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11.1 Rectangular Coordinates in 3-Space; Spheres; Cylindrical Surfaces 771

✔QUICK CHECK EXERCISES 11.1 (See page 773 for answers.)

1. The distance between the points (1, −2, 0) and (4, 0, 5) is 4. Let S be the graph of x 2 + z2 + 6z = 16 in 3-space.
. (a) The intersection of S with the xz-plane is a circle with
2. The graph of (x − 3)2 + (y − 2)2 + (z + 1)2 = 16 is a center and radius .
of radius centered at . (b) The intersection of S with the xy-plane is two lines,
x= and x = .
3. The shortest distance from the point (4, 0, 5) to the sphere
(c) The intersection of S with the yz-plane is two lines,
(x − 1)2 + (y + 2)2 + z2 = 36 is .
z= and z = .

EXERCISE SET 11.1 Graphing Utility

1. In each part, find the coordinates of the eight corners of the 7. (a) Consider a box whose sides have lengths a, b, and
box. c. Use the Theorem of Pythagoras√to show that a
z z
diagonal of the box has length d = a 2 + b2 + c2 .
(a) (b)
[Hint: Use the Theorem of Pythagoras to find the
length of a diagonal of the base and then again to
y
find the length of a diagonal of the entire box.]
(b) Use the result of part (a) to derive formula (2).
y
8. (a) Make a conjecture about the set of points in 3-space that
are equidistant from the origin and the point (1, 0, 0).
x x (b) Confirm your conjecture in part (a) by using distance
formula (2).
2. A cube of side 4 has its geometric center at the origin and 9. Find the center and radius of the sphere that has (1, −2, 4)
its faces parallel to the coordinate planes. Sketch the cube and (3, 4, −12) as endpoints of a diameter. [See Exercise 4.]
and give the coordinates of the corners. 10. Show that (4, 5, 2), (1, 7, 3), and (2, 4, 5) are vertices of an
equilateral triangle.
F O C U S O N C O N C E P TS
11. (a) Show that (2, 1, 6), (4, 7, 9), and (8, 5, −6) are the ver-
tices of a right triangle.
3. Suppose that a box has its faces parallel to the coordi- (b) Which vertex is at the 90 ◦ angle?
nate planes and the points (4, 2, −2) and (−6, 1, 1) are (c) Find the area of the triangle.
endpoints of a diagonal. Sketch the box and give the 12. Find the distance from the point (−5, 2, −3) to the
coordinates of the remaining six corners. (a) xy-plane (b) xz-plane (c) yz-plane
4. Suppose that a box has its faces parallel to the coordi- (d) x-axis (e) y-axis (f ) z-axis.
nate planes and the points (x1 , y1 , z1 ) and (x2 , y2 , z2 ) 13. In each part, find the standard equation of the sphere that
are endpoints of a diagonal. satisfies the stated conditions.
(a) Find the coordinates of the remaining six corners. (a) Center (7, 1, 1); radius = 4.
(b) Show that the midpoint of the line segment joining (b) Center (1, 0, −1); diameter = 8.
(x1 , y1 , z1 ) and (x2 , y2 , z2 ) is (c) Center (−1, 3, 2) and passing through the origin.
(d) A diameter has endpoints (−1, 2, 1) and (0, 2, 3).
1
(x
2 1
+ x2 ), 21 (y1 + y2 ), 21 (z1 + z2 ) 14. Find equations of two spheres that are centered at the ori-
gin and are tangent to the sphere of radius 1 centered at
[Suggestion: Apply Theorem H.2 in Web Appen- (3, −2, 4).
dix H to three appropriate edges of the box.]
15. In each part, find an equation of the sphere with center
5. Interpret the graph of x = 1 in the contexts of (2, −1, −3) and satisfying the given condition.
(a) a number line (b) 2-space (c) 3-space. (a) Tangent to the xy-plane
6. Consider the points P (3, 1, 0) and Q(1, 4, 4). (b) Tangent to the xz-plane
(a) Sketch the triangle with vertices P , Q, and (1, 4, 0). (c) Tangent to the yz-plane
Without computing distances, explain why this tri- 16. (a) Find an equation of the sphere that is inscribed in the
angle is a right triangle, and then apply the Theorem cube that is centered at the point (−2, 1, 3) and has sides
of Pythagoras twice to find the distance from P to Q. of length 1 that are parallel to the coordinate planes.
(b) Repeat part (a) using the points P , Q, and (3, 4, 0). (b) Find an equation of the sphere that is circumscribed
(c) Repeat part (a) using the points P , Q, and (1, 1, 4). about the cube in part (a). (cont.)
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772 Chapter 11 / Three-Dimensional Space; Vectors

