
echo “the size of tab is $len”
echo ${tab[1]}
echo ${tab[@]}
for (( i=0; i < ${#tab[@]}; i++ ));
do echo ${tab[i]};
done
________________________________________________________________________________
Functions :
# Let us define a function delete_file

delete_file () {
# Display the file name and ask to confirm suppression
echo "$1"
echo "are you sure you really want do delete the file $1? (y/n)"

# Let us read the user response

read response

# If he said yes, I delete the file

if [[ $response == "y" ]]
then rm -f $1
fi
}
# Function call
# let’s take each file ending with .aux from the current folder
for file in *.aux
do
# function call for each file
delete_file $file
done

# let’s take log file ending with .log from the current directory
for file in *.log
do
# function call for each log file
delete_file $file
done
________________________________________________________________
# let’s define a first function
write_line () {
echo -n $*
}

# let’s define a second function that calls the first one

greeting_user () {
write_line "selem "
echo $USER
}

# let’s call the second function

greeting_user

Exercise 1 : sort of a vector.

declare -a nos=(4 -1 2 66 10)

#
# Prints the number before sorting
#
echo "Original Numbers in array:"
for (( i = 0; i <= 4; i++ ))
do
echo ${nos[$i]}
done
#
# Now do the Sorting of numbers
#
for (( i = 0; i <= 4 ; i++ ))
do
for (( j = $i; j <= 4; j++ ))
do
if [ ${nos[$i]} -gt ${nos[$j]} ]; then
t=${nos[$i]}
nos[$i]=${nos[$j]}
nos[$j]=$t
fi
done
done

#
# Print the sorted number
#
echo -e "\nSorted Numbers in Ascending Order:"
for (( i=0; i <= 4; i++ ))
do
echo ${nos[$i]}
done
Q.1. How to write shell script that will add two nos, which are supplied as command line argument, and if this two
nos are not given show error and its usage
Answer:
if [ $# -ne 2 ]
then
echo "Usage - $0 x y"
echo " Where x and y are two nos for which I will print sum"
exit 1
fi
echo "Sum of $1 and $2 is `expr $1 + $2`"

Q.2.Write Script to find out biggest number from given three nos. Nos are supplies as command line argument.
Print error if sufficient arguments are not supplied.
Answer:
if [ $# -ne 3 ]
then
echo "$0: number1 number2 number3 are not given" >&2
exit 1
fi
n1=$1
n2=$2
n3=$3
if [ $n1 -gt $n2 ] && [ $n1 -gt $n3 ]
then
echo "$n1 is Bigest number"
elif [ $n2 -gt $n1 ] && [ $n2 -gt $n3 ]
then
echo "$n2 is Bigest number"
elif [ $n3 -gt $n1 ] && [ $n3 -gt $n2 ]
then
echo "$n3 is Bigest number"
elif [ $1 -eq $2 ] && [ $1 -eq $3 ] && [ $2 -eq $3 ]
then
echo "All the three numbers are equal"
else
echo "I can not figure out which number is biger"
fi

Q.3.Write script to print nos as 5,4,3,2,1 using while loop.

Answer:
i=5
while test $i != 0
do
echo "$i"
i=`expr $i - 1`
done

Q.4. Write Script, using case statement to perform basic math operation as follows :
+ addition
- subtraction
x multiplication
/ division
The name of script must be 'q4' which works as follows
$ ./q4 20 / 3, Also check for sufficient command line arguments
Answer:
if test $# = 3
then
case $2 in
+) let z=$1+$3;;
-) let z=$1-$3;;
/) let z=$1/$3;;
x|X) let z=$1*$3;;
*) echo Warning - $2 invalid operator, only +,-,x,/ operator allowed
exit;;
esac
echo Answer is $z
else
echo "Usage - $0 value1 operator value2"
echo " Where, value1 and value2 are numeric values"
echo " operator can be +,-,/,x (For Multiplication)"
fi

Q.5.Write Script to see current date, time, username, and current directory
Answer:
echo "Hello, $LOGNAME"
echo "Current date is `date`"
echo "User is `who i am`"
echo "Current directory `pwd`"

