: CHRISTIAN RESPONSE TO CONTEMPORARY ISSUES

SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL

SCIENCES

CHRISTIAN RESPONSE TO CONTEMPORARY ISSUES

TOPICS PAGE
GENERAL INTRODUCTION 5
PART ONE: HUMAN SEXUALITY, MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY IN 7
AFRICA
LECTURE ONE: HUMAN SEXUALITY 7
Lesson 1:1 The meaning of human sexuality and Traditional Approaches 7
to human sexuality
Lesson 1:2 Christian understanding of human sexuality 9
Lesson 1:3 Problems related to human sexuality 10
Lesson 1:4 Homosexuality 14
LECTURE TWO: MARRIAGE 18
Lesson 2.1 Definition and Types of Marriage 18
Lesson 2.2 Traditional African Understanding of marriage 19
Lesson 2.3 Christian Understanding of Marriage 20

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Lesson 2.4 The Reality of Marriages Today 23
Lesson 2.5 The Challenging Reality of Polygamy 25
LECTURE THREE: THE FAMILY IN CONTEMPORARY AFRICA 31
Lesson 3.1 Definition and Types of Families in Africa Today 31
Lesson 3.2 Functions of the Family 32
Lesson 3.3 Traditional African and Christian Approaches to Family Life 33
Lesson 3.4 Problems and Threats to the Family in Africa 36
PART FOUR: ABORTION 39
Lesson 4.1 Definition, Statistics, Causes and Consequences of Abortion 39
Lesson 4.2 The Abortion Debate 41
LECTURE FIVE: CHURCH, STATE AND POLITICS 45
Lesson 5.1 The Relationship between the Church, State and Politics 45
Lesson 5.2 The Relationship between the Church and the State 46
Lesson 5.3 The Role of Church Leaders in Politics 49
LECTURE SIX: POVERTY AND DEVELOPMENT 53
Lesson 6.1 Christian Response to Poverty 53
Lesson 6.2 Development Debate 58
Lesson 6.3 Justification for Christian Involvement in Development 64
Lesson 6.4 Success Factors in Christian Sponsored Projects 68

LECTURE SEVEN: ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS HIV/AIDS AND 72

SECULARISM
Lesson 7.1 The Church and Environment 72
Lesson 7.2 HIV/AIDS Concerns and Christian Response 79
Lesson 7.3 Secularism 85
Reading List 95

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 ARE 401: CHRISTIAN RESPONSE TO CONTEMPORARY ISSUES
OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE
1. To acquaint and conscientize students on selected issues which affect life.
2. To search and give a Christian Response to the selected issues.
3. To empower students to be thoughtful creative and accommodating of new ways of
understanding the issues.
4. To stimulate the students from a Christian perspective to realize and appreciate their
human dignity and that of others.
5. To conscientize and inform students their rights and rights of humankind in order to
fight against injustice, suffering and discrimination in relation to Christian
understanding.
COURES OUTLINE
Rationale for the course
Section I
1. Human Sexuality
2. Marriage
3. The Family in Contemporary Africa
4. Abortion
Section II
1. Church and State
2. Poverty and Developmental
3. The Environmental Crisis
4. HIV/AIDS and Christian Response
5. Secularization

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 GENERAL INTRODUCTION
The world and particularly the continent of Africa is said to be in crisis. The world and
humanity are faced with many challenges such including poverty, disease,
unemployment, political instability, moral decay and so on.
There has been a debate as to what the role of the church is in the contemporary society.
Is the role of the church to preach (spiritual) only or does it have a social responsibility
as well? For example, should churches involve themselves in politics?
Some churches have kept away from social, economic and political affairs (secular) and
have remained silent in the face of human rights abuse. At times, Christians have been
accused of using their faith to evade the pain, difficulties, suffering and realities of the
world in which they live. On the other hand, some churches have shown concern for the
physical well-being of individuals and society as a whole, especially with all the
problems and suffering being experienced today. For them, this is a valid way for the
Church to communicate the Good News of Jesus Christ. In other words, Christian
theology must become relevant to people.
This, therefore, provides us with the justification for the involvement of the church in
social, economic and political spheres. The relevance is clear:
1. God in the Old Testament takes care of the spiritual as well as the physical affairs
of the Israelites. The prophets in the Old Testament were not afraid of pointing
out the mistakes of the rulers of their time. In the New Testament, you find the
example of Christ who not only preached and taught but also healed and provided
for the physical well being of people. Jesus' disciples also followed his example.
Subsequently, churches in similar footsteps should act likewise.
2. The Church as an institution plays an important role in molding individuals and
society, especially in situations where, in Africa, traditional African morality has
disintegrated. The church fills the vacuum with Christian moral values.
3. The state of the nation and society affects Christians directly, for better or worse.
The Church will therefore be affected, hence the need for her to participate in
secular realities.
4. The Church has the power to greatly impact society to help bring about desirable
economic, political and social change. It has a powerful "voice"(voice of the
voiceless). People listen when the Church speaks out, because of moral integrity.
5. It is the Christian duty to show compassion to the suffering just as Jesus Christ
did. Christians are taught to love one another and love their neighbors. This is the
basic message of the New Testament.
6. Human beings comprise the physical, psychological and spiritual aspects.
Developing only one aspect of the human person results into peace-meal
development. Churches are urged therefore to develop the whole person (Holistic
or integral development). Such development should also be integral,
encompassing socio-cultural, economic, political and environmental realities.
7. The church is found in most parts of the country and is found where the people
are.
They are therefore the best-placed institution to know the problems that are there. For
these reasons and others, churches and Christians must become active participants in the

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 search for solutions to problems that are affecting the society so that human beings
can enjoy spiritual, moral and material well being which God wills for us. Africans need
to know that the Christian God is a God of justice, righteousness and kindness. The
future of society may depend on the contribution of the church in economic, social and
political affairs of the society. This is the challenge for the Church today.
The course "Christian Response to Contemporary Issues" examines the way in which
the church is responding to social, economic and political issues affecting society, such
as poverty, development, HIV/AIDS, abortion, divorce, and homosexuality. Granted,
there are interrelations, for example of international, regional, continental levels. Indeed,
even at the national level are interventions from governmental and non-governmental
agencies, not to mention individual initiatives. The Church’s response must, therefore,
not miss out, being a key player in society since its inception.

