Answers to Supplementary Problems

CHAPTER 1

1.45

a. Continuous;

b. continuous;

c. discrete;

d. discrete;

e. discrete.

1.46

a. Zero upward; continuous.

b. 2, 3,… ; discrete.

c. Single, married, divorced, separated, widowed; discrete.

d. Zero upward; continuous.

e. 0, 1, 2,… ; discrete.

1.47

a. 3300;

b. 5.8;

c. 0.004;

d. 46.74;

e. 126.00;

f. 4,000,000;

g. 148;

h. 0.000099;

i. 2180;

j. 43.88.

1.48

a. 1,325,000;

b. 0.0041872;

c. 0.0000280;

d. 7,300,000,000;

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 e. 0.0003487;

f. 18.50.

1.49

a. 3;

b. 4;

c. 7;

d. 3;

e. 8;

f. unlimited;

g. 3;

h. 3;

i. 4;

j. 5.

1.50

a. 0.005 million bu, or 5000 bu; three.

b. 0.000000005 cm, or 5 × 10–9 cm; four.

c. 0.5 ft; four.

d. 0.05 × 108 m, or 5 × 106 m; two.

e. 0.5mi/sec; six.

f. 0.5 thousand mi/sec, or 500mi/sec; three.

1.51

a. 3.17 × 10–4 ;

b. 4.280 × 10 8 ;

c. 2.160000 × 104 ;

d. 9.810 × 10 –6 ;

e. 7.32 × 105 ;

f. 1.80 × 10–3 .

1.52

a. 374;

b. 14.0.

1.53

a. 280 (two significant figures), 2.8 hundred, or 2.8 × 102 ;

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 b. 178.9;

c. 250,000 (three significant figures), 250 thousand, or 2.50 × 105 ;

d. 53.0;

e. 5.461;

f. 9.05;

g. 11.54;

h. 5,745,000 (four significant figures), 5745 thousand, 5.745 million, or 5.745 × 106 ;

i. 1.2;

j. 4157.

1.54

a. –11;

b. 2;

c. 35
8
, or 4.375;

d. 21;

e. 3;

f. –16;

g. √98, or 9.89961 approximately;

h. −7/√34, or –1.20049 approximately;
i. 32;

j. 10/√17, or 2.42536 approximately.

1.55

a. 22, 18, 14, 10, 6, 2, –2, –6, and –10;

b. 19.6, 16.4, 13.2, 2.8, –0.8, –4, and –8.4;

c. –1.2, 30, 10 − 4√2 = 4.34 approximately, and 10 + 4π = 22.57 approximately;

d. 3, 1, 5, 2.1, –1.5, 2.5, and 0;

e. X = 14 (10 − Y ).
1.56

a. –5;

b. –24;

c. 8.

1.57

a. –8;

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 b. 4;

c. –16.

1.75

a. –4;

b. 2;

c. 5;

d. 3 ;
4

e. 1;

f. –7.

1.76

a. a = 3, b = 4;

b. a = –2, b = 6;

c. X = –0.2, Y = –1.2;
184 110
d. A= 7
= 26.28571 approximately, B = 7
= 15.71429 approximately;
e. a = 2, b = 3, c = 5;

f. X = –1, Y – 3, Z = –2;

g. U = 0.4, V = –0.8, W = 0.3.

1.77 (b) (2, –3); i.e., X = 2, Y = –3.

1.78

a. 2, –2.5;

b. 2.1 and –0.8 approximately.

1.79

4 ± √76
a. , or 2.12 and –0.79 approximately.
6
b. 2 and –2.5.

c. 0.549 and –2.549 approximately.

−8 ± √−36 −8 ± √36√−1 −8 ± 6i
d. = = = −4 ± 3i , where i = √−1.
2 2 2
These roots are complex numbers and will not show up when a graphic procedure is employed.

1.80

a. –6.15 < –4.3 < –1.5 < 1.52 < 2.37;

b. 2.37 > 1.52 > –1.5 > –4.3 > –6.15.

1.81

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 a. 30 ≤ N ≤ 50;

b. S ≥ 7;

c. –4 ≤ X < 3;

d. P ≤ 5;

e. X – Y > 2.

1.82

a. X ≥ 4;

b. X > 3;

c. N < 5;

d. Y ≤ 1;

e. –8 ≤ X ≤ 7;

f. –1.8 ≤ N < 3;

g. 2 ≤ a ≤ 22.

1.83

a. 1;

b. 2;

c. 3;

d. –1;

e. –2.

1.84

a. 1.0000;

b. 2.3026;

c. 4.6052;

d. 6.9076;

e. –2.3026.

1.85

a. 1;

b. 2;

c. 3;

d. 4;

e. 5.

1.86 The EXCEL command is shown below the answer.

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 1.160964 1.974636 2.9974102 1.068622 1.056642

=LOG(5,4) =LOG(24,5) =LOG(215,6) =LOG(8,7) =LOG(9,8)

1.87

> evalf(log[4](5)); 1.160964047

> evalf(log[5](24)); 1.974635869

> evalf(log[6](215)); 2.997410155

> evalf(log[7](8)); 1.068621561

> evalf(log[8](9)); 1.056641667

a3b4
1.88 ln ( ) = 3 ln (a) + 4 ln (b) − 5 ln (c)
c5

log ( ) = log (x) + log (y) + log (z) − 3 log (w)

xyz
1.89
w3
a5cd
1.90 5 ln (a) − 4 ln (b) + ln (c) + ln (d) = ln ( ).
b4

log (u) + log (v) + log (w) − 2 log (x) − 3 log (y) − 4 log (z) = log ( ).
uvw
1.91
x2y3z4
1.92 104/3.

1.93 2, –5/3.

5 √7 5 √7
1.94 − − i and − + i.
2 2 2 2
1.95 165.13.

1.96 471.71.

1.97 402.14.

1.98 2.363.

1.99 0.617.

1.100

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 1.101 The bar that represents seniors is tallest.

CHAPTER 2

2.19 (b) 62.

2.20

a. 799;

b. 1000;

c. 949.5; (d) 1099.5 and 1199.5;

d. 100 (hours);

e. 76;

f. 62 = 0.155, or 15.5%;
400

g. 29.500;

h. 19.0%;

i. 78.0%.

2.25

a. 24%;

b. 11%;

c. 46%.

2.26

a. 0.003 in;

b. 0.3195, 0.3225, 0.3255,…, 0.3375 in.

c. 0.320–0.322, 0.323–0.325, 0.326–0.328,…, 0.335–0.337 in.

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 2.31

a. Each is 5 years;

b. four (although strictly speaking the last class has no specified size);

c. one;

d. (85–94);

e. 7 years and 17 years;

f. 14.5 years and 19.5 years;

g. 49.3% and 87.3%;

h. 45.1%;

i. cannot be determined.

2.33 19.3, 19.3, 19.1, 18.6, 17.5, 19.1, 21.5, 22.5, 20.7, 18.3, 14.0, 11.4, 10.1, 18.6, 11.4, and 3.7. (These will not add to
26P million because of the rounding errors in the percentages.)

2.34

(b) 0.295;

(c) 0.19;

(d) 0.

2.35

a. Number of heads: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 occur on each toss.

Suppose we obtained the following results:

Toss number of heads obtained

1,0 2,1 3,2 4,4 5,0 6,3 7,1 8,1 9,1 10,1

11,4 12,2 13,3 14,4 15,3 16,2 17,4 18,2 19,0 20,0

21,2 22,3 23,2 24,4 25,0 26,3 27,2 28,3 29,2 30,4

31,0 32,1 33,2 34,3 35,4 36,4 37,3 38,2 39,1 40,0

41,0 42,1 43,2 44,3 45,4 46,1 47,2 48,4 49,0 50,1

b.

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 Number Frequency

0 9

1 10

2 12

3 9

4 10

Total 50

c.

Number Percent Frequency

0 18%

1 20%

2 24%

3 18%

4 20%

d.

Number Theoretical Percent Frequency

0 6.25%

1 25%

2 37.5%

3 25%

4 6.25%

e.

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 f. Figures may vary.

2.36 After tossing the coin 100 times, a summary of the results was as follows:3 were zero heads, 25 one head, 38 two
heads, 30 three heads, and 4 four heads. The frequency distribution and percent distribution was:

Frequency Number Percent

0 3 3%

1 25 25%

2 38 38%

3 30 30%

4 4 4%

The two graphs in 2.35 (e) and 2.36 (e) are different because the tosses are not exactly the same due to the fact that the
trials are not conducted under same circumstances.

2.37

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 The distribution is skewed to the right. Three of the ages are 30 or above. Six of the ages are less than 21.

2.38

The 34–year–old is the only outlier.

2.39

2.40

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CHAPTER 3

3.47

a. X1 + X2 + X3 + X4 + 8

b. f1X12 + f2X22 + f3X32 + f4X42 + f5X52

c. U1 (U1 + 6) + U2 (U2 + 6) + U3 (U3 + 6)

d. Y12 + Y22 + ⋯ + YN2 − 4N

e. 4X1 Y 1 + 4Y 2 Y 2 + 4X3 Y 3 + 4X4 Y 4 .

3.48

3
∑ 3
a. i=1 (Xj + 3) ;
15
∑
2
b. j =1 fj (Yj − a) ;

N
∑
c. i=1 (2Xj − 3Yj )2;
8
∑ Xj 2
d. j =1 ( − 1) ;
Yj
12
∑
j =1 fj a2j
e. .
12
∑
j =1 fj
3.51

a. 20;

b. –37;

c. 53;

d. 6;

e. 226;

f. –62;

g. 25 .
12

3.52

a. –1;

b. 23.

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 3.53 86.

3.54 0.50 second.

3.55 8.25.

3.56

a. 82;

b. 79.

3.57 78.

3.58 66.7% males and 33.3% females.

3.59 11.09 tons.

3.60 501.0.

3.61 0.72642 cm.

3.62 26.2.

3.63 715 minutes.

3.64 (b) 1.7349 cm.

3.65

a. Mean = 5.4, median = 5;

b. mean = 19.91, median = 19.85.

3.66 85.

3.67 0.51 second.

3.68 8.

3.69 11.07 tons.

3.70 490.6.

3.71 0.72638 cm.

3.72 25.4.

3.73 Approximately 78.3 years.

3.74 35.7 years.

3.75 708.3 minutes.

3.76

a. Mean = 8.9, median = 9, mode = 7.

b. Mean = 6.4, median = 6. Since each of the numbers 4, 5, 6, 8, and 10 occurs twice, we to be the five modes; however, it is
more reasonable to conclude in this case that no can consider these mode exists.