Q.6.Write script to print given number in reverse order, for eg. If no is 123 it must print as 321.
Answer:
if [ $# -ne 1 ]
then
echo "Usage: $0 number"
echo " I will find reverse of given number"
echo " For eg. $0 123, I will print 321"
exit 1
fi

n=$1
rev=0
sd=0

while [ $n -gt 0 ]
do
sd=`expr $n % 10`
rev=`expr $rev \* 10 + $sd`
n=`expr $n / 10`
done
echo "Reverse number is $rev"

Q.7.Write script to print given numbers sum of all digit, For eg. If no is 123 it's sum of all digit will be 1+2+3 = 6.
Answer:
if [ $# -ne 1 ]
then
echo "Usage: $0 number"
echo " I will find sum of all digit for given number"
echo " For eg. $0 123, I will print 6 as sum of all digit (1+2+3)"
exit 1
fi

n=$1
sum=0
sd=0
while [ $n -gt 0 ]
do
sd=`expr $n % 10`
sum=`expr $sum + $sd`
n=`expr $n / 10`
done
echo "Sum of digit for numner is $sum"

Q.8.How to perform real number (number with decimal point) calculation in Linux
Answer: Use Linux's bc command

Q.9.How to calculate 5.12 + 2.5 real number calculation at $ prompt in Shell ?

Answer: Use command as , $ echo 5.12 + 2.5 | bc , here we are giving echo commands output to bc to calculate the
5.12 + 2.5

Q.10.How to perform real number calculation in shell script and store result to third variable, let’s say a=5.66,
b=8.67, c=a+b?
Answer:
a=5.66
b=8.67
c=`echo $a + $b | bc`
echo "$a + $b = $c"

Q.11.Write script to determine whether given file exist or not, file name is supplied as command line argument,
also check for sufficient number of command line argument
Answer:
if [ $# -ne 1 ]
then
echo "Usage - $0 file-name"
exit 1
fi

if [ -f $1 ]
then
echo "$1 file exist"
else
echo "Sorry, $1 file does not exist"
fi

Q.12.Write script to determine whether given command line argument ($1) contains "*" symbol or not, if $1 does
not contains "*" symbol add it to $1, otherwise show message "Symbol is not required". For e.g. If we called this
script Q12 then after giving, $ Q12 /bin
Here $1 is /bin, it should check whether "*" symbol is present or not if not it should print Required i.e. /bin/*, and
if symbol present then Symbol is not required must be printed. Test your script as
$ Q12 /bin
$ Q12 /bin/*
Answer:
cat "$1" > /tmp/file.$$ 2>/tmp/file0.$$

grep "*" /tmp/file.$$ >/tmp/file0.$$

if [ $? -eq 1 ]
then
echo "Required i.e. $1/*"
else
 echo "Symbol is Not required"
fi

rm -f /tmp/file.$$
rm -f /tmp/file0.$$

Q.13. Write script to print contains of file from given line number to next given number of lines. For e.g. If we
called this script as Q13 and run as
$ Q13 5 5 myf , Here print contains of 'myf' file from line number 5 to next 5 line of that file.
Answer:
if [ $# -eq 0 ]
then
echo "$0:Error command arguments missing!"
echo "Usage: $0 start_line uptoline filename"
echo "Where start_line is line number from which you would like to print file"
echo "uptoline is line number upto which would like to print"
echo "For eg. $0 5 5 myfile"
echo "Here from myfile total 5 lines printed starting from line no. 5 to"
echo "line no 10."
exit 1
fi

#
# Look for sufficent arg's
#

if [ $# -eq 3 ]; then
if [ -e $3 ]; then
tail +$1 $3 | head -n$2
else
echo "$0: Error opening file $3"
exit 2
fi
else
echo "Missing arguments!"
fi