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 PART ONE
HUMAN SEXUALITY, MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY IN AFRICA
LECTURE ONE: HUMAN SEXUALITY
Lesson 1.1 The Meaning of Human Sexuality and Traditional African
Understanding of Human Sexuality
1.1.1 Introduction
This lesson defines the meaning of human sexuality so that we understand that human
sexuality goes beyond just the act of sex and means much more. Examine how human
sexuality is perceived, understood and treated in traditional African societies.
1.1.2 Objectives
By the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
• Define human sexuality.
• Explain the importance of sex in traditional African society
• Understand the roles of men and women in the family and community
1.1.3 Content
We are born a boy or a girl, male or female. Many of the activities that we do in our life
is because of our being female or male. Most of our behavior at family level and society
is because of being male or female. As human beings, we cannot be considered apart
from our sexuality. Put differently, our human sexuality is an important part of our
personality. It is what determines our behavior in the society. Our being boy or girl, male
of female is called human sexuality. Sexuality, therefore, does not just mean the
reproductive organs or the act of sex.
Most African communities have myths that explain the origin of human beings (male
and female). In many African traditional societies, sex has a very important place in
human sexuality. It is regarded as a gift from God, is taken as sacred, and has to be
treated as such.
Due to its important purpose, sex has to be guarded and entered into in accordance to
strict rules and regulations (taboos), for example, adultery and premarital sex in most
African communities are discouraged and any sexual offender would be punished.
In traditional societies, everyone was expected to marry and have children. Sex was
therefore important for the sake of procreation. This was important for the continuity and
survival of the family, clan, tribe and the whole of the human race.
In most African communities, during initiation, the initiates are taught secrets, customs
and values of their community including matters of sex, family life and their specific
roles as males and females. Initiation rites and related education are necessary for human
for human formation, to enable one to perform their marriage functions properly.
After the initiation stage in some communities, young men and women were allowed to
interact with each other. This was also part of the educational experience in preparation
for marriage and family life and lessons in self-control in matters of sex. This interaction
was done in an organized manner so that none of the young men and women engaged in
sexual intercourse before marriage. Example of such practice is nguiko among the

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 Agikuyu. It challenged young people to exercise restraint in the use of their sexual
energies.
In traditional African community, the distinction between male and female was clearly
demonstrated in social activities and the type of work done. Work and social life is
based on gender physical and emotional differences. Certain types of work were
restricted to men or women. For example, generally in most societies men were
involved in fighting, wrestling, hunting (public domain) while women cooked, took care
of children, fetched water and firewood (private domain). Some tasks were shared, for
example, agricultural work. Distinctions begin immediately a child is born and the sex
determined. Right from childhood, boys and girls were taught their different social roles.
This was done through enculturation, the process of socialization.
1.1.4 Questions
1. What is your understanding of human sexuality?
2. Discuss the importance of sexual relationship in traditional African society.
3. Describe the relationship between men and women from African traditional
viewpoint.
1.1.5 Activities

Find out the following and write down:

2 The biological differences between man and woman.
3 The physiological differences between man and woman.
4 The emotional differences between man and woman.
5 The differences in the social roles between males and females
(gender roles).
6 Choose one African community and find out how sexual
relationships were being controlled.

1.1.6 Summary
In this lesson, we have looked at the meaning of human sexuality and noted that our
being either male or female and the behavior that is expected because this is what is
human sexuality. It is more than the reproductive organs and the act of sex. We also
looked at the traditional African understanding of human sexuality. We saw that sex was
a sacred act and was therefore not to be misused. Most African communities therefore
have regulations that control sexual behavior. Premarital and extra-marital sex was
forbidden in most African communities. We also saw that the roles that women and men
played in the community are determined by their sexuality. Women's work is generally
confined in the home while men's work is mostly done outside the home.

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 Lesson 1.2 Christian Understanding of Human Sexuality
1.2.1 Introduction
In Lesson 1.1, we looked at the definition of human sexuality and traditional African
approach to human sexuality and learned that sex was sacred. It was not to be abused but
instead used appropriately. It was important for procreation. In this lesson, we examine
the Christian approach to human sexuality and look at biblical teachings on the issue. In
addition, God's purpose for creating man and woman is discussed.
1.2.2 Objectives
By the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
• Explain the Christian view on human sexuality.
• Relate biblical teachings to the Christian understanding of human sexuality.
• Compare and contrast the traditional African understanding of human sexuality
with the Christian understanding.
• Understand the different purposes for the creation of man and woman by God.
1.2.3 Content
Human sexuality began in the Garden of Eden when God created Adam (man/male) and
then Eve (woman/female). According to Genesis God created human beings in his own,
perfect image. In Genesis 2:27, God created us in his image as male and female. God had
a purpose for creating man and woman.
• Biological Function
Man and woman were created so that they could have children and ensure the survival of
the human race. This is where we see the very important function of sex. God created
man and a woman with biological differences to allow them play different roles in
reproduction or childbearing so that they become co-creators with God (Genesis. 1:27).
• Emotional Function
When God realized that Adam was lonely in the Garden of Eden, He created Eve to
provide Adam with companionship. Man and woman were created to give each other
companionship and love. They were also created for mutual help. In Genesis 2:18, the
woman was created to be man's helpmate. Sex is for companionship and an expression
of love. It serves to strengthen a marriage. We read about this love in Song of Song
2:10-17.
• Social Function
God created man and woman to take certain tasks or roles in life that is suitable for a
man and others for a woman. You find a clear division of labor between men and women
that are defined along the line of physical abilities. We call these gender roles. However,
patriarchy (male dominance) in society has led to cases of selfishness in division of labor
and allocation of roles. This is why the movement for the liberation of women has
sprung up. How are these roles shared out in your family, church and community? It is
important to note that certain changes in the economic, social and political situations
have brought about a shift in the allocation of roles to the two sexes. Both men and
women are now playing social roles they were not allowed to perform in the past. The
only role that has remained constant is in the area of reproduction. Man has remained
husband and father while woman remains wife and mother. How have they changed?
Note: The physical, physiological and emotional differences between men and women

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 enable them to effectively play their roles of reproduction and companionship as well as
the different tasks or roles that society assigns them.
Conclusion:
Man and woman were created male and female to compliment one another. Man and
woman were created in relationship with each other and with individual personal roles.
Neither man nor woman represents the perfect image of God. Without one of them,
God's creation cannot thrive according to his intention. The two are therefore important
and equal in the eye of God. The woman was not created as a subordinate to man.
1.2.4 Questions
1. Outline the reasons for the creation of male and female as found in the book of
Genesis.
2. Compare and contrast the Christian understanding of human sexuality to that of the
traditional African understanding.
1.2.5 Activities

2 Read Genesis chapters 1 and 2

3Write an essay on the teaching of the Bible on human sexuality

1.2.6 Summary
In Lesson 1.2, we examined the reasons why God created man (male) and woman
(female). It was for biological, emotional and social purposes. Human beings were
created to be co-creators with God through the act of procreation. They were also created
for the purpose of companionship.