3.77 It does not exist.

3.78 0.53 second.

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 3.79 10.

3.80 11.06 tons.

3.81 462.

3.82 0.72632 cm.

3.83 23.5.

3.84 668.7 minutes.

3.85

a. 35–39;

b. 75 to 84.

3.86

(a) Using formula ( 9), mode = 11.1 Using formula (10), mode = 11.03

(b) Using formula ( 9), mode = 0.7264 Using formula (10), mode = 0.7263

(c) Using formula ( 9), mode = 23.5 Using formula (10), mode = 23.8

(d) Using formula ( 9), mode = 668.7 Using formula (10), mode = 694.9.

3.88

a. 8.4;

b. 4.23.

3.89

a. G = 8;

b. ¯¯¯ = 12.4.
X
3.90

a. 4.14;

b. 45.8.

3.91

a. 11.07 ttns;

b. 499.5.

3.92 18.9%.

3.93

a. 1.01%;

b. 238.2 million;

c. 276.9 million.

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 3.94 $1586.87.

3.95 $1608.44.

3.96 3.6 and 14.4.

3.97

a. 3.0;

b. 4.48.

3.98

a. 3;

b. 0;

c. 0.

3.100

a. 11.04;

b. 498.2.

3.101 38.3 mi/h.

3.102 (b) 420 mi/h.

3.104

a. 25;

b. 3.55.

3.107

a. Lower quartile = Q1 = 67, middle quartile = Q2 = median = 75, and upper quartile = Q3 = 83.

b. 25% scored 67 or lower (or 75% scored 67 or higher), 50% scored 75 or lower (or 50% scored 75 or higher), and 75%
scored 83 or lower (or 25% scored 83 or higher).

3.108

a. Q1 = 10.55 tons, Q2 = 11.07 tons, and Q3 = 11.57 tons;

b. Q1 = 469.3, Q2 = 490.6, and Q3 = 523.3.

3.109 Arithmetic mean, Median, Mode, Q2 , P50, and D5 .

3.110

a. 10.15 tons;

b. 11.78 tons;

c. 10.55 tons;

d. 11.57 tons.

3.112

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 a. 83;

b. 64.

3.113 25% of the percentage histogram is less than the first quartile, 50% of the percentage histogram is less than the
second quartile, and 75% of the percentage histogram is less than the third quartile.

25% of the percentage frequency polygon will be less than the first quartile, 50% of the percentage frequency polygon will be
smaller than the second quartile, and 75% will be smaller than the third quartile. Similar statements can be made regarding
the percentage ogive.

CHAPTER 4

4.33

a. 9;

b. 4.273.

4.34 4.0 tons.

4.35 0.0036 cm.

4.36 7.88 kg.

4.37 20 weeks.

4.38

a. 18.2;

b. 3.58;

c. 6.21;

d. 0;

e. √2 = 1.414 approximately;
f. 1.88.

4.39

a. 2;

b. 0.85.

4.40

a. 2.2;

b. 1.317.

4.41 0.576 ton.

4.42

a. 0.00437 cm;

b. 60.0%, 85.2%, and 96.4%.

4.43

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 a. 3.0;

b. 2.8.

4.44

a. 31.2;

b. 30.6.

4.45

a. 6.0;

b. 6.0.

4.46 4.21 weeks.

4.48

a. 0.51 ton;

b. 27.0;

c. 12.

4.49 3.5 weeks.

4.52

a. 1.63 tons;

b. 33.6 or 34.

4.53 The 10–90 percentile range equals $189,500 and 80% of the selling prices are in the range $130,250 ± $94,750.

4.56

a. 2.16;

b. 0.90;

c. 0.484.

4.58 45.

4.59

a. 0.733 ton;

b. 38.60;

c. 12.1.

4.61

a. ¯¯
X¯ = 2.47;
b. s = 1.11.

4.62 s = 5.2 and Range/4 = 5.

4.63

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 a. 0.00576 cm;

b. 72.1%, 93.3%, and 99.76%.

4.64

a. 0.719 ton;

b. 38.24;

c. 11.8.

4.65

a. 0.000569 cm;

b. 71.6%, 93.0%, and 99.68%.

4.66

a. 146.8 lb and 12.91b.

4.67

a. 1.7349 cm and 0.00495 cm.

4.74

a. 15;

b. 12.

4.75

a. Statisticc;

b. algebra.

4.76

a. 6.6%;

b. 19.0%.

4.77 0.15.

4.78 0.20.

4.79 Algebra.

4.80 0.19, –1.75, 1.17, 0.68, –0.29.

4.81

scores 6 2 8 7 5
z scores 0.388 − 3.465 2.33 1.359 − 0.583
mean of z scores = 0
standard deviation of the z scores = 1
CHAPITER 5

5.15

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 a. 6;

b. 40;

c. 288;

d. 2188.

5.16

a. 0;

b. 4;

c. 0;

d. 25.86.

5.17

a. –1;

b. 5;

c. –91;

d. 53.

5.19 0, 26.25, 0, 1193.1.

5.21 7.

5.22

a. 0, 6, 19, 42;

b. –4, 22, –117, 560;

c. 1, 7, 38, 155.

5.23 0, 0.2344–, –0.0586, 0.0696.

5.25

a. m1 = 0;

b. m2 = pq;

c. m3 = pq(q – p);

d. m4 = pq(p2 – pq + q2 ).

5.27 m1 = 0, m2 = 5.97, m3 = –0.397, m4 = 89.22.

5.29 m1 (corrected) = 0, m2 (corrected) = 5.440, m3 (corrected) = –0.5920, m4 (corrected) = 76.2332.

5.30

a. m1 = 0, m2 = 0.53743, m3 = 0.36206, m4 = 0.84914;

b. m2 (corrected) = 0.51660, m4 (corrected) = 0.78378.

5.31

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 a. 0;

b. 52.95;

c. 92.35;

d. 7158.20;

e. 26.2;

f. 7.28;

g. 739.58;

h. 22,247;

i. 706,428;

j. 24,545.

5.32

a. –0.2464;

b. –0.2464.

5.33 0.9190.

5.34 First distribution.

5.35

a. 0.040;

b. 0.074.

5.36

a. –0.02;

b. –0.13.

5.37

Distribution

Pearson's coefficient of skewness 1 2 3

First coefficient 0.770 0 −0.770

Second coefficient 1.094 0 −1.094

5.38

a. 2.62;

b. 2.58.

5.39

a. 2.94;

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 b. 2.94.

5.40

a. Second;

b. first.

5.41

a. Second;

b. neither;

c. first.

5.42

a. Greater than 1875;

b. equal to 1875;

c. less than 1875.

5.43

a. 0.313.

CHAPTER 6

6.40

5
a. 26 ;

5
b. 36 ;

c. 0.98;

d. 29 ;

e. 78 .

6.41

a. Probability of a king on the first draw and no king on the second draw.

b. Probability of either a king on the first draw or a king on the second draw, or both.

c. No king on the first draw or no king on the second draw, or both (i.e., no king on the first and second draws).

d. Probability of a king on the third draw, given that a king was drawn on the first draw but not on the second draw.

e. No king on the first, second, and third draws.

f. Probability either of a king on the first draw and a king on the second draw or of no king on the second draw and a king
on the third draw.

6.42

a. 13 ;

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 b. 35 ;

c. 11
15
;

d. 25 ;

e. 45 .

6.43

4
a. 25 ;

4
b. 75 ;

c. 16
25
;

64
d. 225 ;

e. 11
15
;

f. 15 ;

g. 104
225
;

h. 221
225
;

6
i. 25 ;

52
j. 225 .

6.44

29
a. 185 ;

2
b. 37 ;

c. 118
185
;

52
d. 185 ;

e. 11
15
;

f. 15 ;

86
g. 185 ;

h. 182
185
;

9
i. 37 ;

j. 26 .
111

6.45

5
a. 18 ;

b. 11
36
;

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 1
c. 36 .

6.46

a. 47
52
;

b. 16 ;
221

c. 15 ;
34

d. 13
17
;

e. 210 ;
221

f. 10
13
;

g. 40
51
;

h. 72 .
442
5
6.47 18
.

6.48

a. 81:44;

b. 21.4.
19
6.49 .
42

6.50

a. 25 ;

b. 15 ;

4
c. 15 ;

d. 13
15
.

6.51

a. 37.5%;

b. 93.75%;

c. 6.25%;

d. 68.75%.

6.52

a.

X 0 1 2 3 4

p(X) 1 4 6 4 1
16 16 16 16 16

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 6.53

a. 1 ;
48

b. 7 ;
24

c. 3 ;
4

d. 16 .

6.54

a.

X 0 1 2 3

p(X) 1 1 3 1
6 2 10 30

6.55

a.

X 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

p(X)* 1 3 6 10 15 21 25 27 27 25 21 15 10 6 3 1

b. 0.532407.

6.56 $9.

6.57 $4.80 per day.

6.58 A contributes $12.50; B contributes $7.50.c

6.59

a. 7;

b. 590;

c. 541;

d. 10,900.

6.60

a. 1.2;

b. 0.56;

c. √0.56 = 0.75 approximately.

6.63 10.5.

6.64

a. 12;

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 b. 2520;

c. 720;

d. =PERMUT(4,2),=PERMUT(7,5),=PERMUT(10,3) .

6.65 n = 5:

6.66 60.

6.67

a. 5040;

b. 720;

c. 240.

6.68

a. 8400;

b. 2520.

6.69

a. 32,805;

b. 11,664.

6.70 26.

6.71

a. 120;

b. 72;

c. 12.

6.72

a. 35;

b. 70;

c. 45;

d. =COMBIN(7,3), =COMBIN(8,4), =COMBIN(10,8).

6.73 n = 6.

6.74 210.

6.75 840

6.76

a. 42,000;

b. 7000.

6.77

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 a. 120;

b. 12,600.

6.78

a. 150;

b. 45;

c. 100.

6.79

a. 17;

b. 163.

6.81 2.95 × 1025.

6.83

6
a. 5525 ;

b. 22 ;
425

c. 169 ;
425
73
d. 5525 .

171
6.84 1296
.

6.85

a. 0.59049;

b. 0.32805;

c. 0.08866.

6.86

a. 3 ;
4

b. 78 .

6.87

a. 8;

b. 78;

c. 86;

d. 102;

e. 20;

f. 142.
1
6.90 3
.

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 6.91 1/3,838,380 (i.e., the odds against winning are 3,838,379 to 1).

6.92

a. 658,007 to 1;

b. 91,389 to 1;

c. 9879 to 1.

6.93

a. 649,739 to 1;

b. 71,192 to 1;

c. 4164 to 1;

d. 693 to 1.
11
6.94 36
.