Q.14. Write script to implement getopts statement, your script should understand following command line
argument called this script Q14,
Q14 -c -d -m -e
Where options work as
-c clear the screen
-d show list of files in current working directory
-m start mc (midnight commander shell) , if installed
-e { editor } start this { editor } if installed
Answer:
#
# Function to clear the screen
#
cls()
{
clear
echo "Clear screen, press a key . . ."
read
return
}
#
# Function to show files in current directory
#
show_ls()
{
ls
echo "list files, press a key . . ."
read
return
}
#
# Function to start mc
#
start_mc()
{
if which mc > /dev/null ; then
mc
echo "Midnight commander, Press a key . . ."
read
else
echo "Error: Midnight commander not installed, Press a key . . ."
read
fi
return
}
#
# Function to start editor
#
start_ed()
{
ced=$1
if which $ced > /dev/null ; then
$ced
echo "$ced, Press a key . . ."
read
else
echo "Error: $ced is not installed or no such editor exist, Press a key . . ."
read
fi
return
}

#
# Function to print help
#
print_help_uu()
{
echo "Usage: $0 -c -d -m -v {editor name}";
echo "Where -c clear the screen";
echo " -d show dir";
echo " -m start midnight commander shell";
echo " -e {editor}, start {editor} of your choice";
return
}

#
# Main procedure start here
#
# Check for sufficent args
#
if [ $# -eq 0 ] ; then
print_help_uu
exit 1
fi

#
# Now parse command line arguments
#
while getopts cdme: opt
do
case "$opt" in
c) cls;;
d) show_ls;;
m) start_mc;;
e) thised="$OPTARG"; start_ed $thised ;;
\?) print_help_uu; exit 1;;
esac
done

Q.15. Write script called sayHello, put this script into your startup file called .bash_profile, the script should run as
soon as you logon to system, and it print any one of the following message in infobox using dialog utility, if
installed in your system, If dialog utility is not installed then use echo statement to print message : -
Good Morning
Good Afternoon
Good Evening , according to system time.
Answer:
temph=`date | cut -c12-13`
dat=`date +"%A %d in %B of %Y (%r)"`

if [ $temph -lt 12 ]
then
mess="Good Morning $LOGNAME, Have nice day!"
fi

if [ $temph -gt 12 -a $temph -le 16 ]

then
mess="Good Afternoon $LOGNAME"
fi

if [ $temph -gt 16 -a $temph -le 18 ]

then
mess="Good Evening $LOGNAME"
fi

if which dialog > /dev/null

then
dialog --backtitle "Linux Shell Script Tutorial"\
--title "(-: Welcome to Linux :-)"\
--infobox "\n$mess\nThis is $dat" 6 60
echo -n " Press a key to continue. . .
"
read
clear
else
echo -e "$mess\nThis is $dat"
fi
Q.16. How to write script, that will print, Message "Hello World" , in Bold and Blink effect, and in different colors
like red, brown etc using echo command.
Answer:
# Syntax: echo -e "escape-code your message, var1, var2 etc"
# For eg. echo -e "\033[1m Hello World"
# | |
# | |
# Escape code Message
#
clear
echo -e "\033[1m Hello World"
# bold effect
echo -e "\033[5m Blink"
# blink effect
echo -e "\033[0m Hello World"
# back to noraml

echo -e "\033[31m Hello World"

# Red color
echo -e "\033[32m Hello World"
# Green color
echo -e "\033[33m Hello World"
# See remaing on screen
echo -e "\033[34m Hello World"
echo -e "\033[35m Hello World"
echo -e "\033[36m Hello World"

echo -e -n "\033[0m "

# back to noraml

echo -e "\033[41m Hello World"

echo -e "\033[42m Hello World"
echo -e "\033[43m Hello World"
echo -e "\033[44m Hello World"
echo -e "\033[45m Hello World"
echo -e "\033[46m Hello World"
echo -e "\033[0m Hello World"
# back to noraml

Q.17. Write script to implement background process that will continually print current time in upper right corner
of the screen, while user can do his/her normal job at $ prompt.
Answer:
# Q17
# To run type at $ promot as
# $ q17 &
#

echo
echo "Digital Clock for Linux"
echo "To stop this clock use command kill pid, see above for pid"
echo "Press a key to continue. . ."