(c) Find an equation of the sphere that is inscribed in the 34. Find equations for the following right circular cylinders.
cube determined by the planes x = 6, x = 2, y = 5, Each cylinder has radius a and is tangent to two coordinate
y = 9, z = 0, and z = 4. planes.
(d) Find an equation of the sphere that is circumscribed (a) z (b) z (c) z
about the cube in part (c).
17. A sphere has center in the first octant and is tangent to each (0, a, a)
(a, 0, a) y y y
of the three coordinate planes. Show that the center of the
sphere is at a point of the form (r, r, r), where r is the radius (a, a, 0)
of the sphere.
x x x
18. A sphere has center in the first octant and is tangent to each
of the three coordinate planes.
√ The distance from the ori- 35–44 Sketch the surface in 3-space. ■
gin to the sphere is 3 − 3 units. Find an equation for the 35. y = sin x 36. y = ex
sphere.
37. z = 1 − y 2
38. z = cos x
19–22 True–False Determine whether the statement is true or 39. 2x + z = 3 40. 2x + 3y = 6
√
false. Explain your answer. ■ 41. 4x 2 + 9z2 = 36 42. z = 3−x
19. By definition, a “cylindrical surface” is a right circular cylin- 43. y 2 − 4z2 = 4 44. yz = 1
der whose axis is parallel to one of the coordinate axes.
45. Use a graphing utility to generate the curve y = x 3 /(1 + x 2 )
20. The graph of x 2 + y 2 = 1 in 3-space is a circle of radius 1 in the xy-plane, and then use the graph to help sketch the
centered at the origin. surface z = y 3 /(1 + y 2 ) in 3-space.
21. If a point belongs to both the xy-plane and the xz-plane, then 46. Use a graphing utility to generate the curve y = x /(1 + x 4 )
the point lies on the x-axis. in the xy-plane, and then use the graph to help sketch the
22. A sphere with center P (x0 , y0 , z0 ) and radius r consists of surface z = y /(1 + y 4 ) in 3-space.
all points (x, y, z) that satisfy the inequality 47. If a bug walks on the sphere
(x − x0 )2 + (y − y0 )2 + (z − z0 )2 ≤ r 2 x 2 + y 2 + z2 + 2x − 2y − 4z − 3 = 0
how close and how far can it get from the origin?
23–28 Describe the surface whose equation is given. ■
48. Describe the set of all points in 3-space whose coordinates
23. x 2 + y 2 + z2 + 10x + 4y + 2z − 19 = 0 satisfy the inequality x 2 + y 2 + z2 − 2x + 8z ≤ 8.
24. x 2 + y 2 + z2 − y = 0 49. Describe the set of all points in 3-space whose coordinates
25. 2x 2 + 2y 2 + 2z2 − 2x − 3y + 5z − 2 = 0 satisfy the inequality y 2 + z2 + 6y − 4z > 3.
26. x 2 + y 2 + z2 + 2x − 2y + 2z + 3 = 0 50. The distance between a point P (x, y, z) and the point
27. x + y + z − 3x + 4y − 8z + 25 = 0
2 2 2 A(1, −2, 0) is twice the distance between P and the point
B(0, 1, 1). Show that the set of all such points is a sphere,
28. x 2 + y 2 + z2 − 2x − 6y − 8z + 1 = 0
and find the center and radius of the sphere.
29. In each part, sketch the portion of the surface that lies in the
51. As shown in the accompanying figure, a bowling ball of ra-
first octant.
dius R is placed inside a box just large enough to hold it,
(a) y = x (b) y = z (c) x = z
and it is secured for shipping by packing a Styrofoam sphere
30. In each part, sketch the graph of the equation in 3-space. into each corner of the box. Find the radius of the largest
(a) x = 1 (b) y = 1 (c) z = 1 Styrofoam sphere that can be used. [Hint: Take the origin
31. In each part, sketch the graph of the equation in 3-space. of a Cartesian coordinate system at a corner of the box with
(a) x 2 + y 2 = 25 (b) y 2 + z2 = 25 (c) x 2 + z2 = 25 the coordinate axes along the edges.]
32. In each part, sketch the graph of the equation in 3-space.
(a) x = y 2 (b) z = x 2 (c) y = z2
33. In each part, write an equation for the surface.
(a) The plane that contains the x-axis and the point (0, 1, 2).
(b) The plane that contains the y-axis and the point (1, 0, 2).
(c) The right circular cylinder that has radius 1 and is cen- Figure Ex-51
tered on the line parallel to the z-axis that passes through
the point (1, 1, 0). 52. Consider the equation
(d) The right circular cylinder that has radius 1 and is cen-
x 2 + y 2 + z2 + Gx + Hy + I z + J = 0
tered on the line parallel to the y-axis that passes through
the point (1, 0, 1). and let K = G2 + H 2 + I 2 − 4J . (cont.)
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11.2 Vectors 773