Lesson 1.3 Problems Related to Human Sexuality

1.3.1 Introduction
In Lesson 1.2, we looked at the Christian teaching of human sexuality and saw that
human beings were made in the perfect image of God and were created for the purpose
of companionship, mutual help and to be co-creators with God through procreation. In
the present lesson, we examine problems related to sexuality, which is known as deviant
sexuality. Deviant sexuality includes premarital sex, extra marital sex, homosexuality,
rape and incest among other. Biblical teachings on these issues are reviewed.
1.4.2 Objectives
By the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
• Explain the meaning of deviant sexuality.
• Identify the causes and effects of the different deviant sexual behavior we find in
contemporary society
• Discuss the emerging and challenging issues related to sexuality.
1.4.3 Content
We have noted that sex and sexuality are sacred and have a special purpose in God's plan
for humankind. God intended that sexual relationship is respected and not abused and
therefore what we refer to as "deviant sexuality" is sexual behavior that is not acceptable
(to deviate is to be different or to move away from the usual or accepted standard of
behavior).
The Bible lays guidelines on matters of sex and sexuality. Premarital and extra marital

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 sex, bestiality, rape, prostitution, incest and homosexuality are forbidden and
condemned in the Bible as sexual immorality and are considered as sins against God.
Both Jesus Christ and St. Paul both teach on purity and chastity.
1. Pre-marital Sex (Fornication)
This is sexual intercourse between unmarried people. What are the causes and effects of
premarital sex?
• Causes include pornography, curiosity, drugs and alcoholism, prostitution, peer
pressure, inadequate sex education, breakdown of religious values and traditional
ties, testing fertility, fear of rejection, general permissiveness in the society among
others.
Note: The changes towards greater freedom in attitudes and behavior that happened in
the 1960s and 1970s, especially the grater freedom in sexual matters. This entails
being allowed to act according to one’s likes.
• Effects include pregnancy, early marriages, illegitimate children, sexually
transmitted infections (STIs) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), school dropouts, single mothers, abortion
abandoned and suffering children among others.
God intended for sex to be inside the institution of marriage not outside (Ex 22:16-17).
Fornication is one of the sins that Christ condemns (Mt 15:19; Mt 19:1-3: Mk 10:2-12;
Mk 7:21-23).
In 1Thess 4:3-8, Paul speaks against sexual immorality. He condemns fornication and
in 1 Corinthian 5:11, warns people against association with fornicators who are seen as
sinners. In Ephesians 5:1-7, he speaks against fornication, understanding that
fornicators will not inherit the kingdom of God. Col 3:5-6 talks of God's anger befalling
fornicators. Paul recommends marriage for people who cannot abstain in 1 Corinthians
7:1-40. 1 Corinthians 6:18-20 helps us to see why sexual intercourse outside marriage is
wrong. Paul shows that the body of a Christian is the temple of the Holy Spirit and calls
for respect of our bodies. When the gift of sex is misused for purposes for which it is
not intended, the temple (holy place) is made impure for it is written thus, "Do you not
know that your body is a temple of the Holy Spirit so glorify God in your body." The
church also teaches on purity and abstention from sex until marriage. What is your
opinion on the state of sex education in schools?
Extra-Marital Sex (Adultery)
Adultery means sexual intercourse between a married person and someone other than
the marriage partner.

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 • Causes: Lengthy separations due to situations such as working conditions,
illness, imprisonment, lack of sexual satisfaction, lack of interest in marriage partner,
marital strife (quarrels), lack of self control and selfishness, peer influence, alcohol,
for material gain, threats among others
• Effects: Illegitimate children, STD/AIDS, separation/divorce and abortion, violent
fights and death, depression, abandoned and suffering children, careless expenditure
of family income. It breaks the unity of the husband and wife, denies the conjugal
rights of the other partner. The energy of the person who is committing adultery is
devoted elsewhere at the detriment of his/her family.
Adultery is a common feature in all societies. The case of concubinage where married
men secretly keep mistresses for sexual relationships is on the increase. It was practiced
by famous personalities in the Old Testament. Such include kings David and Solomon.
However, marriage according to Christian understanding is to be based on fidelity.
During a Christian marriage, the man and woman take vows to declare faithfulness to
each other. Both the Old and New Testaments condemn the act of adultery. One of the
10 commandments of God (Exodus 20:14) is, "You shall not commit adultery”. In
Leviticus 18:20, 20:10 and Deuteronomy 22:22, the punishment for adultery is death. In
the book of Jeremiah 5:7 and 13:27 adultery is one of the sins that God will punish
people for. Jesus Christ also condemns adultery. In Matthew 5:27-28, he affirms the
commandment given in Exodus 20:14. Even the lustful desire for a woman is wrong, as
you have committed adultery "in your heart" In Mark 7:21-23, Jesus speaks of the evil
things that defile a person. Fornication and adultery are some of them.
Not many Christians honor these teachings. The church itself is grappling with this
problem as many church leaders are also involved in adultery.
2. Prostitution
Prostitution is the act of offering one's body for sexual intercourse in return for money or
other favors.
• Causes include unfulfilled sexual desires and uncontrolled sexual craving. It may also
be due to long separations of husband and wife. At times it may be lack of self-
respect and self-control, rejection from family, poverty, and economic difficulties.
Other causes may include rural-urban migration, peer influence, unemployment and
permissiveness in the society.
• Effects it may have include careless expenditure of family income by men, family
breakdown, STD/AIDS, violence and death, loss of respect in society among others
Prostitution was a widespread practice during Old Testament time and even today. What
is wrong with prostitution? Prostitution undermines the real intention God had of sex,
that is, for companionship and an expression of a loving relationship. In prostitution,
there is no mutual love.
Prostitution is condemned both in the Old Testament (Proverbs7:1-27 Leviticus 19: 29)
and the New Testament (1 Corinthians 6:15-17). Prophets Amos and Jeremiah also
spoke strongly against this practice (Amos 2:7; Jeremiah 5: 7). However, it is important
to note that Jesus Christ forgives the sinful woman, showing sympathy for her (Luke
7:36-50) and allows her to wash his feet.
Churches should participate in counseling and the rehabilitation of prostitutes. The
Church need not condemn prostitutes but instead work towards removing the social and
economic causes of prostitution, for example, training them in skills that can help them
earn a living.