1
6.95 .
4

6.96

* All the p(x) values have a divisor of 64.

X 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

p(X)* 1 3 6 10 12 12 10 5 3 1

6.97 7.5.

6.98 70%.

6.99 (0.5)(0.01) + (0.3)(0.02) + (0.2)(0.03) = 0.017.

0.2 (0.03)
6.100 = 0.35.
0.017
CHAPTER 7

7.35

a. 5040;

b. 210;

c. 126;

d. 165;

e. 6.

7.36

a. q7 + 7q6 p + 21q5 p2 + 35q4 p3 + 35q3 p4 + 21q2 p5 + 7qp6 + p7

b. q10 + 10q9 p + 45q8 p2 + 120q7 p3 + 210q6 p4 + 252q5 p5 + 210q4 p6 + 120q3 p7 + 45q2 p8 + 10qp9 + p10

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 7.37

a. 1 ;
64
3
b. 32 ;

c. 15 ;
64
5
d. 16 ;

e. 15 ;
64
3
f. 32 ;

g. 1 ;
64

h. Probability Density Function

Binomial with n = 6 and p = 0.5

X P(X = x)

0 0.015625

1 0.093750

2 0.234375

3 0.312500

4 0.234375

5 0.093750

6 0.015625

7.38

a. 57 ;
64

b. 21
32
;

c. 1–BINOMDIST(1,6,0.5,1) or 0.890625, =BINOMDIST(3,6,0.5,1) = 0.65625.

7.39

a. 1 ;
4
5
b. 16 ;

c. 11
16
;

d. 58 .

7.40

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 a. 250;

b. 25;

c. 500.

7.41

17
a. 162 ;
1
b. .
324
64
7.42 .
243
193
7.43 512
.

7.44

a. 32 ;
243

b. 192 ;
243

c. 40 ;
243

d. 242 ;
243

e.

a 0.131691 =BINOMDIST(5,5,0.66667,0)

b 0.790128 =1-BINOMDIST(2,5,0.66667,1)

c 0.164606 =BINOMDIST(2,5,0.66667,0)

d 0.995885 =1-BINOMDIST(0,5,0.66667,0).

7.45

a. 42;

b. 3.550;

c. –0.1127;

d. 2.927.

7.47

a. Npq(q – p);

b. Npq(1 – 6pq) + 3N2 p2 q2 .

7.49

a. 1.5 and –1.6;

b. 72 and 90.

7.50

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 a. 75.4;

b. 9.

7.51

a. 0.8767;

b. 0.0786;

c. 0.2991;

d.

a 0.8767328 =NORMSDIST(2.4)-NORMSDIST(-1.2)

b 0.0786066 =NORMSDIST(1.87)-NORMSDIST(1.23)

c 0.2991508 =NORMSDIST(-0.5)-NORMSDIST(-2.35).

7.52

a. 0.0375;

b. 0.7123;

c. 0.9265;

d. 0.0154;

e. 0.7251;

f. 0.0395;

g.

a 0.037538 =NORMSDIST(-1.78)

b 0.7122603 =NORMSDIST(0.56)

c 0.9264707 =1-NORMSDIST(-1.45)

d 0.0153863 =1-NORMSDIST(2.16)

e 0.7251362 =NORMSDIST(1.53)-NORMSDIST(-0.8)

f 0.0394927 =NORMSDIST(-2.52)+(1-NORMSDIST(1.83)).

7.53

a. 0.9495;

b. 0.9500;

c. 0.6826.

7.54

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 a. 0.75;

b. –1.86;

c. 2.08;

d. 1.625 or 0.849;

e. ±1.645.

7.55 –0.995.

7.56

a. 0.0317;

b. 0.3790;

c. 0.1989;

d.

a 0.03174 =NORMDIST(2.25,0,1,0)

b 0.37903 =NORMDIST(-0.32,0,1,0)

c 0.19886 =NORMDIST(-1.18,0,1,0).

7.57

a. 4.78%;

b. 25.25%;

c. 58.89%.

7.58

a. 2.28%;

b. 68.27%;

c. 0.14%.

7.59 84.

7.60

a. 61.7%;

b. 54.7%.

7.61

a. 95.4%;

b. 23.0%;

c. 93.3%.

7.62

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 a. 1.15;

b. 0.77.

7.63

a. 0.9962;

b. 0.0687;

c. 0.0286;

d. 0.0558.

7.64

a. 0.2511;

b. 0.1342.

7.65

a. 0.0567;

b. 0.9198;

c. 0.6404;

d. 0.0079.

7.66 0.0089.

7.67

a. 0.04979;

b. 0.1494;

c. 0.2241;

d. 0.2241;

e. 0.1680;

f. 0.1008.

7.68

a. 0.0838;

b. 0.5976;

c. 0.4232.

7.69

a. 0.05610;

b. 0.06131.

7.70

a. 0.00248;

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 b. 0.04462;

c. 0.1607;

d. 0.1033;

e. 0.6964;

f. 0.0620.

7.71

a. 0.08208;

b. 0.2052;

c. 0.2565;

d. 0.2138;

e. 0.8911;

f. 0.0142.

7.72

5
a. 3888 ;
5
b. .
324

7.73

a. 0.0348;

b. 0.000295.
1
7.74 16
.

4
7.75 p (X) = ( ) (0.32)X(0.68)4− X. The expected frequenciesare 32, 60, 43, 13, and 2, respectively.
X
7.76

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 The histogram shows a skew to the data, indicating non–normality.

The Shapiro–Wilt test of STATISTIX indicates non–normality.

7.77 The STATISTIX histogram strongly indicates normality.

The pull–down “Statistics ⇒ Randomness/Normality Tests ⇒ Normality Probability Plot” leads to the following plot. If the
data are from a normally distributed population, the points in the plot tend to fall along a straight line and P(W) tends to be
larger than 0.05. If P(W) < 0.05, generally normality is rejected.

The normal probability plot is shown above. The Shapiro–Wilk statistic along with the p–value is shown. P(W) = 0.7360.
Since the p–value is considerably larger than 0.05, normality of the data is not rejected.

7.78 The following histogram of the test scores in Table 7.11, produced by STATISTIX, has a U–shape. Hence, it is
called a U–shape distribution.

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 The pull–down “Statistics ⇒ Randomness/Normality Tests ⇒ Normality Probability Plot” leads to the following plot. If the
data comes from a normally distributed population, the points in the plot tend to fall along a straight line and P(W) tends to
be larger than 0.05. If P(W)<0.05, generally normality is rejected.

The normal probability plot is shown above. The Shapiro–Wilk statistic along with the p–value is shown. P(W) = 0.0034.
Since the p–value is less than 0.05, normality of the data is rejected.

7.79 In addition to the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test in MINITAB and the Shapiro–Wilk test in STATISTIX, there are two
other tests of normality that we shall discuss that are available for testing for normality. They are the Ryan–Joiner and the
Anderson–Darling tests. Basically all four calculate a test statistic and each test statistic has a p–value associated with it.
Generally, the following rule is used. If the p–value is <0.05, normality is rejected. The following graphic is given when doing
the Anderson–Darling test. In this case, the p–value is 0.006 and I would reject the null hypothesis that the data came from
a normal distribution.

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 Note that if the Ryan–Joiner test is used you do not reject normality.

(0.61)Xe−0.61
7.80 p (X) = . The expected frequencies are 108.7, 66.3, 20.2, 4.1, and 0.7, respectively.
X!
CHAPTER 8

8.21

a. 9.0;

b. 4.47;

c. 9.0;

d. 3.16.

8.22

a. 9.0;

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 b. 4.47;

c. 9.0;

d. 2.58.

8.23

a. ¯¯¯ = 22.40 g, σX
μX ¯¯¯ = 0.008 g;

b. ¯¯¯ = 22.40 g, σX
μX ¯¯¯ = slightly less than 0.008 g.

8.24

a. ¯¯¯ = 22.40 g, σX
μX ¯¯¯ = 0.008 g;

b. ¯¯¯ = 22.40 g, σX
μX ¯¯¯ = 0.0057 g.

8.25

a. 237;

b. 2;

c. none;

d. 34.

8.26

a. 0.4972;

b. 0.1587;

c. 0.0918;

d. 0.9544.

8.27

a. 0.8164;

b. 0.0228;

c. 0.0038;

d. 1.0000.

8.28 0.0026.

8.34

a. 0.0029;

b. 0.9596;

c. 0.1446.

8.35

a. 2;

b. 996;

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 c. 218.

8.36

a. 0.0179;

b. 0.8664;

c. 0.1841.

8.37

a. 6;

b. 9;

c. 2;

d. 12.

8.39

a. 19;

b. 125.

8.40

a. 0.0077;

b. 0.8869.

8.41

a. 0.0028;

b. 0.9172.

8.42

a. 0.2150;

b. 0.0064, 0.4504.

8.43 0.0482.

8.44 0.0188.

8.45 0.0410.

8.47

a. 118.79 g;

b. 0.74 g.

8.48 0.0228.

8.49 μ = 12 and σ2 = 10.8.

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 A B C D

first second mean probability

6 6 6 0.01

6 9 7.5 0.02

6 12 9 0.04

6 15 10.5 0.02

6 18 12 0.01

9 6 7.5 0.02

9 9 9 0.04

9 12 10.5 0.08

9 15 12 0.04

9 18 13.5 0.02

12 6 9 0.04

12 9 10.5 0.08

12 12 12 0.16

12 15 13.5 0.08

12 18 15 0.04

15 6 10.5 0.02

15 9 12 0.04

15 12 13.5 0.08

15 15 15 0.04

15 18 16.5 0.02

18 6 12 0.01

18 9 13.5 0.02

18 12 15 0.04

18 15 16.5 0.02

18 18 18 0.01

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 8.50 Probability distribution for x–bar with n = 2.

8.51 Mean(x–bar) = 12 Var (x–bar) = 5.4.

8.52

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 xbar P(xbar)

6 0.001

7 0.006

8 0.024

9 0.062

10 0.123

11 0.18

12 0.208

13 0.18

14 0.123

15 0.062

16 0.024

17 0.006

18 0.001

CHAPTER 9

9.21

a. 9.5 kg;

b. 0.74 kg2 ;

c. 0.78 kg and 0.86 kg, respectively.

9.22

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 a. 1200 h;

b. 105.4 h.

9.23

a. Estimates of population standard deviations for sample sizes of 30, 50, and 100 tubes are 101.7 h, 101.0 h, and 100.5 h,
respectively; estimates of population means are 1200 h in all cases.

