MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Microscopic anatomy and

organization of skeletal muscle
Cells of the skeletal muscle
Made up of relatively large, long
cylindrical cells, sometimes called
fibers
Multinucleate – multiple oval nuclei
seen just beneath the sarcolemma
Nuclei are pushed peripherally by
the longitudinally arranged
myofibrils, which fill the sarcoplasm
Light (I) and dark (A) bands give the
muscle fiber its striped appearance
Myofibrils are made up of even
smaller threadlike structures
called myofilaments
Myofilaments are composed of 2
varieties of contractile proteins
(actin and myosin)
Contractile units of muscle
(sarcomeres) extend from the
middle of an I band (Z disk) to the
middle of the next
1 thick filament = 6 thin filaments
1 thin filament = 3 thick filaments
At each junction of the A and I
bands, the sarcolemma indents
into the muscle cell, forming a
transverse tubule (T tubule)
Tubules run deep into the muscle
cell between the terminal cisterns
of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
Regions where the SR terminal
cisterns border a T tubule on each
side are called triads
Organization of skeletal muscle cells into
muscles
Each muscle fiber is enclosed in a
delicate, areolar CT sheath called the
endomysium
Several sheathed muscle fibers are
wrapped by a collagenic membrane
called the perimysium, forming a
bundle of fibers called a fascicle
Large number of fascicles are bound
together by a much coarser
“overcoat” of dense CT called the
epimysium, which sheathes the
entire muscle
Epimysia blend into the deep
fascia that bind muscles into
functional groups, and into strong
cordlike tendons or sheetlike
aponeuroses
Movable attachment is called
insertion whereas fixed (or
immovable) attachment is origin
Tendons perform several functions:
Provide durability
• Can span rough bony projections

Conserve space
• More tendons than fleshy muscles can pass over a joint
Provide a route for the entry and exit of nerves and BVs that serve the
muscle fibers
The neuromuscular (myoneural) junction
Junction between an axon of a motor
neuron and a muscle cell
Each axon of the motor neuron divides
into many branches called terminal
branches as it approaches the muscle
Each of these branches ends in an axon
terminal that participates in forming a
neuromuscular junction with a single
muscle cell
A neuron and all the muscle fibers it
stimulates make up the functional
structure called the motor unit
Separated by a small fluid-filled gap
called the synaptic cleft
1. Within the axon terminals are many mitochondria and vesicles
containing a neurotransmitter chemical called acetylcholine (ACh)
2. When a nerve impulse reaches the axon terminal, some of these vesicles
release their contents into the synaptic cleft
3. ACh rapidly diffuses across the junction and combines with the receptors
on the sarcolemma
4. When receptors bind ACh, a change in the permeability of the
sarcolemma occurs
5. Channels that allow both Na+ and K+ ions to pass open briefly
6. Because more Na+ diffuses into the muscle fiber than K+ diffuses out,
depolarization of the sarcolemma and subsequent contraction of the
muscle fiber occurs
Gross anatomy of the muscular
system
Classification of skeletal muscles
Types of muscles
Muscles that are most responsible for producing a particular
movement are called prime movers, or agonists
Muscles that oppose or reverse a movement are called antagonists
When a prime mover is active, the fibers of the antagonist are
stretched and in the relaxed state
Antagonist can also regulate the prime mover by providing some
resistance, to prevent overshoot or to stop its action
Synergists aid the action of agonists either by assisting with the same
movement or by reducing undesirable or unnecessary movement
Fixators, or fixation muscles, are specialized synergists
Immobilize the origin of a prime mover so that all the tension is exerted
at the insertion
Naming skeletal muscles
• Direction of muscle fibers (rectus, transverse, or oblique)
• Relative size of the muscle (maximus, minimus, longus, and brevis)
• Location of the muscle
• Number of origins (biceps, triceps, or quadriceps)
• Location of the muscle’s origin and insertion (e.g.,
sternocleidomastoid muscle)
• Shape of the muscle (e.g., deltoid = triangular, trapezius = trapezoid)
• Action of the muscle
Muscles of the head and neck
Muscles of facial expression
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Buccinator Principal muscle of cheek; runs Molar region of maxilla and Orbicularis oris Draws corner of mouth laterally;
horizontally, deep to the mandible compresses cheek (as in
masseter whistling); holds food between
teeth during chewing
Muscles of facial expression
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Depressor anguli oris Small muscle lateral to Body of mandible below incisors Skin and muscle at angle of Draws corners of mouth
depressor labii inferioris mouth below insertion of downward and laterally
zygomaticus
Muscles of facial expression
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Levator labii superioris Thin muscle between Zygomatic bone and infraorbital Skin and muscle of upper lip Raises and furrows upper lip;
orbicularis oris and inferior eye margin of maxilla and border of nostril opens lips
margin
Muscles of facial expression
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Occipitofrontalis Bipartite muscle consisting of Frontal belly—epicranial Frontal belly—skin of eyebrows Moves scalp; raises eyerbows
frontal and occipital parts, aponeurosis; occipital belly— and root of nose; occipital
which covers dome of skull occipital and temporal bones belly— epicranial aponeurosis
Muscles of facial expression
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Orbicularis oculi Tripartite sphincter muscle of Frontal and maxillary bones and Encircles orbit and inserts in Closes eyes, produces blinking,
eyelids ligaments around orbit tissue of eyelid squinting, and draws eyebrows
inferiorly
Muscles of facial expression
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Orbicularis oris Multilayered muscle of lips with Arises indirectly from maxilla Encircles mouth; inserts into Closes lips; purses and
fibers that run in many different and mandible; fibers blended muscle and skin at angles of protrudes lips (kissing and
directions; most run circularly with fibers of other muscles mouth whistling muscle)
associated with lips
Muscles of facial expression
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Zygomaticus major Extends diagonally from corner Zygomatic bone Skin and muscle at corner of Raises lateral corners of mouth
Zygomaticus minor of mouth mouth upward (smiling muscle)
to cheekbone
Muscles of facial expression
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Buccinator Principal muscle of cheek; runs Molar region of maxilla and Orbicularis oris Draws corner of mouth laterally;
horizontally, deep to the mandible compresses cheek (as in
masseter whistling); holds food between
teeth during chewing