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 3. Bestiality
This is whereby a person seeks to achieve sexual gratification with animals.
• Causes: Drugs and alcoholism, mental disorder, curiosity, loneliness.
• Effects: Arrest and imprisonment (in Kenya, the act of bestiality is against the law),
loss of dignity, social rejection
This is condemned in the Bible. In Exodus 22:19 and Leviticus 20:15-16, bestiality is
punishable by death, "Whoever lies with a beast shall surely be put to death". In
Leviticus 18:23 one of the laws of sexual morality is that none should defile their bodies
by having sex with an animal It is a perversion. Sex was intended by God to be between
human beings and not animals.
4. Incest
This is sexual relations between persons regarded as closely related to marry each other.
We read daily if incidences of incest in the media and children seem to be the major
victims as fathers commit incest with their daughters. Incest is most of the times hidden
in families because it is close family members who are involved. Research estimates that
90% of incest cases never come out in the open.
• Causes: Drug addiction and alcoholism, mental disorder, separation of married
people.
• Effects: The consequences of incest are great as victims may suffer emotional,
physical and psychological torture for years. Sometimes a pregnancy occurs and this
confuses relationships. Children born out of incestuous relationships may suffer from
mental retardation because of biological reasons, abortion, conflict in the family that
may lead to family breakdown. The ones who have committed the offence may suffer
depression, loss of dignity and status.
Incest is condemned and forbidden in both the Old and New testaments. God instructs
Moses to caution his people against having sexual relations with close relatives
(Leviticus 18:6-18 and 20:30). Paul in 1 Corinthians 5:1-3 also condemns incest, which
he says will be judged harshly (vs 9-13).
5. Rape
Rape is to force someone to have sex especially by using violence. The number of rape
cases is increasing in the society. We read about rape in the newspaper everyday. Rape
can happen between people who are strangers or even people familiar to each other (date
rape).
• Causes: Curiosity, drugs and alcoholism, indecent dressing, male dominance,
pornography, peer pressure.
• Effects: Rape dehumanizes and leaves the victim emotionally and
psychologically scarred. Rape has also ended up with victims contracting STIs,
HIV and possibly death, imprisonment (most countries including Kenya has laws
against rape), loss of status in society, loss of a job, social outcast, abortion,
unexpected pregnancy.
In Deuteronomy 22:25, 23-29 we read, "But if a man finds a betrothed young woman in
the countryside, and the man forces her and lies with her, then only the man who lay
with her shall die".
1.3.4 Questions
1. Define deviant sexuality.

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 2. List four factors that may lead to pre-marital and extra marital sex?
3. What are the consequences of irresponsible sexual behavior?
4. Why is sexual intercourse outside marriage forbidden by Christian teachings?
1.3.5 Activities

1. How were sexual relationships controlled in African traditional society?

Discuss the role of the church in sex education?The Response of the Church
2. Th

1.3.6 Summary
In Lesson 1.3, we learned what deviant sexuality is and saw that it is sexual behavior
that is unacceptable in society and are considered as sexual immorality in the Bible.
They
e question of homosexuality became an issue in the church as early as 1967, when it
became apparent that it was being practiced quietly by church leaders. In 1998,
discussions on homosexuality was central during the Lambeth Conference which came
out with a clear policy stating that the Anglican Communion cannot support, "the
legitimizing or blessing of same sex union or ordaining of those involved in same sex
union". However, some church leaders called for a greater tolerance of homosexuals,
and voiced support for the "Christian Movement of Gays and Lesbians", and asked
Christians to reject homophobia as homosexuals are created in the image of God too.
In 2004, the controversial consecration of Gene Robinson, a practicing homosexual to be
a bishop in the Episcopal Church in the USA, has caused a split within the worldwide
Anglican Communion (one of the biggest churches in the world).
In the church, the views on homosexuality revolve around the conservatives and the
liberals. African churches are among the conservatives who argue that homosexuality is
wrong and is condemned in the Bible. It is a sin. The liberals argue that the conservatives
contradict the gospel that preaches love and equality of all and therefore practice
discrimination, which is unChristian. They argue that the church cannot preach tolerance
and exhibit intolerance at the same time.
The church in Kenya has been keen to ensure that the proposed draft constitution, also
called the Wako Draft was not accepted because it advocated for the rights of
homosexuals.
1.4.1 Questions
4. What is homosexuality?
5. Outline the theories that explain why we find the practice of homosexuality in the
society.
6. What is the traditional African view of homosexuality?
7. Give biblical teachings on homosexuality.
8. Why does homosexuality go against the intention of God concerning sex?
1.4.2 Activities

Discuss with religious leaders and principals of education

institutions the reasons why homosexuality debate has become a
critical issue in our communities.
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 LECTURER TWO: MARRIAGE
Lesson2.1: Definition of and Types of Marriage
2.1.1 Introduction
This Lesson, explains what marriage means and why it is important. It also outlines the
different types of marriage found in Kenya.
2.1.2 Objectives
By the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
• Define marriage.
• Explain the importance of marriage.
• Describe the different types of marriage that are prevalent in Kenya.
2.1.3 Content
Marriage is a formal, usually recognized, agreement between a man and a woman,
making them husband and wife. In every known human society, some form of the
marriage institution exists. It has been part of human life from the very beginning of
creation. Marriage is therefore very central in society.
Why is marriage important?
• It provides an acceptable situation for the procreation of children. It creates
families for society to survive and bear continuity.
• Fulfils sexual needs (makes sexual behavior legal).
• Provides companionship.
• Gives status.
• Security.
• Love and protection.
Types of Marriages
In Kenya today, different forms of marriages are recognized as legal. They are:
1. Traditional or Customary marriage found in most African communities.
2. Religious Marriage: This is marriage which is conducted according to the religious
beliefs and practices of a particular faith, for example, Christian marriage, Islam and
Hindu among others (from observations, many marriages are a combination of
religious and traditional).
3. Civil marriage. Its features include:
• This requires the couple to go to an authorized government official, such as the
Attorney General, District Commissioner or District Officer and register their
marriage.
• It is done in the presence of two witnesses.
• No consent is required from the parents.
• It is usually monogamous by law.
• Payment of bridewealth is not a requirement.
• It can be dissolved in a court of law.
2.1.4 Questions

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 1. Define what marriage is.
2. Why is marriage important?
3. List down the types of marriages found in Kenya
4. What are the features of a civil marriage?
2.1.5 Activities

Write an essay on the reasons why people get married.