9.24

a. 11.09 ± 0.18 tons;

b. 11.09 ± 0.24 tons.

9.25

a. 0.72642 ± 0.000095 in;

b. 0.72642 ± 0.000085 in;

c. 0.72642 ± 0.000072 in;

d. 0.72642 ± 0.000060 in.

9.26

a. 0.72642 ± 0.000025 in;

b. 0.000025 in.

9.27

a. At least 97;

b. at least 68;

c. at least 167;

d. at least 225.

9.28 80% CI for mean: (286.064, 322.856).

9.29

a. 2400 ± 45 lb, 2400 ± 59 lb;

b. 87.6%.

9.30

a. 0.70 ± 0.12, 0.69 ± 0.11;

b. 0.70 ± 0.15, 0.68 ± 0.15;

c. 0.70 ± 0.18, 0.67 ± 0.17.

9.31 97.5% CI for difference: (0.352477, 0.421523).

9.32

a. 16,400;

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 b. 27,100;

c. 38,420;

d. 66,000.

9.33

a. 1.07 ± 0.09 h;

b. 1.07 ± 0.12 h.

9.34 85% CI for difference: (–7.99550, –0.20948).

9.35 95% CI for difference: (–0.0918959, –0.00610414).

9.36

a. 180 ± 24.9 lb;

b. 180 ± 32.8 lb;

c. 180 ± 38.2 lb.

9.37

9.38

CHAPTER 10

10.29

a. 0.2604.

b.

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 α = 0.1302 + 0.1302.

10.30

a. Reject the null hypothesis if X≤ 21 or X≥ 43, where X = number of red marbles drawn;

b. 0.99186;

c. Reject if X ≤ 23 or X ≥ 41.

10.31

a. Ho: p = 0.5 Ha: p>0.5;

b. One–tailed test;

c. Reject the null hypothesis if X≥ 40;

d. Reject the null hypothesis if X ≥ 41.

10.32

a. Two–tailed p–value = 2*(1–BINOMDIST(22,100,0.16666,1) = 0.126>0.05. Do not reject the null at the 0.05 level.

b. One–tailed p–value = 1–BINOMDIST(22,100,0.16666, 1) = 0.063 > 0.05. Do not reject the null at the 0.05 level.

10.33 Using either a two–tailed or a one–tailed test, we cannot reject the hypothesis at the 0.01 level.

10.34 Ho: p ≥ 0.95 Ha: p < 0.95

p–value = P{X ≤ 182 from 200 pieces when p = 0.95} =BINOMDIST(182,200,0.95,1) = 0.012.

Fail to reject at 0.01 but reject at 0.05.

10.35 Test statistic = 2.63, critical values ±1.7805, reject the null hypothesis.

10.36 Test statistic = –3.39, 0.10 critical value = –1.28155, 0.025 critical value = –1.96. The result is significant at α =
0.10 and α = 0.025.

10.37 Test statistic = 6.46, critical value = 1.8808, conclude that µ > 25.5.

10.38 =NORMSINV(0.9) = 1.2815 for α = 0.1, =NORMSINV(0.99) = 2.3263 for α = 0.01 and =NORMSINV(0.999) =
3.0902 for α = 0.001.

10.39 p-value = P{X≤ 3} ± P{X≥ 12} = 0.0352.

10.40 p-value = P{Z < –2.63} ± P{Z > 2.63} = 0.0085.

10.41 p-value = P{Z < –3.39} = 0.00035.

10.42 p-value = P{Z> 6.46} = 5.23515E–11.

10.43

a. 8.64 ± 0.96 oz;

b. 8.64 ± 0.83 oz;

c. 8.64 ± 0.63 oz.

10.44 The upper control limits are (a) 12 and (b) 10.

10.45 Test statistic = –5.59, p-value = 0.000. Reject the null since the p-value < α.

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 10.46 Test statistic = −1.58, p-value = 0.059. Do not reject for α = 0.05, do reject for α = 0.10.

10.47 Test statistic = –1.73, p-value = 0.042. Reject for α = 0.05, do not reject for α = 0.01.

10.48 A one-tailed test shows that the new fertilizer is superior at both levels of significance.

10.49

a. Test statistic = 1.35, p-value = 0.176, unable to reject the null at α = 0.05.

b. Test statistic = 1.35, p-value = 0.088, unable to reject the null at α = 0.05.

10.50

a. Test statistic = 1.81, p-value = 0.07, unable to reject the null at α = 0.05.

b. Test statistic – 1.81, p-value = 0.0035, reject the null at α = 0.05.

10.51 = 1–BINOMDIST (10, 15, 0.5, 1) or 0.059235.

10.52 =BINOMDIST (2, 20, 0.5, 1) + 1–BINOMDIST(17, 20, 0.5, 1) or 0.000402.

10.53 =BINOMDIST (10, 15, 0.6, 1) or 0.7827.

10.54 =BINOMDIST (17, 20, 0.9, 1)–BINOMDIST (2, 20, 0.9, 1) or 0.3231.

10.55 p-value is given by =1–BINOMDIST (9, 15, 0.5, 1) which equals 0.1509. Do not reject the null because the value
of α = 0.0592 and the p-value is not less then α.

10.56 α =BINOMDIST (4, 20, 0.5, 1) +1–BINOMDIST (15, 20, 0.5, 1) or 0.0118

p-value =BINOMDIST (3, 20, 0.5, 1) +1–BINOMDIST (16, 20, 0.5, 1) or 0.0026.

Reject the null because the p-value <α.

10.57 = 1–BINOMDIST (3, 30, 0.03, 1) or 0.0119.

10.58 =BINOMDIST (3, 30, 0.04, 1) or 0.9694.

10.59 α =1–BINOMDIST (5, 20, 0.16667, 1) or 0.1018

p-value =1–BINOMDIST (6, 20, 0.16667, 1) or 0.0371.

CHAPTER 11

11.20

a. 2.60;

b. 1.75;

c. 1.34;

d. 2.95;

e. 2.13.

11.21

a. 3.75;

b. 2.68;

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 c. 2.48;

d. 2.39;

e. 2.33.

a. =TINV(0.02,4) or 3.7469;

b. 2.6810;

c. 2.4851;

d. 2.3901;

e. 3.3515.

11.22

a. 1.71;

b. 2.09;

c. 4.03;

d. –0.128.

11.23

a. 1.81;

b. 2.76;

c. –0.879;

d. –1.37.

11.24

a. ±4.60;

b. ±3.06;

c. ±2.79;

d. ±2.75;

e. ±2.70.

11.25

a. 7.38 ± 0.79;

b. 7.38 ± 1.11;

c. (6.59214, 8.16786) (6.26825, 8.49175) .

11.26

a. 7.38 ± 0.70;

b. 7.38 ± 0.92.

11.27

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 a. 0.298 ± 0.030 second;

b. 0.298 ± 0.049 second.

11.28 A two-tailed test shows that there is no evidence at either the 0.05 or 0.01 level to indicate that the mean lifetime
has changed.

11.29 A one-tailed test shows no decrease in the mean at either the 0.05 or 0.01 level.

11.30 A two-tailed test at both levels shows that the product does not meet the required specifications.

11.31 A one-tailed test at both levels shows that the mean copper content is higher than the specifications require.

11.32 A one-tailed test shows that the process should not be introduced if the significance level adopted is 0.01 but it
should be introduced if the significance level adopted is 0.05.

11.33 A one-tailed test shows that brand A is better than brand B at the 0.05 significance level.

11.34 Using a two-tailed test at the 0.05 significance level, we would not conclude on the basis of the samples that
there is a difference in acidity between the two types.

11.35 Using a one-tailed test at the 0.05 significance level, we would conclude that the first group is not superior to the
second.

11.36

a. 21.0;

b. 26.2;

c. 23.3;

d. =CHIINV(0.05, 12) or 21.0261 =CHIINV(0.01, 12) or 26.2170 =CHIINV(0.025, 12) or 23.3367.

11.37

a. 15.5;

b. 30.1;

c. 41.3;

d. 55.8.

11.38

a. 20.1;

b. 36.2;

c. 48.3;

d. 63.7.

11.39

a. χ21 = 9.59, and χ22 = 34.2.

11.40

a. 16.0;

b. 6.35;
= 2.17 = 14.1
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 c. assuming equal areas in the two tails, χ21 = 2.17 and χ22 = 14.1

11.41

a. 87.0 to 230.9 h;

b. 78.1 to 288.5 h.

11.42

a. 95.6 to 170.4 h;

b. 88.9 to 190.8 h.

11.43

a. 122.5;

b. 179.2;

c. = CHIINV(0.95, 150) or 122.6918;

d. =CHIINV(0.05, 150) or 179.5806.

11.44

a. 207.7;

b. 295.2;

c. =CHIINV(0.975, 250) or 208.0978;

d. =CHIINV(0.025, 250) or 295.6886.

11.46

a. 106.1 to 140.5 h;

b. 102.1 to 148.1 h.

11.47 105.5 to 139.6 h.

11.48 On the basis of the given sample, the apparent increase in variability is not significant at either level.

11.49 The apparent decrease in variability is significant at the 0.05 level, but not at the 0.01 level.

11.50

a. 3.07;

b. 4.02;

c. 2.11;

d. 2.83.

11.51

a. =FINV(0.05, 8, 10) or 3.0717;

b. =FINV(0.01, 24, 11) or 4.0209;

c. =FINV(0.05, 15, 24) or 2.1077;

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 d. =FINV(0.01, 20, 22) or 2.8274.

11.52 The sample 1 variance is significantly greater at the 0.05 level, but not at the 0.01 level.

11.53

a. Yes;

b. no.

CHAPTER 12

12.26 The hypothesis cannot be rejected at either level.

12.27 The conclusion is the same as before.

12.28 The new instructor is not following the grade pattern of the others. (The fact that the grades happen to be better
than average may be due to better teaching ability or lower standards, or both.)

12.29 There is no reason to reject the hypothesis that the coins are fair.

12.30 There is no reason to reject the hypothesis at either level.

12.31

a. 10, 60, and 50, respectively;

b. the hypothesis that the results are the same as those expected cannot be rejected at the 0.05 level.

12.32 The difference is significant at the 0.05 level.

12.33

a. The fit is good;

b. no.

12.34

a. The fit is “too good”;

b. the fit is poor at the 0.05 level.

12.35

a. The fit is very poor at the 0.05 level; since the binomial distribution gives a good fit of the data, this is consistent with
Problem 12.33.

b. The fit is good, but not “too good.”