while :
do
ti=`date +"%r"`
echo -e -n "\033[7s" #save current screen postion & attributes
# Show the clock
tput cup 0 69 # row 0 and column 69 is used to show clock
echo -n $ti # put clock on screen
 echo -e -n "\033[8u" #restore current screen postion & attributs
#
#Delay fro 1 second
#
sleep 1
done

Q.18. Write shell script to implement menus using dialog utility. Menu-items and action according to select menu-
item is as follows:
Menu-
Purpose Action for Menu-Item
Item
Date/time To see current date time Date and time must be shown using infobox of dialog utility
Calendar To see current calendar Calendar must be shown using infobox of dialog utility
First ask user name of directory where all files are present, if
no name of directory given assumes current directory, then
show all files only of that directory, Files must be shown on
Delete To delete selected file screen using menus of dialog utility, let the user select the file,
then ask the confirmation to user whether he/she wants to
delete selected file, if answer is yes then delete the file ,
report errors if any while deleting file to user.
Exit To Exit this shell script Exit/Stops the menu driven program i.e. this script
Note: Create function for all action for e.g. To show date/time on screen create function show_datetime().
Answer:
show_datetime()
{
dialog --backtitle "Linux Shell Tutorial" --title "System date and Time" --infobox "Date
is `date`" 3 40
read
return
}

show_cal()
{
cal > menuchoice.temp.$$
dialog --backtitle "Linux Shell Tutorial" --title "Calender" --infobox "`cat
menuchoice.temp.$$`" 9 25
read
rm -f menuchoice.temp.$$
return
}

delete_file()
{
dialog --backtitle "Linux Shell Tutorial" --title "Delete file"\
--inputbox "Enter directory path (Enter for Current Directory)"\
10 40 2>/tmp/dirip.$$
rtval=$?

case $rtval in
1) rm -f /tmp/dirip.$$ ; return ;;
255) rm -f /tmp/dirip.$$ ; return ;;
esac

mfile=`cat /tmp/dirip.$$`
 if [ -z $mfile ]
then
mfile=`pwd`/*
else
grep "*" /tmp/dirip.$$
if [ $? -eq 1 ]
then
mfile=$mfile/*
fi
fi

for i in $mfile
do
if [ -f $i ]
then
echo "$i Delete?" >> /tmp/finallist.$$
fi
done

dialog --backtitle "Linux Shell Tutorial" --title "Select File to Delete"\

--menu "Use [Up][Down] to move, [Enter] to select file"\
20 60 12 `cat /tmp/finallist.$$` 2>/tmp/file2delete.tmp.$$

rtval=$?

file2erase=`cat /tmp/file2delete.tmp.$$`

case $rtval in
0) dialog --backtitle "Linux Shell Tutorial" --title "Are you shur"\
--yesno "\n\nDo you want to delete : $file2erase " 10 60

if [ $? -eq 0 ] ; then
rm -f $file2erase
if [ $? -eq 0 ] ; then
dialog --backtitle "Linux Shell Tutorial"\
--title "Information: Delete Command" --infobox "File: $file2erase is
Sucessfully deleted,Press a key" 5 60
read
else
dialog --backtitle "Linux Shell Tutorial"\
--title "Error: Delete Command" --infobox "Error deleting File: $file2erase,
Press a key" 5 60
read
fi
else
dialog --backtitle "Linux Shell Tutorial"\
--title "Information: Delete Command" --infobox "File: $file2erase is not deleted,
Action is canceled, Press a key" 5 60
read
fi
;;
1) rm -f /tmp/dirip.$$ ; rm -f /tmp/finallist.$$ ;
rm -f /tmp/file2delete.tmp.$$; return;;
255) rm -f /tmp/dirip.$$ ; rm -f /tmp/finallist.$$ ;
rm -f /tmp/file2delete.tmp.$$; return;;
esac
rm -f /tmp/dirip.$$
rm -f /tmp/finallist.$$
rm -f /tmp/file2delete.tmp.$$
 return
}

while true
do
dialog --clear --title "Main Menu" \
--menu "To move [UP/DOWN] arrow keys \n\
[Enter] to Select\n\
Choose the Service you like:" 20 51 4 \
"Date/time" "To see System Date & Time" \
"Calender" "To see Calaender"\
"Delete" "To remove file"\
"Exit" "To exit this Program" 2> menuchoice.temp.$$

retopt=$?