2.1.6 Summary
In Lesson 2.1, we defined marriage and saw that it is a formal usually recognized,
agreement between a man and a woman, making them husband and wife. Marriage is
important because of procreation and companionship. There are three types of marriage
that are recognized by the law in Kenya, that is, customary, religious and civil.

Lesson 2.2 Traditional African Understanding of Marriage

2.2.1 Introduction
In Lesson 2.1, we defined what marriage is and saw its importance to individuals and the
society. We learned that there are three types of recognized marriages in Kenya. They
include customary, religious and civil. In this lesson, we examine the features and
characteristics of traditional African marriage referred to as African customary marriage.
This is important because Christian marriage among the Africans can best be discussed
and understood in relation to traditional African marriage. When you observe Christian
marriage rites in Africa today, you see the incorporation of traditional African elements.
2.2.2 Objectives
By the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
• Explain the importance of marriage in the African traditional society.
• Outline the characteristics of African customary marriage.
2.2.3 Content
Marriage in African communities was very important for the family, clan and
community. The elaborate ceremonies and rituals attest to this. The characteristics of
African traditional marriage include;
Among most traditional African communities, marriage was a right and a duty for
everybody. Marriage gave the couple new status in society as they were now regarded as
responsible adults to take up adult roles.
• Marriage united not only the two people but also their parents, clans and all
relatives.

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 • It is through marriage that the life of the family, clan, community is
perpetuated and continued forever. Therefore procreation is an important aspect
of African traditional marriage.
• In traditional African life, marriage was a communal affair. The choice of
marriage partners was usually the work of the parents, uncles, aunts and other
relatives. This was to ensure that the right partner was found. The community
ensures that the partner is not a relative, from a home where there are certain
diseases (mental), or social evils like witchcraft.
• Besides procreation and companionship, marriage also provided the opportunity
for the couple to meet the need for sex. As we have noted, premarital sex was
forbidden.
• There were many forms of marriage in traditional African communities. Apart
from monogamy, polygamy was quite common.
• Paying of bridewealth is common. It was an essential part of the marriage. Apart
from sealing the marriage, it was intended as compensation to the girl's family
for the loss of her help and contribution in her family. It was not seen as a buying
price for a wife.
• Although there was the possibility of divorce, it was rare and would be allowed
in some cases.
Other forms of marriage in a few traditional communities are the woman-to-woman type
of marriage. A barren woman married another woman to bear children for her (Akamba,
Nandi, Agikuyu, and Abagusii).
Ghost marriage was also found in some communities. If a young man who had attained
the age of marriage died, his parents would look for a girl, pay bridewealth for her and
get a male relative to procreate with. The children assumed the name of the dead man
hence continuing the family name and preserving the name of the dead man. The above
types of marriage show the importance of children.
2.2.4 Questions
1. Give five characteristics of customary African marriage.
2. Why is marriage important in most African communities?
2.2.5 Activities

Choose one African community and describe a marriage ceremony.

2.2.6 Summary
In Lesson 2.2, we saw that marriage was very important in African communities
especially because of procreation. Children were very important because of the
perpetuation of the family and society. We learned that polygamy is a common feature
in African customary marriage.
Lesson 2.3 Christian Understanding of Marriage
2.3.1 Introduction
In Lesson 2.2, we saw that marriage is very important in African communities. We
examined the characteristics of African traditional marriage and learned that
marriage was expected from everyone and was a sign that one had become an adult.
One of the features includes the practice of polygamy. In this lesson, we examine

16
 the Christian understanding of marriage by looking at the biblical teachings on
marriage in both the Old and the New Testaments.
2.3.2 Objectives
By the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
• Understand the meaning and purpose of a Christian marriage.
• Discuss the Christian understanding of marriage according to biblical teachings.
• Compare and contrast Christian and African approaches to marriage.
2.3.3 Content
Christian marriage in Africa has incorporated many aspects of the traditional African
marriage customs, values and attitudes. The Christian concept of marriage is based on
Biblical teachings that give Christians a better understanding of the meaning and purpose
of marriage.
Marriage in the Old Testament
The Old Testament teaches that marriage is God's idea. We see this when he created
Adam and the Eve. There are three reasons for marriage according to Christian teaching:
• For companionship and mutual support (Genesis 2:18).
• For procreation and to continue God's work of creation (Genesis 2:18-24).
• For protection from sin like fornication and related offences. Marriage has been
seen as a remedy against sin (fornication)
We also note that God had no provision for divorce. In Genesis 2:24, we read that, “For
this reason a man will leave his mother and father and cling to his wife, and they shall
become one flesh”. This has been interpreted to mean that there is no divorce in a
Christian marriage. It is against divine intentions. The marriage partners are to live with
each other "for better or worse".
Unlike traditional African marriages, the Christian marriage is solely monogamous It is
between one man and one woman not one man and many women and vice-versa.
Marriage is between a male and a female not male/male or female/female. This means
that for Christians, homosexual and polygamous marriages are regarded as sinful. The
Christian marriage ceremony is performed in a church and sanctioned by an ordained
clergy who is authorized to issue a marriage certificate for the couple. During the
wedding ceremony, the couple is expected to make a public undertaking involving
promises and obligations.
Marriage in the New Testament
1. The Teachings of Jesus Christ
Matthew 19:3-12 lays down Christ's teaching on marriage.
1. Christ teaches on the permanence of marriage. In Vs 3, the Pharisees ask Jesus
Christ a question on divorce. "Is it lawful for a man to put away his wife for
every cause?" Christ in his answer quotes from Genesis 1 and 2 on how God
created both male and female and that a man will leave his father and mother and
cling to his wife to become one flesh. Jesus adds another command i.e., "What
God has put together, let no man put asunder (separate).
2. Jesus declares the Mosaic provision of divorce to be a temporary concession to
human sin. In Vs 7 the Pharisees responded to Christ's quotations from Genesis
by asking another question, "Why then did Moses command that a man give his