12.36 The hypothesis can be rejected at the 0.05 level, but not at the 0.01 level.

12.37 The conclusion is the same as before.

12.38 The hypothesis cannot be rejected at either level.

12.39 The hypothesis cannot be rejected at the 0.05 level.

12.40 The hypothesis can be rejected at both levels.

12.41 The hypothesis can be rejected at both levels.

12.42 The hypothesis cannot be rejected at either level.

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 12.49

a. 0.3863 (unconnected), and 0.3779 (with Yates’ correction).

12.50

a. 0.2205, 0.1985 (corrected);

b. 0.0872, 0.0738 (corrected).

12.51 0.4651.

12.54

a. 0.4188, 0.4082 (corrected).

12.55

a. 0.2261, 0.2026 (corrected);

b. 0.0875, 0.0740 (corrected).

12.56 0.3715.

CHAPTER 13

13.24

a. 4;

b. 6;

c. 28
3
;

d. 10.5;

e. 6;

f. 9.

13.25 (2, 1).

13.26

a. 2X + Y = 4;

b. X intercept = 2, Y intercept = 4;

c. –2, –6.

13.27 Y = 23 X − 3, or 2X – 3Y – 9.
13.28

a. Slope = 35 , Y intercept = –4;

b. 3X – 5Y = 11.

13.29

a. − 43 ;

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 b. 32
3
;

c. 4X + 3Y = 32.

13.30 X/3 + Y/(–5) = 1, or 5X – 3Y = 15.

13.31

a. °F = 95 °C + 32;
b. 176°F;

c. 20°C.

13.32

a. Y = − 13 + 57 X, or Y = −0.333 + 0.714X;

b. X = 1 + 97 Y , or X = 1.00 + 1.29Y .
13.33

a. 3.24; 8.24;

b. 10.00.

13.35

(b) Y = 29.13 + 0.661X;

(c) X = –14.39 + 1.15Y;

(d) 79;

(e) 95.

13.36

(a) and (b)

(c)

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 Year Birth Rate Fitted Value Residual

1998 14.3 14.3143 −0.014286

1999 14.2 14.2571 −0.057143

2000 14.4 14.2000 0.200000

2001 14.1 14.1429 −0.042857

2002 13.9 14.0857 −0.185714

2003 14.1 14.0286 0.071429

2004 14.0 13.9714 0.028571

(d) 14.3714–0.0571429(13) = 13.6.

13.37

(a) and (b)

(c)

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 Year Number Fitted Value Residual

1999 4154 4107.79 46.2143

2000 4240 4264.14 −24.1429

2001 4418 4420.50 −2.5000

2002 4547 4576.86 −29.8571

2003 4716 4733.21 −17.2143

2004 4867 4889.57 −22.5714

2005 5096 5045.93 50.0714

(d) 3951.43 + 156.357(12) = 5827.7.

13.38 Y = 5.51 + 3.20(X – 3) + 0.733(X – 3)2 , or Y = 2.51 – 1.20X + 0.733X2 .

13.39

(b) D = 41.77 – 1.096V + 0.08786V2 ;

(c) 170 ft, 516 ft.

13.40

a.

b.

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 c.

d.

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 Linear Model Quadratic Model Cubic Model

Year Residual Fitted Residual Fitted Residual Fitted

1940 1.363 0.863 −0.715 1.215 −0.112 0.612

1950 0.836 1.736 0.649 −1.549 0.134 −1.034

1960 −0.092 0.092 0.943 −3.643 0.330 −3.030

1970 −1.919 1.919 −0.332 −5.068 −0.476 −4.924

1980 −2.047 2.047 −0.575 −5.825 −0.139 −6.261

1990 −1.074 1.074 −0.388 −5.912 0.292 −6.592

2000 0.798 6.098 0.030 −5.330 0.162 −5.462

2005 2.134 6.534 0.388 −4.788 −0.191 −4.209

SSQ = 16.782 SSQ = 2.565 SSQ = 0.533

e.

Linear: –0.863 – 0.8725(7) = –6.97

Quadratic: 1.215 – 3.098(7) + 0.3345(7 2) = – 4.08

Cubic: 0.6124 – 1.321(7) – 0.4008(49) + 0.0754(343) = –2.41.

13.41

(b) Ratio = 0.965 + 0.0148 Year-coded.

(c)

Year Year-coded Male Female Ratio Fitted Value Residual

1920 0 53.90 51.81 0.96 0.97 −0.00

1930 1 62.14 60.64 0.98 0.98 −0.00

1940 2 66.06 65.61 0.99 0.99 −0.00

1950 3 75.19 76.14 1.01 1.01 0.00

1960 4 88.33 90.99 1.03 1.02 0.01

1970 5 98.93 104.31 1.05 1.04 0.01

1980 6 110.05 116.49 1.06 1.05 0.00

1990 7 121.24 127.47 1.05 1.07 −0.02

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 (d) Predicted ratio = 1.08. Actual ratio = 1.04.

13.42

(b) Difference = –2.63 + 1.35 x + 0.0064 xsquare.

(d) The predicted difference for 1995 is –2.63 + 1.35(7.5) +0.0064(56.25) = 7.86.

13.43

(b) Y = 32.14(1.427)X, or Y = 32.14(10)01544X, or Y = 32.14e0.3556X, where e = 2.718 … is the natural logarithmic base.

(d) 387.

CHAPTER 14

14.40

(b) Y = 4.000 + 0.500X;

(c) X = 2.408 + 0.612Y.

14.41

a. 1.304;

b. 1.443.

14.42

a. 24.50;

b. 17.00;

c. 7.50.

14.43 0.5533.

14.44 The EXCEL solution is =CORREL(A2:A11,B2:B11) or 0.553.

14.45 1.5.

14.46

a. 0.8961;

b. Y = 80.78 + 1.138X;

c. 132.

14.47

a. 0.958;

b. 0.872.

14.48

a. Y = 0.8X + 12;

b. X = 0.45Y + 1.

14.49

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 a. 1.60;

b. 1.20.

14.50 ±0.80.

14.51 75%.

14.53 You get the same answer for both parts, namely –0.9203.

14.54

a. Y = 18.04 – 1.34X, Y = 51.18 – 2.01X.

14.58 0.5440.

14.59

a. Y = 4.44X – 142.22;

b. 141.9 lb and 177.5 lb, respectively.

14.60

a. 16.92 lb;

b. 2.07 in.

14.62 Pearson correlation of C1 and C2 = 0.957.

14.63 Pearson correlation of C1 and C2 – 0.582.

14.64

a. Yes;

b. no.

14.65

a. No ;

b. yes.

14.66

a. 0.2923 and 0.7951;

b. 0.1763 and 0.8361.

14.67

a. 0.3912 and 0.7500;

b. 0.3146 and 0.7861.

14.68

a. 0.7096 and 0.9653;

b. 0.4961 and 0.7235.

14.69

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 a. Yes;

b. no.

14.70

a. 2.00 ± 0.21;

b. 2.00 ± 0.28.

14.71

a. Using a one-tailed test, we can reject the hypothesis.

b. Using a one-tailed test, we cannot reject the hypothesis.

14.72

a. 37.0 ± 3.28;

b. 37.0 ± 4.45.

14.73

a. 37.0 ± 0.69;

b. 37.0 ± 0.94.

14.74

a. 1.138 ± 0.398;

b. 132.0 ± 16.6;

c. 132.0 ± 5.4.

CHAPTER 15

15.26

a. X3 – b3.12 + b31.2X1 + b32.1X2 ;

b. X4 = b4.1235 + b41.235X1 + b42.135X2 + b43.125X3 .

15.28

a. X3 = 61.40 – 3.65X1 + 2.54X2 ;

b. 40.

15.29

a. X3 – 74 – 4.36(X1 – 6.8) + 4.04(X2 – 7.0), or X3 = 16.07 + 4.36X1 + 4.04X2 ;

b. 84 and 66.

15.30 The output is abridged in all cases.

EXCEL

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 Price Bedrooms Baths SUMMARY OUTPUT

165 3 2 Regression Statistics

200 3 3

225 4 3 Multiple R 0.877519262

180 2 3 R Square 0.770040055

202 4 2 Adjusted R Square 0.704337213

250 4 4 Standard Error 25.62718211

275 3 4 Observations 10

300 5 3 Coefficients

155 2 2 Intercept 32.94827586

230 4 4 Bedrooms 28.64655172

Baths 29.28448276

MINITAB

Regression Analysis: Price versus Bedrooms, Baths

The regression equation is

Price = 32.9 + 28.6 Bedrooms + 29.3 Baths

R–Sq = 77.0% R-Sq(adj) =70.4%

SAS

SPSS

Coefficientsa

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 Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig.

B Std. Error Beta

1 (Constant) 32.948 39.242 .840 .429

Bedrooms 28.647 9.215 .587 3.109 .017

Baths 29.284 10.904 .507 2.686 .031

a Dependent Variable: Price

STATISTIX

Statistix 8.0

Unweighted Least Squares Linear Regression of Price

Predictor Variables Coefficients Std Error T P VIF

Constant 32.9483 39.2425 0.84 0.4289

Bedrooms 28.6466 9.21547 3.11 0.0171 1.1

Baths 29.2845 10.9039 2.69 0.0313 1.1

R-Squared 0.7700

Estimated Price = 32.9 + 28.6(5) + 29.3(4) = 293.1 thousand.

15.31 3.12.

15.32

a. 5.883;

b. 0.6882.

15.33 0.9927.

15.34

a. 0.7567;

b. 0.7255;

c. 0.6810.

15.37 The STATISTIX pull down “Statistics ⇒ Linear models ⇒ Partial Correlations” is used. The following dialog box
is filled as shown.

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 The following output results.

Statistix 8.0

Partial Correlations with X1

Controlled for X3

X2 0.5950

Similarly, it is found that:

Statistix 8.0

Partial Correlations with X1

Controlled for X2

X3 −0.8995

and

Statistix 8.0

Partial Correlations with X2

Controlled for X1

X3 0.8727

15.38

a. 0.2672;

b. 0.5099;

c. 0.4026.

15.42

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 a. X4 = 6X1 + 3X2 – 4X3 – 100;

b. 54.

15.43

a. 0.8710;

b. 0.8587;

c. –0.8426.

15.44

a. 0.8947;

b. 2.680.

15.45 Any of the following solutions will give the same coefficients as solving the normal equations. The pull-down
“Tools ⇒ Data analysis ⇒ Regression” is used in EXCEL to find the regression equation as well as other regression
measurements. The part of the output from which the regression equation may be found is as follows.

Coefficients

Intercept −25.3355

smoker −302.904

Alcohol −4.57069

Exercise −60.8839

Dietary −36.8586

Weight 16.76998

Age −9.52833

In MINITAB the pull-down “Stat ⇒ Regression ⇒ Regression” may be used to find the regression equation. The part of the
output from which the regression equation may be found is as follows.