choice=`cat menuchoice.temp.$$`

rm -f menuchoice.temp.$$

case $retopt in
0)
case $choice in
Date/time) show_datetime ;;
Calender) show_cal ;;
Delete) delete_file ;;
Exit) exit 0;;
esac
;;
1) exit ;;
255) exit ;;
esac
done
clear

Q.19. Write shell script to show various system configuration like

1) Currently logged user and his logname
2) Your current shell
3) Your home directory
4) Your operating system type
5) Your current path setting
6) Your current working directory
7) Show Currently logged number of users
8) About your os and version ,release number , kernel version
9) Show all available shells
10) Show mouse settings
11) Show computer cpu information like processor type, speed etc
12) Show memory information
13) Show hard disk information like size of hard-disk, cache memory, model etc
14) File system (Mounted)
Answer:
nouser=`who | wc -l`
echo -e "User name: $USER (Login name: $LOGNAME)" >> /tmp/info.tmp.01.$$$
echo -e "Current Shell: $SHELL" >> /tmp/info.tmp.01.$$$
echo -e "Home Directory: $HOME" >> /tmp/info.tmp.01.$$$
echo -e "Your O/s Type: $OSTYPE" >> /tmp/info.tmp.01.$$$
echo -e "PATH: $PATH" >> /tmp/info.tmp.01.$$$
echo -e "Current directory: `pwd`" >> /tmp/info.tmp.01.$$$
echo -e "Currently Logged: $nouser user(s)" >> /tmp/info.tmp.01.$$$

if [ -f /etc/redhat-release ]
then
echo -e "OS: `cat /etc/redhat-release`" >> /tmp/info.tmp.01.$$$
fi

if [ -f /etc/shells ]
then
echo -e "Available Shells: " >> /tmp/info.tmp.01.$$$
echo -e "`cat /etc/shells`" >> /tmp/info.tmp.01.$$$
fi

if [ -f /etc/sysconfig/mouse ]
then
echo -e "--------------------------------------------------------------------" >>
/tmp/info.tmp.01.$$$
echo -e "Computer Mouse Information: " >> /tmp/info.tmp.01.$$$
echo -e "--------------------------------------------------------------------" >>
/tmp/info.tmp.01.$$$
echo -e "`cat /etc/sysconfig/mouse`" >> /tmp/info.tmp.01.$$$
fi
echo -e "--------------------------------------------------------------------" >>
/tmp/info.tmp.01.$$$
echo -e "Computer CPU Information:" >> /tmp/info.tmp.01.$$$
echo -e "--------------------------------------------------------------------" >>
/tmp/info.tmp.01.$$$
cat /proc/cpuinfo >> /tmp/info.tmp.01.$$$

echo -e "--------------------------------------------------------------------" >>

/tmp/info.tmp.01.$$$
echo -e "Computer Memory Information:" >> /tmp/info.tmp.01.$$$
echo -e "--------------------------------------------------------------------" >>
/tmp/info.tmp.01.$$$
cat /proc/meminfo >> /tmp/info.tmp.01.$$$