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 wife a certificate of divorce and send her away"(Deuteronomy 24:1-4). To
this Jesus replied, Moses permitted you divorce your wives because your hearts
were hard”. However, this was not the intention from the beginning.
3. Jesus Christ teaches that marriage after divorce is a sin (adultery). A man who
divorces his wife and remarries commits adultery and because it is assumed that
his wife will also remarry, he causes the wife to sin as well (Matthew 5:32). In
Mark 10:12, a woman who divorces her husband and remarries commits
adultery. Therefore, any new union, which follows divorce, is a sin.
4. In Matthew 19:9, Jesus permits divorce and remarriage on the sole ground of
immorality. However, it should not be seen as mandatory - permissible but
should not be encouraged.
2. Teachings of St. Paul on marriage
1 Corinthians 7:10-16 lays down Paul's teaching on marriage.
1. Paul reaffirms Christ's teaching on the permanence of marriage. Vs. 10 says that,
"To the married I give this command not I but the Lord, a wife must not separate
from her husband... and a husband must not divorce his wife.
2. He confirms Christ's teaching on remarriage. In Vs. 11, He asks wives who have
divorced their husbands not to marry. She can only be reconciled to her husband.
This teaching is also found in Romans 7:1-3, which forbids remarriage, especially
if the partner is still alive. However, he gives provision for remarriage only if the
partner dies. This will not be seen as an adulterous relationship.
3. Paul permits divorce on the desertion of an unbelieving partner (Vs 15). Otherwise,
a believer can just stay with a non-believer in order for the non-believer to be
sanctified. Vs 15 says," But if the unbelieving depart, let him depart. A brother or a
sister is not under bondage in such cases.
4. In Vs 8-9, Paul asks the unmarried and widows to remain celibate, but only if they
can contain their desires. V 9 says, "If they cannot contain, let them marry, for it is
better to marry than to burn."
Paul also recognizes and identifies circumstances in which one can be exempted from
marriage. According To Paul, one can remain unmarried to serve God more effectively
(Ephesians 4:1; 1 Corinthians 20-22). Family responsibilities cannot allow serving God
wholly (1 Corinthians 7:32-34). This teaching is taken seriously by the Catholic Church
where we find priests and nuns remaining unmarried in order to serve God fully. Today,
the relevancy of celibacy is being questioned.
Biblical Teachings on Mixed Marriages
Some churches do not encourage Interfaith/inter religious marriages. The marriage
partners should be both Christians or even better be from the same Christian
denomination. In Genesis 24:3 Abraham sent his servant to choose a wife for Isaac from
his (Abraham's) own people and not from the Caananites. In Jude 14:1-3, Samson is
advised to marry a Jewish girl (of his faith). Marriage between believers and unbelievers
is discouraged in 1 Corinthians 7:12-15. Why? This is to avoid conflicts and to unify the
family. It is seen as unstable due to the religious differences. There is also the fear that
the children will not be educated in one specific faith or any faith at all.
2.3.4 Questions
1. Outline four characteristics of a Christian marriage.
2. What does Jesus Christ and St Paul teach about marriage?

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 2.3.5 Activities

Write an essay on why Christians insist that marriage should be considered as a

permanent relationship and why it should be monogamous.

2.3.6 Summary
In Lesson 2.3, we looked at the characteristics of a Christian marriage and saw that it is
monogamous and permanent and the teachings of Jesus Christ and Apostle Paul affirm
this. Christian marriages are presided over by an ordained clergy where vows are
exchanged.

Lesson 2.4 The Reality of Marriages Today

2.4.1 Introduction
In Lesson 2.3, we looked at what is expected of a Christian marriage and saw that it is
monogamous and divorce is not allowed. This is affirmed through the teachings the
teachings of Jesus Christ and St. Paul. In this lesson, we discuss problems that we find
concerning the institution of marriage in our society today.
2.4.2 Objectives
By the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
• Identify the different problems associated with marriage as an institution.
2.4.3 Content
• Trial Marriages
Many couples are not legally married but are cohabiting as husband and wife (trial
marriages, “come we stay"). Why do we have such kind of union? This kind of marriage
is not binding. When one of them is fed up with the other he or she simply moves out or
is chased out. Experience has shown that this kind of marriage can lead to terrible
consequences, for example, abandoned children. Some churches are performing mass
weddings without costs for people who are cohabiting in an effort to strengthen the
institution of marriage.
• Singleness and Single Parenthood
There is also an increasing number of single parenthood and of people opting not to
many and in our society today. Many young men and women are reluctant to get
married.

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 • Discouragement from falling or breaking marriages.
• Devotion to careers and studies.
• Fears of responsibilities.
• Emerging insights and attitudes to marriage, for example, some women strongly
believe in freedom and equality with men, perceive marriage as some form of
bondage, and therefore choose to remain single.
• Separation, Divorce and Remarriages
Marriages are breaking down and we have many cases of separation, divorce and
remarriages among Christians. This is a big challenge for the church today. The question
is “How are churches meant to respond to this situation of divorce considering what has
been laid down in the Bible" Should the church bless the second marriage in the
church? Should the church receive back to communion someone whose first church
marriage has broken down and who is now living in customary or civil marriage with
someone else?
There are varying reactions from different churches on this issue. Some churches
excommunicate divorcees and people who have remarried, while in others they are not
allowed to take the Holy Communion. The Church of England is considering or already
is accepting to bless a second marriage by divorcees in the church (example of Prince
Charles). Most Anglican dioceses in Africa admit the possibility of receiving back to
communion people who have married for a second time. The Catholic Church negates
the possibility of divorce and remarriage. In the Methodist Church, initially remarriage
was allowed only for the "innocent" party in the divorce. Later one needed only to satisfy
the minister that they understood the reasons for the failure of their marriage and was
prepared to do better next time. They would also go through a period of repentance. The
Catholic Church can dissolve a marriage when there has been “moral death" (adultery or
a wife procuring an abortion without the husband's knowledge). A marriage that has not
been consummated can be dissolved. Following the diverse views concerning marriage,
Adrian Hastings makes the following conclusions:
• God's intention for human marriages is that they continue for life.
• Christians should be committed to this end, making their marriage a lifetime
union, "until death do us part".
• There should be no reason to justify divorce - even adultery is not reason enough.
Instead there should be efforts at forgiveness, reconciliation and renewed love.
• Married couples and the church should do all they can to restore the bond of a
marriage that is breaking down, through counseling. We all know the
consequences of divorce (stigma, disappointment, painful, financial implications
emotional effect on children, cycle of divorce).
• Some marriages cannot bee maintained or restored-nothing can be done. The
church should accept this. Sociologists see divorce as the solution to marital
problems.