Regression Analysis: Medcost versus smoker, alcohol, …

The regression equation is

Medcost = − 25 − 303 smoker − 4.6 alcohol − 60.9 Exercise − 37 Dietary + 16.8 weight − 9.53 Age

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 Predictor Coef SE Coef T P

Constant −25.3 644.8 −0.04 0.970

smoker −302.9 256.1 −1.18 0.271

alcohol −4.57 11.89 −0.38 0.711

Exercise −60.88 19.75 −3.08 0.015

Dietary −36.9 104.0 −0.35 0.732

weight 16.770 3.561 4.71 0.002

Age −9.528 9.571 −1.00 0.349

In SAS, the pull-down “Statistics ⇒ Regression ⇒ Linear” may be used to find the regression equation. The part of the
output from which the regression equation may be found is as follows.

In SPSS, the pull-down “Analyze ⇒ Regression ⇒ Linear” may be used to find the regression equation. The part of the output
from which the regression equation may be found is as follows. Look under the unstandardized coefficients.

Coefficientsa

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 Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig.

B Std. Error Beta

1 (Constant) −25.336 644.844 −.039 .970

smoker −302.904 256.110 −.287 −1.183 .271

alcohol −4.571 11.886 −.080 −.385 .711

exercise −60.884 19.754 −.553 −3.082 .015

dietary −36.859 104.047 −.044 −.354 .732

weight −16.770 3.561 .927 4.710 .002

age −9.528 9.571 −.124 −.996 .349

aDependent Variable: medcost

In STATISTIX, the pull-down “Statistics ⇒ Linear models ⇒ Linear regression” may be used to find the regression equation.
The part of the output from which the regression equation may be found is as follows. Look under the coefficients column.

Statistix 8.0

Unweighted Least Squares Linear Regression of Medcost

Predictor Variables Coefficient Std Error T P VIF

Constant −25.3355 644.844 −0.04 0.9696

Age −9.52833 9.57104 −1.00 0.3486 1.3

Dietary −36.8586 104.047 −0.35 0.7323 1.3

Exercise −60.8839 19.7537 −3.08 0.0151 2.6

alcohol −4.57069 11.8858 −0.38 0.7106 3.6

smoker −302.904 256.110 −1.18 0.2709 4.9

weight 16.7700 3.56074 4.71 0.0015 3.2

CHAPTER 16

16.21 There is no significant difference in the five varieties at the 0.05 or 0.01 levels. The MINITAB analysis is as
follows.

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 16.22 There is no difference in the four types of tires at the 0.05 or 0.01 level. The STATISTIX analysis is as follows.

16.23 There is a difference in the three teaching methods at the 0.05 level, but not at the 0.01 level. The EXCEL analysis
is as follows:

MethodI MethodII MethodIII

75 81 73

62 85 79

71 68 60

58 92 75

73 90 81

Anova: Single Factor

SUMMARY

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 Groups Count Sum Average Variance

MethodI 5 339 67.8 54.7

MethodII 5 416 83.2 90.7

MethodIII 5 368 73.6 67.8

ANOVA

Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value

Between Groups 604.9333 2 302.4667 4.256098 0.040088

Within Groups 852.8 12 71.06667

Total 1457.733 14

16.24 There is a difference in the five brands at the 0.05 level but not at the 0.01 level. The SPSS analysis is follows.

ANOVA

mpg

Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Between Groups 52.621 4 13.155 4.718 .010

Within Groups 44.617 16 2.789

Total 97.238 20

16.25 There is a difference in the four courses at both levels. The SAS analysis is follows.

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 The ANOVA Procedure

Dependent Variable: Grade

Source DF Sum of Squares Mean Square F Value Pr > F

Model 3 365.5708333 121.8569444 7.35 0.0047

Error 12 198.8666667 16.5722222

Corrected Total 15 564.4375000

16.26 There is no difference in the operators or machines at the 0.05 level. The MINITAB analysis is follows.

Two-way ANOVA: Number versus Machine, Operator

Source DF SS MS F P

Machine 2 56 28.0 4.31 0.101

Operator 2 6 3.0 0.46 0.660

Error 4 26 6.5

Total 8 88

S = 2.550 R-Sq = 70.45% R-Sq(adj) = 40.91%

16.27 There is no difference in the operators or machines at the 0.01 level. The EXCEL analysis is follows. Compare this
EXCEL analysis and the MINITAB analysis in the previous problem.

Operator1 Operator2 Operator3

machine1 23 27 24

machine2 34 30 28

machine3 28 25 27

Anova: Two-Factor Without Replication

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 SUMMARY Count Sum Average Variance

Row 1 3 74 24.66667 4.333333

Row 2 3 92 30.66667 9.333333

Row 3 3 80 26.66667 2.333333

Column 1 3 85 28.33333 30.33333

Column 2 3 82 27.33333 6.333333

Column 3 3 79 26.33333 4.333333

ANOVA

Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value

Rows 56 2 28 4.307692 0.100535

Columns 6 2 3 0.461538 0.660156

Error 26 4 6.5

Total 88 8

16.28 The p-value is called sig. in SPSS. The p-value for blocks is 0.640 and the p-value for the type of corn is 0.011,
which is less than 0.05 and is therefore significant. There is no difference in the blocks at the 0.05 level. There are
differences in the yield due to the type of corn at the 0.05 level. The SPSS analysis is as follows.

Tests of Between-Subjects Effects

Dependent Variable: yield

Source Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Corrected Model 77.600a 7 11.086 2.867 .053

Intercept 3920.000 1 3920.000 1013.793 .000

block 10.000 4 2.500 .647 .640

type 67.600 3 22.533 5.828 .011

Error 46.400 12 3.867

Total 4044.000 20

Corrected Total 124.000 19

aR Squared = .626 (Adjusted R Squared = .408)

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 16.29 At the 0.01 significance level, there is no difference in yield due to blocks or type of corn. Compare this
STATISTIX output with the SPSS output is Problem 16.28.

Statistix 8.0

Randomized Complete Block AOV Table for yield

Source DF SS MS F P

block 4 10.000 2.5000 5.83 0.0108

type 3 67.600 22.5333

Error 12 46.400 3.8667

Total 19 124.000

Grand Mean 14.000 CV 14.05

Means of yield for type

type Mean

1 13.600

2 17.000

3 12.000

4 13.400

16.30 SAS represents the p-value as Pr > F . Referring to the last two lines of output, we see that both autos and tire
brands are significant at the 0.05 level.

Source DF Type III SS Mean Square F Value Pr > F

Auto 5 123.8333333 24.7666667 4.02 0.0164

Brand 3 77.5000000 25.8333333 4.19 0.0243

16.31 Compare the MINITAB analysis in this problem with the SAS analysis inProblem 16.30. At the 0.01 significance
level, there is no difference in either auto or brand since the p-values are 0.016 and 0.024 and both of these exceed 0.01.

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 Two-way ANOVA: life time versus Auto, Brand

Source DF SS MS F P

Auto 5 123.833 24.7667 4.02 0.016

Brand 3 77.500 25.8333 4.19 0.024

Error 15 92.500 6.1667

Total 23 293.833

S = 2.483 R-Sq = 68.52% R-Sq(adj) = 51.73%

16.32 The STATISTIX output is shown. The p-value of 0.3171 indicates no difference in schools at 0.05 level of
significance.

Statistix 8.0

Randomized Complete Block AOV Table for Grade

Source DF SS MS F P

Method 2 604.93 302.467

School 4 351.07 87.767 1.40 0.3171

Error 8 501.73 62.717

Total 14 1457.73

The F value for teaching methods is 4.82 and the p-value for teaching methods is 0.0423. Therefore, there is a difference
between teaching methods at the 0.05 significance level.

16.33 The EXCEL output indicates that neither hair color nor heights of adult females have any bearing on scholastic
achievement at significance level 0.05. The p-values for hair color is 0.4534 and the p-value for height is 0.2602.

Redhead Blonde Brunette

Tall 75 78 80

Medium 81 76 79

Short 73 75 77

Anova: Two-Factor Without Replication

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 SUMMARY Count Sum Average Variance

Row 1 3 233 77.66667 6.333333

Row 2 3 236 78.66667 6.333333

Row 3 3 225 75 4

Column 1 3 229 76.33333 17.33333

Column 2 3 229 76.33333 2.333333

Column 3 3 236 78.66667 2.333333

ANOVA

Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value

Rows 21.55556 2 10.77778 1.920792 0.260203

Columns 10.88889 2 5.444444 0.970297 0.453378

Error 22.44444 4 5.611111

Total 54.88889 8

16.34 In the following SPSS output, the p-value is called Sig. The p-value for hair is 0.453 and the p-value for height is
0.260. These are the samep-values obtained in the EXCEL analysis in Problem 16.33. Since neither of these are less than
0.01, they are not different at level of significance 0.01. That is, the scores are not different for different hair colors nor are
they different for different heights.

Tests of Between-Subjects Effects

Dependent Variable: Score

Source Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Corrected Model 32.444a 4 8.111 1.446 .365

Intercept 53515.111 1 53515.111 9537.347 .000

Hair 10.889 2 5.444 .970 .453

Height 21.556 2 10.778 1.921 .260

Error 22.444 4 5.611

Total 53570.000 9

Corrected Total 54.889 8

aR Squared = .591 (Adjusted R Squared = .182)

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 16.35 The MINITAB output shows that at the 0.05 level of significance there is a difference due to location but no
difference due to fertilizers. There is significant interaction at the 0.05 level.

ANOVA: yield versus location, fertilizer

Factor Type Levels Values

location fixed 2 1, 2

fertilizer fixed 4 1, 2, 3, 4

Analysis of Variance for yield

Source DF SS MS F P

location 1 81.225 81.225 12.26 0.001

fertilizer 3 18.875 6.292 0.95 0.428

location*fertilizer 3 78.275 26.092 3.94 0.017

Error 32 212.000 6.625

Total 39 390.375

16.36 The STATISTIX output shows that at the 0.01 level of significance there is a difference due to location but no
difference due to fertilizers. There is no significant interaction at the 0.01 level.

Statistix 8.0

Analysis of Variance Table for yield

Source DF SS MS F P

fertilize 3 18.875 6.2917 0.95 0.4283

location 1 81.225 81.2250 12.26 0.0014

fertilize*location 3 78.275 26.0917 3.94 0.0169

Error 32 212.000 6.6250

Total 39 390.375

16.37 The following SAS output gives the p-value for machines as 0.0664, the p-value for operators as 0.0004, and the
p-value for interaction as 0.8024. At the 0.05 significance level, only operators are significant.