Depressor anguli oris Small muscle lateral to Body of mandible below incisors Skin and muscle at angle of Draws corners of mouth
depressor labii inferioris mouth below insertion of downward and laterally
zygomaticus
Levator labii superioris Thin muscle between Zygomatic bone and infraorbital Skin and muscle of upper lip Raises and furrows upper lip;
orbicularis oris and inferior eye margin of maxilla and border of nostril opens lips
margin

Occipitofrontalis Bipartite muscle consisting of Frontal belly—epicranial Frontal belly—skin of eyebrows Moves scalp; raises eyerbows
frontal and occipital parts, aponeurosis; occipital belly— and root of nose; occipital
which covers dome of skull occipital and temporal bones belly— epicranial aponeurosis

Orbicularis oculi Tripartite sphincter muscle of Frontal and maxillary bones and Encircles orbit and inserts in Closes eyes, produces blinking,
eyelids ligaments around orbit tissue of eyelid squinting, and draws eyebrows
inferiorly

Orbicularis oris Multilayered muscle of lips with Arises indirectly from maxilla Encircles mouth; inserts into Closes lips; purses and
fibers that run in many different and mandible; fibers blended muscle and skin at angles of protrudes lips (kissing and
directions; most run circularly with fibers of other muscles mouth whistling muscle)
associated with lips