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 • If a marriage has broken down, it is not impossible for one or both parties to
enter into a new marriage. This would be the most reasonable thing to do and
churches should help such people and support them.
Conclusion
Churches need to accept that many marriages are breaking down. Reconciliation is
sometimes impossible because of the bitterness experienced. Christians are faced with a
dilemma with the teaching that divorce is unlawful in God's eyes. How do we reconcile
the two aspects? Many marriage partners live in what has been called "secret divorce"
whereby the divorce is not publicized but the couples live separate lives but under the
same roof. They sleep in separate bedrooms, have sexual partners outside. With
widespread domestic violence that sometimes ends up in death, how does a woman stay
in that marriage? We are having human rights groups being accused of fuelling divorce
because of advising battered wives to live their husbands. The Catholic Church has been
condemned for making a woman a saint for having endured battering even to her death,
rather than divorce. Marriage and divorce remains a dilemma for Christians and the
church today.
2.4.4 Questions
1. Outline some of the problems that marriages encounter.
2. What does the Bible teach about divorce?
3. What recommendations does Adrian Hastings give concerning marriage
and divorce?
2.4.5 Activities

It is quite common in Kenya today to find a man and a woman living

together and saying that they are married, but have not followed traditional,
Christian or civil tradition. Write an essay on what you think about this?
What problems can come to such a couple? What reasons are given for living
like this?

2.4.6 Summary

In Lesson 2.4, we saw that the institution of marriage is faced with challenges such as
trial marriages and divorce. Young people today are discouraged from getting married
because of the problems they see with marriages. The church faces a big challenge in
their efforts to save marriages and how to respond to the growing number of divorce
cases.

Lesson 2.5 Challenging Reality of Polygamy

2.5.1 Introduction
In lesson 2.4, we looked at the problems facing marriages today. Apart from loose
marriages, divorce is one of the biggest threats to marriage as it brings suffering to
families. In this lesson, I will examine an issue that has created a moral dilemma for
Christians and the church in Africa today. This is the problem of polygamy.

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 2.5.2 Objectives
By the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
• Define the types of polygamy found in African society.
• Outline reasons for the practice of polygamy in traditional African society and in
contemporary society.
• Give a Christian response to the issue of polygamy.
2.5.3 Content
Polyandry refers to a marriage whereby a woman has more than one wife, although this
is rare. Polygyny is where a man has more than one wife. This practice is most common
in Kenya and most African communities. It is also the most distinctive characteristic of
African customary marriage. Polygamy is the common word used to refer to that form of
marriage in which either the husband or the wife has more than one spouse.
Polygamy was and is still practiced for various reasons;
• It was a sign of prestige, wealth and it earned one higher social status in the
community. In the early days unlike today, a man's position in the society was
not determined to a great extent by the type of job he held, amount of property
acquired or which social places he visited. His status (influence and respect) in
society was determined by how many wives and children he had.
• Being remembered after death- more children ensured that the family name was
carried on for many generations. Having few children did not ensure continuity
and survival of a family. Many wives ensured many children.
• Desire to have children -Since the birth of children was very important in
traditional African communities, polygamy acted as a remedy in a situation
where the first wife was barren. Today, this is one of the biggest dilemmas to
committed Christians who find themselves childless. Some are willing to wait
but for how long. Some reluctantly, take second wives. The desire to have sons
is a factor. Failure to have sons is considered unfortunate and many people
marry second wives in search of a son.
A large number of children offered protection, acted as a security in case of attack,
and took care of parents in old age.

• It ensured that every woman had an opportunity to get married, and maybe this
explains why prostitution was unheard of in traditional African communities, in
society, there are more women than men. In his book "Facing Mt. Kenya",
Kenyatta points out that, in every generation there are more women of
marriageable age than men.
Men marry relatively late in life, while women marry relatively early. This age
difference creates a "pool” of marriageable females. It is argued that polygamy
ensures marriage for women.
• Many wives and children provided economic security because they were a source
of labor for cultivation and so on.
• Polygamy also allowed for inheritance, which is another form of marriage. Upon
the death of a husband, his brother, cousin or close relative inherited his wife or
wives and had to take care of them. In the recent past, this has caused a debate
especially with the coming of HIV/AIDS.
• In traditional society unlike today, getting a child while unmarried was a disgrace

22
 to the family. Such girls would be married off as second, third wives. This
was because she was unlikely to get an unmarried man to marry her.
• Refusal to cohabit: sometimes men resort to polygamy because of their wife's
refusal to cohabit. Among some African communities, there is a tradition that
when a woman reaches menopause and can no longer have children; there is no
more need for cohabitation. To them sex is mainly for procreation. There is also
the feeling that when the first daughter is married, and having sex, she should not
indulge in it (grandmas do not have sex). Consequently men feel sexually
frustrated, get a second wife, and at times are advised by their wives to get a
younger wife for cohabitation.
• Some men are "forced” to become polygamists simply because cohabitation has
become impossible due to illness. Some polygamists argue that it is it is not their
wish to put away their sick wife because they have vowed to love them "in
sickness and in health". They argue that they would rather marry than become
promiscuous.
• To some people this tradition will always be practiced. Nevertheless, to some it
is outdated.
• It brings instability in marriages. Some women opt to walk out of the marriage.
• There is also the high cost of living (economic hardship) which makes polygamy
not viable.
• It brings conflict between the wives (competition) and children.
• The labor that was required is no longer needed.
• Urbanization-housing cannot accommodate a polygamous marriage. However,
we also note that most times men have a wife in the rural area and another in the
urban centre.
A Christian Response to Polygamy
• Polygamy has created more problems for the Christian church than any other African
custom.
Biblical teaching shows that;
1. Monogamy was God's plan from the beginning. God created one wife for Adam.
2. Marriage required that a man will leave his parents and be united with his wife to
become one flesh (Genesis 2:24). Polygamy distorts this view.
3. Paul teaches that a leader in the church should have only one wife (1 Timothy 3:2)
Polygamy in the OT
Polygamy was tolerated in the OT (see Genesis 4:19 where we first hear of polygamy –
story of Lamech). Many of the prominent people in the OT were polygamists (Abraham,
David, Jacob, Esau, Moses, Numbers 12:ff Solomon). A practice was not condemned.
Does this mean that God approved of it? Even as God permitted divorce in the OT
because of the hardness of people's hearts (Matthew 19:8), the same rule may have
applied to polygamy. God clearly warned the future Israelite kings against taking many
wives (Deuteronomy 17:17) and therefore this Mosaic Law did apply to David and
Solomon. The many wives of Solomon led him astray from the Lord indicating that
polygamy was not a good thing. The Bible also brings out clearly the conflicts
associated with polygamous marriages in the OT. There were problems between the two
wives of Jacob (Genesis 29:29-30). We read about the conflict between the two wives of