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 The following MINITAB output is the same as the SAS output.

ANOVA: Articles versus Machine, Operator

Factor Type Levels Values

Machine fixed 2 1, 2

Operator fixed 4 1, 2, 3, 4

Analysis of Variance for Articles

Source DF SS MS F P

Machine 1 19.600 19.600 3.61 0.066

Operator 3 129.800 43.267 7.98 0.000

Machine*Operator 3 5.400 1.800 0.33 0.802

Error 32 173.600 5.425

Total 39 328.400

16.38 The following STATISTIX output gives the p-values for soil variations in two perpendicular directions as 0.5658
and 0.3633 and the p-value for treatments as 0.6802. At the 0.01 significance level, none of the three are significant.

Statistix 8.0

Latin Square AOV Table for Yield

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 Source DF SS MS F P

Row 3 17.500 5.8333 0.74 0.5658

Column 3 30.500 10.1667 1.28 0.3633

Treatment 3 12.500 4.1667 0.53 0.6802

Error 6 47.500 7.9167

Total 15 108.000

16.39 The following MINITAB output is the same as the STATISTIX output inProblem 16.38. None of the factors are
significant at 0.05.

General Linear Model: Yield versus Row, Column, Treatment

Factor Type Levels Values

Row fixed 4 1, 2, 3, 4

Column fixed 4 1, 2, 3, 4

Treatment fixed 4 1, 2, 3, 4

Analysis of Variance for yield, using Adjusted SS for Tests

Source DF Seq SS Adj SS Adj MS F P

Row 3 17.500 17.500 5.833 0.74 0.567

Column 3 30.500 30.500 10.167 1.28 0.362

Treatment 3 12.500 12.500 4.167 0.53 0.680

Error 6 47.500 47.500 7.917

Total 15 108.000

16.40 The SPSS output shows no difference in scholastic achievements due to hair color, height, or birthplace at the
0.05 significance level.

Tests of Between-Subjects Effects

Dependent Variable: Score

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 Source Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Corrected Model 44.000a 6 7.333 1.347 .485

Intercept 53515.111 1 53515.111 9829.306 .000

Hair 10.889 2 5.444 1.000 .500

Height 21.556 2 10.778 1.980 .336

Birthpl 11.556 2 5.778 1.061 .485

Error 10.889 2 5.444

Total 53570.000 9

Corrected Total 54.889 8

aR Squared = .802 (Adjusted R Squared = .206)

16.41 The MINITAB analysis shows that there are significant differences in terms of the species of chicken and the
quantities of the first chemical, but not in terms of the second chemical or of the chick’s initial weights. Note that the p-value
for species is 0.009 and the p-value for chemical is 0.032.

General Linear Model: Wtgain versus Weight, Species, …

Factor Type Levels Values

Weight fixed 4 1, 2, 3, 4

Species fixed 4 1, 2, 3, 4

Chemical 1 fixed 4 1, 2, 3, 4

Chemical 2 fixed 4 1, 2, 3, 4

Analysis of Variance for Wtgain, using Adjusted SS for Tests

Source DF Seq SS Adj SS Adj MS F P

Weight 3 2.7500 2.7500 0.9167 2.20 0.267

Species 3 38.2500 38.2500 12.7500 30.60 0.009

Chemical 1 3 16.2500 16.2500 5.4167 13.00 0.032

Chemical 2 3 7.2500 7.2500 2.4167 5.80 0.091

Error 3 1.2500 1.2500 0.4167

Total 15 65.7500

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 16.42 The p-values are called Sig . in SPSS. There are significant differences in cable strength due to types of cable,
but there are no significant differences due to operators, machines, or companies.

Tests of Between-Subjects Effects

Dependent Variable: Strength

Source Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Corrected Model 6579.750a 12 548.313 5.489 .094

Intercept 488251.563 1 488251.563 4887.607 .000

Type 4326.188 3 1442.063 14.436 .027

Company 2066.188 3 688.729 6.894 .074

Operator 120.688 3 40.229 .403 .763

Machine 66.688 3 22.229 .223 .876

Error 299.688 3 99.896

Total 495131.000 16

Corrected Total 6879.438 15

aR Squared = .956 (Adjusted R Squared = .782)

16.43 There is a significant difference in the three treatments at the 0.05 significance level, but not at the 0.01 level.
The EXCEL analysis is given below.

A B C

3 4 6

5 2 4

4 3 5

4 3 5

Anova: Single Factor

SUMMARY

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 Groups Count Sum Average Variance

A 4 16 4 0.666667

B 4 12 3 0.666667

C 4 20 5 0.666667

ANOVA

Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value

Between Groups 8 2 4 6 0.022085

Within Groups 6 9 0.666667

Total 14 11

16.44 The MINITAB p-value is 0.700. There is no difference in the IQ due to height.

16.46 The p-value is called Sig . in the SPSS output. At the 0.05 level, there is a significant difference in examination
scores due both to veteran status and to IQ.

Tests of Between-Subjects Effects

Dependent Variable: Score

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 Source Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Corrected Model 264.333a 3 88.111 176.222 .006

Intercept 38080.667 1 38080.667 76161.333 .000

Veteran 24.000 1 24.000 48.000 .020

IQ 240.333 2 120.167 240.333 .004

Error 1.000 2 .500

Total 38346.000 6

Corrected Total 265.333 5

aR Squared = .996 (Adjusted R Squared = .991)

16.47 The STATISTIX analysis indicates that at the 0.01 level the difference in examination scores due to veteran
status is not significant, but the difference due to the IQ is significant.

Statistix 8.0

Randomized Complete Block AOV Table for Score

Source DF SS MS F P

Veteran 1 24.000 24.000 48.00 0.020

IQ 2 240.333 120.167 240.33 0.0041

Error 2 1.000 0.500

Total 5 265.333

16.48 The MINITAB analysis indicates that at the 0.05 level the differences in examination scores due to location are
not significant, but the differences due to the IQ are significant.

Two-way ANOVA: Testscore versus Location, IQ

Source DF SS MS F P

Location 3 6.250 2.083 0.12 0.943

IQ 2 221.167 110.583 6.54 0.031

Error 6 101.500 16.917

Total 11 328.917

16.49 The SAS analysis indicates that at the 0.01 level the differences in examination scores due to location are not
significant, and the differences due to the IQ are not significant. Remember the p-value is written as Pr > F .

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 16.53 The MINITAB analysis indicates that at the 0.05 level the differences in rust scores due to location are not
significant, but the differences due to the chemicals are significant. There is no significant interaction between location and
chemicals.

ANOVA: rust versus location, chemical

Factor Type Levels Values

location fixed 2 1, 2

chemical fixed 3 1, 2, 3

Analysis of Variance for rust

Source DF SS MS F P

location 1 0.667 0.667 0.67 0.425

chemical 2 20.333 10.167 10.17 0.001

location*chemical 2 0.333 0.167 0.17 0.848

Error 18 18.000 1.000

Total 23 39.333

16.54 The STATISTIX analysis indicates that at the 0.05 level the differences in yields due to location are significant,
but the differences due to varieties are not significant. There is no significant interaction between location and varieties.

Statistix 8.0

Analysis of Variance Table for Yield

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 Source DF SS MS F P

Variety 4 35.333 8.8333 1.07 0.3822

location 2 191.433 95.7167 11.60 0.0001

Variety*location 8 82.567 10.3208 1.25 0.2928

Error 45 371.250 8.2500

Total 59 680.583

16.55 The MINITAB analysis indicates that at the 0.01 level the differences in yields due to location are significant, but
the differences due to varieties are not significant. There is no significant interaction between location and varieties.

General Linear Model: Yield versus location, Variety

Factor Type Levels Values

location fixed 3 1, 2, 3

variety fixed 5 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Analysis of Variance for Yield, using Adjusted SS for Tests

Source DF Seq SS Adj SS Adj MS F P

location 2 191.433 191.433 95.717 11.60 0.000

Variety 4 35.333 35.333 8.833 1.07 0.382

location*Variety 8 82.567 82.567 10.321 1.25 0.293

Error 45 371.250 371.250 8.250

Total 59 680.583

16.56 Referring to the SPSS ANOVA, and realizing that Sig . is the same as the p-value in SPSS, we see that Factor1 ,
Factor2 , and Treatment do not have significant effects on the response variable at the 0.05 level, since thep-values are
greater than 0.05 for all three.

Tests of Between-Subjects Effects

Dependent Variable: Response

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 Source Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Corrected Model 92.667a 6 15.444 7.316 .125

Intercept 2567.111 1 2567.111 1216.000 .001

Factor1 74.889 2 37.444 17.737 .053

Factor2 17.556 2 8.778 4.158 .194

Treatment .222 2 .111 .053 .950

Error 4.222 2 2.111

Total 2664.000 9

Corrected Total 96.889 8

aR Squared = .956 (Adjusted R Squared = .826)

16.58 Referring to the SPSS ANOVA, and realizing that Sig . is the same as the p-value in SPSS, we see that Factorl,
Factor2, Latin Treatment and Greek Treatment do not have significant effects on the response variable at the 0.05 level,
since the p-values are greater than 0.05 for all four.

Tests of Between-Subjects Effects

Dependent Variable: Response

Source Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Corrected Model 362.750a 12 30.229 .924 .607

Intercept 1914.063 1 1914.063 58.482 .005

Factor1 5.188 3 1.729 .053 .981

Factor2 15.188 3 5.063 .155 .920

Latin 108.188 3 36.063 1.102 .469

Greek 234.188 3 78.063 2.385 .247

Error 98.188 3 32.729

Total 2375.000 16

Corrected Total 460.938 15

aR Squared = .787 (Adjusted R Squared = −.065)

CHAPTER 17

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 17.26 For a two-tailed alternative, the p-value is 0.0352. There is a difference due to the additive at the 0.05 level, but
not at the 0.01 level. The p-value is obtained using the binomial distribution and not the normal approximation to the
binomial.

17.27 For a one-tailed alternative, the p-value is 0.0176. Since this p-value is less than 0.05, reject the null hypothesis
that there is no difference due to the additive.

17.28 The p-value using EXCEL, is given by = 1 – BINOMDIST(24,31,0.5,1) or 0.00044. The program is effective at the
0.05 level of significance.

17.29 The p-value using EXCEL, is given by = 1 – BINOMDIST(15,22,0.5,1) or 0.0262. The program is effective at the
0.05 level.

17.30 The p-value using EXCEL, is given by = 1 – BINOMDIST(16,25,0.5,1) or 0.0539. We cannot conclude that brand
B is preferred over brand A at the 0.05 level.