if [ -d /proc/ide/hda ]
then
echo -e "--------------------------------------------------------------------" >>
/tmp/info.tmp.01.$$$
echo -e "Hard disk information:" >> /tmp/info.tmp.01.$$$
echo -e "--------------------------------------------------------------------" >>
/tmp/info.tmp.01.$$$
echo -e "Model: `cat /proc/ide/hda/model` " >> /tmp/info.tmp.01.$$$
echo -e "Driver: `cat /proc/ide/hda/driver` " >> /tmp/info.tmp.01.$$$
echo -e "Cache size: `cat /proc/ide/hda/cache` " >> /tmp/info.tmp.01.$$$
fi
echo -e "--------------------------------------------------------------------" >>
/tmp/info.tmp.01.$$$
echo -e "File System (Mount):" >> /tmp/info.tmp.01.$$$
echo -e "--------------------------------------------------------------------" >>
/tmp/info.tmp.01.$$$
cat /proc/mounts >> /tmp/info.tmp.01.$$$

if which dialog > /dev/null

then
dialog --backtitle "Linux Software Diagnostics (LSD) Shell Script Ver.1.0" --title
"Press Up/Down Keys to move" --textbox /tmp/info.tmp.01.$$$ 21 70
else
cat /tmp/info.tmp.01.$$$ |more
fi

rm -f /tmp/info.tmp.01.$$$

Q.20.Write shell script using for loop to print the following patterns on screen
for2 for3 for4

for5 for6 for7

for8 for8 for9

Answer:
echo "Can you see the following:"

for (( i=1; i<=5; i++ ))

do
for (( j=1; j<=i; j++ ))
do
echo -n "$i"
done
echo ""
done
********************************************
echo "Can you see the following:"

for (( i=1; i<=5; i++ ))

do
for (( j=1; j<=i; j++ ))
do
echo -n "$j"
done
echo ""
done
**************************************************
echo "Climb the steps of success"

for (( i=1; i<=5; i++ ))

do
for (( j=1; j<=i; j++ ))
do
echo -n " |"
done
echo "_ "
done
***********************************************
echo "Stars"

for (( i=1; i<=5; i++ ))

do
for (( j=1; j<=i; j++ ))
do
echo -n " *"
done
echo ""
done
*********************************************************
echo "Stars"

for (( i=1; i<=5; i++ ))

do
for (( j=1; j<=i; j++ ))
do
echo -n " *"
done
echo ""
done

for (( i=5; i>=1; i-- ))

do
for (( j=1; j<=i; j++ ))
do
echo -n " *"
done
echo ""
done
**************************************************************
clear

for (( i=1; i<=3; i++ ))

do
for (( j=1; j<=i; j++ ))
do
echo -n "|Linux"
 done
echo "______"
done

for (( i=3; i>=1; i-- ))

do
for (( j=1; j<=i; j++ ))
do
echo -n "|Linux"
done

if [ $i -eq 3 ]; then
echo -n "______"
echo -n -e ">> Powerd Server.\n"
else
echo "~~~~~"
fi
done
******************************************************************
MAX_NO=0

echo -n "Enter Number between (5 to 9) : "

read MAX_NO

if ! [ $MAX_NO -ge 5 -a $MAX_NO -le 9 ] ; then

echo "I ask to enter number between 5 and 9, Okay"
exit 1
fi

clear

for (( i=1; i<=MAX_NO; i++ ))

do
for (( s=MAX_NO; s>=i; s-- ))
do
echo -n " "
done
for (( j=1; j<=i; j++ ))
do
echo -n " $i"
done
echo ""
done

for (( i=1; i<=MAX_NO; i++ ))

do
for (( s=MAX_NO; s>=i; s-- ))
do
echo -n " "
done
for (( j=1; j<=i; j++ ))
do
echo -n " ."
done
echo ""
done

echo -e "\n\n\t\t\tI hope you like it my stupidity (?)"

MAX_NO=0
echo -n "Enter Number between (5 to 9) : "
read MAX_NO

if ! [ $MAX_NO -ge 5 -a $MAX_NO -le 9 ] ; then

echo "I ask to enter number between 5 and 9, Okay"
exit 1
fi

clear

for (( i=1; i<=MAX_NO; i++ ))

do
for (( s=MAX_NO; s>=i; s-- ))
do
echo -n " "
done
for (( j=1; j<=i; j++ ))
do
echo -n " $i"
done
echo ""
done

for (( i=1; i<=MAX_NO; i++ ))

do
for (( s=MAX_NO; s>=i; s-- ))
do
echo -n " "
done
for (( j=1; j<=i; j++ ))
do
echo -n " ."
done
echo ""
done

echo -e "\n\n\t\t\tI hope you like it my stupidity (?)"