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 Elkanah. Peninah ridiculed and mocked her co-wife Hannah because she had no
children (1 Samwel l: 1-8). There was conflict in Abraham's family between Sarah and
Hagar (Genesis 16:21). Clearly, conflict is part of a polygamous family.
As time went on, monogamy became the norm among the Israelites. We do not read of
any polygamous relationships in the NT. The only polygamous relations that continued
was if a man died childless, his brother was expected to marry his widow and get
children and raise them up in his name. This was known as Levirate marriage and took
place even if the brother was married (Genesis 38:8-10; Deuteronomy 25:5-10).
The Churches’ Response to the Issue of Polygamy in Africa: Case Study of the
Anglican Church
When Christian missionaries came to Africa in the 19 th century they found polygamy
being widely practiced and soon it became a moral issue that the church had to deal with
and is still dealing with even today. The state of polygamy was unlawful within the
church and is contrary to the divine institution of marriage, which advocates for
monogamy. The problem is that many Christians are polygamists and the questions
raised are how to treat polygamists and their families. Many conferences have been held
to discuss the issue. When the CMS missionaries (Anglicans) came to Africa, they tried
to solve the problem of polygamy and insisted that in order for a polygamist to become a
Christian, he had to put away his second wife. This caused another problem because
what happens to the discarded wives. In 1888, the Lambeth Conference passed the
following resolution on polygamy;
"It is the opinion of this conference that persons living in polygamy be not
admitted to baptism, but that they be accepted as candidates and kept under
Christian instructions until such a time as they shall be in a position to accept the
law of Christ”
The CMS in Nigeria later resolved that;

"While me wives of a polygamist, if they were true converts might be received to

baptism, since they were usually the involuntary victims of the custom, no man
would be admitted who retained more than one wife."
Later, different dioceses treated polygamists and their wives differently. For a long time,
bishops in East Africa refused to baptize polygamist's wives except for the first one. In
some dioceses polygamists and their wives cannot be baptized or even receive Holy
Communion. In some, the wives can be baptized but not the man because it is not their
fault. In others, the polygamist and his wives and children could be baptized. In some,
wives of polygamists cannot join the mother's union. In the 1998 Conference, the
African bishops complained that the church remained silent on this issue and argued that
it was wrong to force converts of whom were polygamists to become monogamous. It
would be irresponsible to force men to turn away their other wives. This did not in any
way mean that the church was endorsing polygamy. A former head of the Anglican
Church, Archbishop Gitari opines that some men are forced to become polygamists (lack
of cohabitation) and therefore such cases should be treated with sympathy. If a wife
completely and constantly refuses to cohabit with the husband, then can he be blamed
for taking a second wife? Paul teaches on this matter in 1 Corinthians 7:3-5, "The
husband should give to his wife conjugal rights, and likewise the wife to her husband for
the wife does not rule own her own body but the husband does and vice-versa." Vs. 5
warns,
"Do not refuse one another except by agreement for a season, that you may
devote yourselves to prayer, but then come together again, lest Satan tempt you
through lack of self-control."

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 Can a polygamist never be a Christian and a Christian a polygamist? In November
1982, the Anglican Church of Kenya (ACK) passed the following resolutions about
polygamy;
1. ACK is convinced that monogamy is God's plan for marriage and that it is the
ideal relationship for the expression of love between a husband and a wife.
Nevertheless, this teaching is not fully understood in the African culture where
polygamy is widely practiced and socially accepted. While it teaches monogamy,
the church must be sensitive to the widespread existence of polygamy.
2. For people who were polygamists before becoming Christians, they can be
baptized with their wives and children on condition tat they do not take any more
wives. They can even be confirmed after further Christian instructions therefore
a polygamist is not required to put away any of his wives as a condition for
baptism or taking of Holy Communion.
3. People who become polygamists while already Christians deprive themselves of
the privileges of Holy Communion, standing as sponsors in baptism and in
holding office as members of a church committee or parish council. They may
also not be buried with full burial rites of the church. Also, in keeping with the
teachings, a polygamist cannot hold the office of the bishop, priest deacon or lay-
reader. However, if a polygamist repents then with consideration, he may be
given full privileges taking Holy Communion because there were special factors
which have made a Christian take a second wife.
Adrian Hastings sets guidelines for the way the church should tackle the problem of
polygamy. He suggests four basic positions a Christian could take in regard to
polygamous marriage;
1. Polygamy is simply a sin, comparable to adultery.
2. Polygamy is an inferior form of marriage (monogamy being superior). It is not
sinful where it is the custom but unacceptable for Christians.
3. Polygamy is a form of marriage, less satisfactory than monogamy and which
cannot do justice to spirit of Christian marriage. In certain circumstances,
individual Christians can still put up with it (tolerate it) just like anything else
that we tolerate.
4. Polygamy is a form of marriage while monogamy is another. Each has
advantages and disadvantages. They are appropriate to different kinds of society.
It is not the task of the church to make any judgment between them.
Hastings favors the third position and recommends that a polygamist can in some
circumstances be baptized together with his wives and children, while continuing in his
polygamous marriage. They should also be admitted to the Holy Communion.
Which of these positions do you take?
2.5.4 Questions
1. What is polygamy?
2. Give four reasons why people married more than one wife in traditional African
society.
3. Outline Adrian Hastings recommendations concerning polygamy.
2.5.5 Activities

• Write a paper on whether polygamy

29
has a place in our modern society amidst
cultural and economic changes?
• Write an essay on why polygamy posing a moral dilemma for the church
2.5.6 Summary
In Lesson 2.5, we looked at the reasons why people practice polygamy. One of them is
the need for children especially when a woman is barren. We saw that polygamy poses a
challenge to the church as to how to treat polygamists who are Christians. Monogamy is
the acceptable marriage for a Christian.

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