17.31

17.34 Sum of ranks of the smaller sample = 141.5 and the sum of ranks for the larger sample = 158.5. Two-tailedp-
value = 0.3488. Do not reject the null hypothesis of no difference at 0.05 level, since p-value >0.05.

17.35 Cannot reject the one-sided null hypothesis in Problem 17.34 at the 0.01 level.

17.36 Sum of ranks of the smaller sample = 132.5 and the sum of ranks for the larger sample = 77.5. Two-tailedp-value
= 0.0044. Reject the null hypothesis of no difference at both the 0.01 and the 0.05 level, since p-value <0.05.

17.37 The farmer of Problem 17.36 can conclude that wheat II produces a larger yield than wheat I at the 0.05 level.

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 17.38 Sum of ranks for brand A = 86.0 and the sum of ranks for brandB = 124.0. Two-tailed p-value = 0.1620. (a) Do not
reject the null hypothesis of no difference between the two brands versus there is a difference at the 0.05 level, since p-
value >0.05. (b) Cannot conclude that brand B is better than brand A at the 0.05 level since the one-tailed p-value (0.081)
>0.05.

17.39 Yes, the U test as well as the sign test may be used to determine if there is a difference between the two
machines.

17.41 3.

17.42 6.

17.46

a. 246;

b. 168;

c. 0.

17.47

a. 236;

b. 115;

c. 100.

17.49 H = 2.59, DF = 4, P = 0.629. There is no significant difference in yields of the five varieties at the 0.05 or the 0.01
level since the p-value is greater than 0.01 and 0.05.

17.50 H = 8.42, DF = 3, P = 0.038. There is a significant difference in the four brands of tires at the 0.05 level, but not at
the 0.01 level since the p-value is such that 0.01 <p-value<0.05.

17.51 H = 6.54, DF = 2, P = 0.038. There is a significant difference in the three teaching methods at the 0.05 level, but not
at the 0.01 level since the p-value is such that 0.01 <p-value<0.05.

17.52 H = 9.22, DF = 3, P = 0.026. There is a significant difference in the four subjects at the 0.05 level, but not at the
0.01 level since the p-value is such that 0.01 <p-value<0.05.

17.53

a. H = 7.88, DF = 8, P = 0.446. There is no significant differences in the three TV tube lifetimes at the 0.01or the 0.05 levels
since the p-value >0.01 and 0.05.

b. H = 2.59, DF = 4, P = 0.629. There is no significant differences in the five varieties of wheat at the 0.01 or the 0.05 levels
since the p-value >0.01 and 0.05.

c. H = 5.70, DF = 3, P = 0.127. There is no difference in the four brands of tires at either the 0.01 or the 0.05 levels since the
p-value >0.01 as well as >0.05.

17.54

a. H = 5.65, DF = 2, P = 0.059. There is no difference in the three methods of teaching at either the 0.01 or the 0.05 levels
since the p-value >0.01 as well as >0.05.

b. H = 10.25, DF = 4, P = 0.036. There is a difference in the five brands of gasoline at the 0.05 level, but not at the 0.01 level
since 0.01 < p-value <0.05.

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 c. H = 9.22, DF = 3, P = 0.026. There is a difference in the four subjects at the 0.05 level, but not at the 0.01 level since 0.01
<p-value< 0.05.

17.55

a. 8;

b. 10.

17.56

a. The number of runs V = 10.

b. The randomness test is based on the standard normal. The mean is

2N1N2 2(11)(14)
μV = +1 = + 1 = 13.32
N1 + N2 25

and the standard deviation is

2(11)(14){2(11)(14) − 11 − 14}
σV = √ = 2.41
252(24)

The computed Z is

10 − 13.32
Z= = −1.38
2.41

Using EXCEL the p-value is = 2*NORMSDIST(−1.38) or 0.1676. Due to the large p-value, we do not doubt randomness.

17.57

a. Even though the number of runs is below what we expect, thep-value is not less than 0.05. We do not reject randomness
of sequence (10).

Runs Test: coin

Runs test for coin

Runs above and below K = 0.4

The observed number of runs = 7

The expected number of runs = 10.6

8 observations above K, 12 below

* N is small, so the following approximation may be invalid.

p-value = 0.084

b. The number of runs is above what we expect. We reject randomness of the sequence (11).

Runs Test: coin

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 Runs test for coin

Runs above and below K - 0.5

The observed number of runs = 12

The expected number of runs = 7

6 observations above K, 6 below

* N is small, so the following approximation may be invalid.

p-value = 0.002

17.58

a.

Sequence Runs

a a b 2

a b a 3

b a a 2

b.

Sampling distribution

V f

2 2

3 1

c.

Probability distribution

V Pr{ V }

2 0.667

3 0.333

17.59 Mean = 2.333 Variance = 0.222

17.60

a.

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 Sequence Runs

a a b b 2

a b a b 4

a b b a 3

b b a a 2

b a b a 4

b a a b 3

Sampling distribution

V f

2 2

3 2

4 2

Probability distribution

V Pr{ V }

2 0.333

3 0.333

4 0.333

Mean V 3

Variance V 0.667

b.

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 Sequence Runs

a b b b 2

b a b b 3

b b a b 3

b b b a 3

Sampling distribution

V f

2 1

3 3

Probability distribution

V Pr{ V }

2 0.25

3 0.75

Mean V 2.75

Variance V 0.188

c.

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 Sequence Runs

a b b b b 2

b a b b b 3

b b a b b 3

b b b a b 3

b b b b a 2

Sampling distribution

V f

2 2

3 3

Probability distribution

V Pr{ V }

2 0.4

3 0.6

Mean V 2.6

Variance V 0.24

17.61

a. (a)

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 Sequence Runs

a a b b b b 2

a b a b b b 4

a b b a b b 4

a b b b a b 4

a b b b b a 3

b a a b b b 3

b a b a b b 5

b a b b a b 5

b a b b b a 4

b b a a b b 3

b b a b a b 5

b b a b b a 4

b b b b a a 2

b b b a b a 4

b b b a a b 3

b.

Sampling distribution

V f

2 2

3 4

4 6

5 3

c.

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 Probability distribution

V Pr{ V }

2 0.133

3 0.267

4 0.4

5 0.2

Mean V 3.667

Variance V 0.888

17.62 Assume the rows are read in one at a time. That is row 1 is followed by row 2, is followed by row 3, and finally
row 4.

Runs Test: Grade

Runs test for Grade

Runs above and below K = 69

The observed number of runs = 26

The expected number of runs = 20.95

21 observations above K, 19 below

P-value = 0.105

The grades may be assumed to have been recorded randomly at the 0.05 level.

17.63 Assume the data is recorded row by row.

Runs test for price

Runs above and below K = 11.36

The observed number of runs = 10

The expected number of runs = 13.32

14 observations above K, 11 below

P-value = 0.168

The prices may be assumed random at the 0.05 level.

17.64 In the digits following the decimal, let 0 represent an even digit and 1 represent and odd digit.

Runs test for digit

Runs above and below K = 0.473684

The observed number of runs = 9

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 The expected number of runs = 10.4737

9 observations above K, 10 below

* N is small, so the following approximation may be invalid.

P-value = 0.485

The digits may be assumed to be random at the 0.05 level.

17.65 The digits may be assumed random at the 0.05 level.

17.66 Using the normal approximation, the computed Z value is 1.62. The computed p-value using EXCEL is =
2*NORMSDIST(−1.62) or 0.105.

17.67 Using the normal approximation, the computed Z value is −1.38. The computed p-value using EXCEL is =
2*NORMSDIST(−1.38) or 0.168.

17.68 Using the normal approximation, the computed Z value is – 1.38. The computed p-value using EXCEL is =
2*NORMSDIST(-0.70) or 0.484.

17.70 Spearman rank correlation = 1.0 and Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.998.

CHAPTER 18

18.16 Subgroup means: 13.25 14.50 17.25 14.50 13.50 14.75 13.75 15.00 15.00 17.00

Subgroup ranges: 5 9 5 6 8 9 10 5 5 7

¯¯¯
X¯¯¯ = 14.85, ¯R
¯¯ = 6.9.
18.17 The pooled estimate of σ is 1.741. LCL = 450.7, UCL = 455.9. None of the subgroup means is outside the control
limits.

18.18 No.

18.19 The plot indicates that variability has been reduced. The new control limits are LCL = 452.9 and UCL = 455.2. It
also appears that the process is centered closer to the target after the modification.

18.20 The control limits are LCL = 1.980 and UCL = 2.017. Periods 4, 5, and 6 fail test 5. Periods 15 through 20 fail test
4. Each of these periods is the end of 14 points in a row, alternating up and down.

18.21 CPK = 0.63. ppm non-conforming = 32,487.

18.22 CPK = 1.72. ppm non-conforming = less than 1.

18.23 Centerline = 0.006133, LCL = 0, UCL = 0.01661. Process is in control. ppm = 6,133.

18.24 Centerline = 3.067, LCL = 0, UCL = 8.304.

18.25 0.032 0.027 0.032 0.024 0.024 0.027 0.032 0.032 0.027 0.024 0.032 0.024

0.027 0.024 0.027 0.024 0.027 0.027 0.027 0.027

18.26 Centerline = ¯¯
X¯ = 349.9.
Moving ranges: 0.0 0.2 0.6 0.8 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.9 0.2 1.1 0.5 1.5 2.8 1.6 0.3 0.1 1.2 1.9 0.2 1.2 0.9
¯¯¯M
Mean of the moving ranges given above = R = 0.765.

¯¯¯ ± 3(¯¯¯ / )
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 ¯¯¯ ± 3(R
Individuals chart control limits: X ¯¯¯M/d2). d2 is a control chart constant that is available from tables in many
different sources and in this case is equal to 1.128. LCL = 347.9 and UCL - 352.0.

18.27 The EWMA chart indicates that the process means are consistently below the target value. The means for
subgroups 12 and 13 drop below the lower control limits. The subgroup means beyond 13 are above the lower control limit;
however, the process mean is still consistently below the target value.

18.28 A zone chart does not indicate any out of control conditions. However, as seen in Problem 19.20, there are 14
points in a row alternating up and down. Because of the way the zone chart operates, it will not indicate this condition.

18.29 The 20 lower control limits are: 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.38 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.38
0.00 0.00 038 0.00 0.38 0.38.

The 20 upper controllimits are: 9.52 9.52 9.52 9.52 9.52 7.82 8.46 7.07 7.82 8.46 9.52 9.52 9.52 7.07 9.52 9.52
7.07 9.52 7.07 7.07.

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