*****************************************************************
MAX_NO=0

echo -n "Enter Number between (5 to 9) : "

read MAX_NO

if ! [ $MAX_NO -ge 5 -a $MAX_NO -le 9 ] ; then

echo "I ask to enter number between 5 and 9, Okay"
exit 1
fi

clear

for (( i=1; i<=MAX_NO; i++ ))

do
for (( s=MAX_NO; s>=i; s-- ))
do
echo -n " "
done
for (( j=1; j<=i; j++ ))
do
 echo -n " ."
done
echo ""
done
###### Second stage ######################
##
##
for (( i=MAX_NO; i>=1; i-- ))
do
for (( s=i; s<=MAX_NO; s++ ))
do
echo -n " "
done
for (( j=1; j<=i; j++ ))
do
echo -n " ."
done
echo ""
done

echo -e "\n\n\t\t\tI hope you like it my stupidity (?)"

**********************************************************************
Q.21.Write shell script to convert file names from UPPERCASE to lowercase file names or vice versa.
Answer:
See :
BEGIN{
}

#
# main logic is here
#
{
isdir1 = "[ -d " $1 " ] "
isdir2 = "[ -d " $2 " ] "

scriptname = "up2low"
awkscriptname = "rename.awk"

sfile = $1
dfile = $2
#
# we are not suppose to rename dirs in source or destination
#

#
# make sure we are renaming our self if in same dir
#
if ( sfile == scriptname || sfile == awkscriptname )
next
else if( ( system(isdir1) ) == 0 || system((isdir2)) == 0 )
{
printf "%s or %s is directory can't rename it to lower case\n",sfile,dfile
next # continue with next recored
}
else if ( sfile == dfile )
{
printf "Skiping, \"%s\" is alrady in lowercase\n",sfile
next
}
 else # everythink is okay rename it to lowercase
{
mvcmd = "mv " sfile " " dfile
printf "Renaming %s to %s\n",sfile,dfile
system(mvcmd)
}
}

#
# End action, if any, e.g. clean ups
#
END{
}
********************************************
and
AWK_SCRIPT="rename.awk"

#
# change your location here
#
awkspath=$HOME/bin/$AWK_SCRIPT

ls -1 > /tmp/file1.$$

tr "[A-Z]" "[a-z]" < /tmp/file1.$$ > /tmp/file2.$$

paste /tmp/file1.$$ /tmp/file2.$$ > /tmp/tmpdb.$$

rm -f /tmp/file1.$$
rm -f /tmp/file2.$$

#
# Make sure awk script exist
#

if [ -f $awkspath ]; then
awk -f $awkspath /tmp/tmpdb.$$
else
echo -e "\n$0: Fatal error - $awkspath not found"
echo -e "\nMake sure \$awkspath is set correctly in $0 script\n"
fi

rm -f /tmp/tmpdb.$$

Submit your work

Now that you have finished this lab, you may submit your work on telegram only no mail.
To do so, use the following command:
1. history -a
copy it result in a file with name history-lab02-2023-2024-your-fullname.txt
history -a > history-lab02-2023-2024-your-fullname.txt
example : history-lab02-2023-2024-mostefa-mokaddem.txt
2. answer all the questions of this lab as lab02-2023-2024-your-fullname.pdf
example : lab02-2023-2024-mostefa-mokaddem.pdf
 3. zip the two(2) files in an archive : lab02-2023-2024-your-fullname.zip
example : lab02-2023-2024-mostefa-mokaddem.zip
4. submit your final archive as direct message on yelegram

You must submit your two files to get credit. You can submit as many times as you wish up to the deadline. Only
your last submittal will be graded.

Deadline : no deadline required

Be sure to submit your work before the deadline. Remember, late work is not accepted