(a) Prove that the equation represents a sphere if K > 0, a 54. In each part, use the idea in Exercise 53(a) to derive a for-
point if K = 0, and has no graph if K < 0. mula for the stated surface of revolution.
(b) In the case where K > 0, find the center and radius of (a) The surface generated by revolving the curve x = f (y)
the sphere. in the xy-plane about the y-axis.
53. (a) The accompanying figure shows a surface of revolution (b) The surface generated by revolving the curve y = f (z)
that is generated by revolving the curve y = f (x) in the in the yz-plane about the z-axis.
xy-plane about the x-axis. Show that the equation of (c) The surface generated by revolving the curve z = f (x)
this surface is y 2 + z2 = [f (x)]2 . [Hint: Each point on in the xz-plane about the x-axis.
the curve traces a circle as it revolves about the x-axis.] 55. Show that for all values of θ and φ, the point
(b) Find an equation of the surface of revolution that is gen-
erated by revolving the curve y = ex in the xy-plane (a sin φ cos θ, a sin φ sin θ, a cos φ)
about the x-axis.
lies on the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z2 = a 2 .
(c) Show that the ellipsoid 3x 2 + 4y 2 + 4z2 = 16 is a sur-
face of revolution about the x-axis by finding a curve 56. Writing Explain how you might determine whether a set
y = f (x) in the xy-plane that generates it. of points in 3-space is the graph of an equation involving at
most two of the variables x, y, and z.
z
57. Writing Discuss what happens geometrically when equa-
tions in x, y, and z are replaced by inequalities. For exam-
y
ple, compare the graph of x 2 + y 2 + z2 = 1 with the set of
y = f (x) points that satisfy the inequality x 2 + y 2 + z2 ≤ 1.

x Figure Ex-53

✔QUICK CHECK ANSWERS 11.1

√ √
1. 38 2. sphere; 4; (3, 2, −1) 3. 38 − 6 4. (a) (0, 0, −3); 5 (b) 4; −4 (c) 2; −8

11.2 VECTORS
Many physical quantities such as area, length, mass, and temperature are completely
described once the magnitude of the quantity is given. Such quantities are called
“scalars.” Other physical quantities, called “vectors,” are not completely determined
until both a magnitude and a direction are specified. For example, winds are usually
described by giving their speed and direction, say 20 mi/h northeast. The wind speed and
wind direction together form a vector quantity called the wind velocity. Other examples of
vectors are force and displacement. In this section we will develop the basic mathematical
properties of vectors.

VECTORS IN PHYSICS AND ENGINEERING

A particle that moves along a line can move in only two directions, so its direction of
motion can be described by taking one direction to be positive and the other negative.
Thus, the displacement or change in position of the point can be described by a signed
real number. For example, a displacement of 3 (= +3) describes a position change of 3
units in the positive direction, and a displacement of −3 describes a position change of
3 units in the negative direction. However, for a particle that moves in two dimensions
or three dimensions, a plus or minus sign is no longer sufficient to specify the direction
of motion—other methods are required. One method is to use an arrow, called a vector,
that points in the direction of motion and whose length represents the distance from the
starting point to the ending point; this is called the displacement vector for the motion.
For example, Figure 11.2.1a shows the displacement vector of a particle that moves from
point A to point B along a circuitous path. Note that the length of the arrow describes the