Zygomaticus major Extends diagonally from corner Zygomatic bone Skin and muscle at corner of Raises lateral corners of mouth
of mouth mouth upward (smiling muscle)
Zygomaticus minor
Muscles of mastication
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Temporalis Fan-shaped muscle lying over Temporal fossa Coronoid process of mandible Closes jaw; elevates and
parts of frontal, parietal, and retracts mandible
temporal bones
Muscles of mastication
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Masseter Covers lateral aspect of Zygomatic arch and maxilla Angle and ramus of mandible Prime mover of jaw closure;
mandibular ramus; can be elevates mandible
palpated on forcible closure of
jaws
Muscles of mastication
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Lateral pterygoid Superior to medial pterygoid Greater wing of sphenoid bone Condylar process of mandible Protracts jaw (moves it
anteriorly); in conjunction with
medial pterygoid, aids in
grinding movements of teeth
Medial pterygoid Runs along internal (medial) Sphenoid, palatine, and Medial surface of mandible, Synergist of temporalis and
surface of mandible (thus maxillary bones near its angle masseter; elevates mandible;
largely concealed by in conjunction with lateral
that bone) pterygoid, aids in grinding
movements
Muscles of mastication
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Temporalis Fan-shaped muscle Temporal fossa Coronoid process of Closes jaw; elevates and
lying over parts of mandible retracts mandible
frontal, parietal, and
temporal bones
Masseter Covers lateral aspect of Zygomatic arch and Angle and ramus of Prime mover of jaw
mandibular ramus; can maxilla mandible closure; elevates
be palpated on forcible mandible
closure of jaws
Lateral pterygoid Superior to medial Greater wing of Condylar process of Protracts jaw (moves it
pterygoid sphenoid bone mandible anteriorly); in
conjunction with medial
pterygoid, aids in
grinding movements of
teeth
Medial pterygoid Runs along internal Sphenoid, palatine, and Medial surface of Synergist of temporalis
(medial) surface of maxillary bones mandible, near its angle and masseter; elevates
mandible (thus largely mandible; in
concealed by conjunction with lateral
that bone) pterygoid, aids in
grinding movements
Tongue and swallowing muscles
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Tongue muscles
• Intrinsic Inside tongue Inside tongue Changes shape of tongue
• Extrinsic Bones around oral cavity or Onto tongue Moves tongue
soft palate
Tongue and swallowing muscles
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Hyoid muscles
• Suprahyoid (e.g., Base of skull, mandible Hyoid bone Elevates or stabilized hyoid
geniohyoid, stylohyoid,
and hypoglossus)
• Infrahyoid (e.g., Sternum, larynx Hyoid bone Depresses or stabilizes hyoid
thyrohyoid)
Tongue and swallowing muscles
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Soft palate muscles Skull or soft palate Palate, tongue, or pharynx Moves soft palate, tongue, or
pharynx
Tongue and swallowing muscles
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Pharyngeal muscles
• Elevators Soft palate and auditory tube Pharynx Elevates pharynx
• Constrictors Larynx and hyoid Pharynx Constricts pharynx
• Superior
• Middle
• Inferior
Tongue and swallowing muscles
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Tongue muscles
• Intrinsic Inside tongue Inside tongue Changes shape of tongue
• Extrinsic Bones around oral cavity Onto tongue Moves tongue
or soft palate
Hyoid muscles
• Suprahyoid (e.g., Base of skull, mandible Hyoid bone Elevates or stabilized hyoid
geniohyoid, stylohyoid,
and hypoglossus)
• Infrahyoid (e.g., Sternum, larynx Hyoid bone Depresses or stabilizes
thyrohyoid) hyoid
Soft palate muscles Skull or soft palate Palate, tongue, or pharynx Moves soft palate, tongue,
or pharynx
Pharyngeal muscles
• Elevators Soft palate and auditory Pharynx Elevates pharynx
tube
• Constrictors Larynx and hyoid Pharynx Constricts pharynx
• Superior
• Middle
• Inferior
Neck muscles
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Deep neck muscles
• Flexors Anterior side of vertebrae Base of skull Flex head and neck
• Extensors Posterior side of vertebrae Base of skull Extend head and neck
Neck muscles
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Sternocleidomastoid Two-headed muscle located Manubrium of sternum and Mastoid process and nuchal Simultaneous contraction of
deep to platysma on medial part of clavicle line of skull both muscles of pair causes
anterolateral surface of neck; flexion of neck forward,
fleshy parts on either side generally against resistance (as
indicate limits of anterior and when lying on
posterior triangles of neck the back); acting
independently,
rotate head toward shoulder
on opposite side
Neck muscles
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Trapezius Most superficial muscle of Posterior surface of skull and Clavicle, acromion process, Extends head; raises, rotates,
posterior thorax; very broad upper vertebral column (C7- and scapular spine and retracts (adducts) scapula
origin and insertion T12) and stabilizes it; superior fibers
elevate scapula
(as in shrugging the
shoulders); inferior fibers
depress it
Neck muscles
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Deep neck muscles
• Flexors Anterior side of vertebrae Base of skull Flex head and neck
• Extensors Posterior side of vertebrae Base of skull Extend head and neck
Sternocleidomastoid Two-headed muscle Manubrium of sternum Mastoid process and Simultaneous contraction
located deep to platysma and medial part of clavicle nuchal line of skull of both muscles of pair
on anterolateral surface of causes flexion of neck
neck; fleshy parts on either forward, generally against
side indicate limits of resistance (as when lying
anterior and posterior on
triangles of neck the back); acting
independently,
rotate head toward
shoulder on opposite side
Trapezius Most superficial muscle of Posterior surface of skull Clavicle, acromion process, Extends head; raises,
posterior thorax; very and upper vertebral and scapular spine rotates, and retracts
broad origin and insertion column (C7-T12) (adducts) scapula and
stabilizes it; superior fibers
elevate scapula
(as in shrugging the
shoulders); inferior fibers
depress it
Trunk muscles
Muscles acting on the vertebral column

Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action

Superficial A long tripartite muscle Iliac crest, transverse Ribs and transverse processes Extend and bend the vertebral
• Erector spinae superficial to semispinalis processes of lumbar, thoracic, of vertebrae about six column laterally; fibers of the
• Iliocostalis muscles; extends from pelvis and cervical vertebrae, and/or segments above origin; longissimus also extend head
• Longissimus to head ribs 3–6 depending on specific longissimus also inserts into
• Spinalis part mastoid process
Muscles acting on the vertebral column
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Deep back muscles Deep composite muscle of the Transverse processes of C7– Occipital bone and spinous Acting together, extend head
back—thoracis, cervicis, and T12 processes of cervical vertebrae and vertebral column; acting
capitis portions and T1–T4 independently (right
vs. left) causes rotation toward
the opposite side
Muscles acting on the vertebral column
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Superficial A long tripartite muscle Iliac crest, transverse Ribs and transverse Extend and bend the
• Erector spinae superficial to processes of lumbar, processes of vertebrae vertebral column
• Iliocostalis semispinalis muscles; thoracic, and cervical about six segments laterally; fibers of the
• Longissimus extends from pelvis vertebrae, and/or ribs above origin; longissimus also extend
• Spinalis to head 3–6 depending on longissimus also inserts head
specific part into mastoid process
Deep back muscles Deep composite muscle Transverse processes of Occipital bone and Acting together, extend
of the back—thoracis, C7–T12 spinous processes of head and vertebral
cervicis, and capitis cervical vertebrae and column; acting
portions T1–T4 independently (right
vs. left) causes rotation
toward the opposite
side
Muscles of the thorax
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Scalenes Located more on lateral than Transverse processes of Anterolaterally on ribs 1–2 Flex and slightly rotate neck;
• Anterior anterior neck; deep to cervical vertebrae elevate ribs 1–2 (aid in
• Middle platysma and inspiration)
• Superior sternocleidomastoid
Muscles of the thorax
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
External intercostals 11 pairs lie between ribs; Inferior border of rib above Superior border of rib below Pull ribs toward one another
fibers run obliquely downward to elevate rib cage; aid in
and forward toward sternum inspiration
Muscles of the thorax
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Internal intercostals 11 pairs lie between ribs; Superior border of rib below Inferior border of rib above Draw ribs together to depress
fibers run deep and at right rib cage; aid in forced
angles to those of external expiration; antagonistic to
intercostals external intercostals
Muscles of the thorax
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Diaphragm Broad muscle; forms floor of Inferior border of rib and Central tendon of diaphragm Prime mover of inspiration
thoracic cavity; dome-shaped sternum, costal cartilages of flattens on contraction,
in relaxed state; fibers last six ribs and lumbar increasing vertical dimensions
converge from margins of vertebrae of thorax; increases intra-
thoracic cage toward a central abdominal pressure
tendon
Muscles of the thorax
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Scalenes Located more on lateral Transverse processes of Anterolaterally on ribs 1–2 Flex and slightly rotate
• Anterior than anterior neck; deep cervical vertebrae neck; elevate ribs 1–2 (aid
• Middle to platysma and in inspiration)
• Superior sternocleidomastoid
External intercostals 11 pairs lie between ribs; Inferior border of rib above Superior border of rib Pull ribs toward one
fibers run obliquely below another to elevate rib
downward and forward cage; aid in inspiration
toward sternum
Internal intercostals 11 pairs lie between ribs; Superior border of rib Inferior border of rib above Draw ribs together to
fibers run deep and at right below depress rib cage; aid in
angles to those of external forced expiration;
intercostals antagonistic to external
intercostals
Diaphragm Broad muscle; forms floor Inferior border of rib and Central tendon of Prime mover of inspiration
of thoracic cavity; dome- sternum, costal cartilages diaphragm flattens on contraction,
shaped in relaxed state; of last six ribs and lumbar increasing vertical
fibers converge from vertebrae dimensions of thorax;
margins of thoracic cage increases intra- abdominal
toward a central tendon pressure
Muscles of the abdominal wall
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Rectus abdominis Medial superficial muscle, Pubic crest and symphysis Xiphoid process and costal Flexes and rotates vertebral
extends cartilages of ribs 5–7 column; increases abdominal
from pubis to rib pressure; fixes and depresses
cage; ensheathed by ribs; stabilizes pelvis during
aponeuroses of oblique walking; used in sit-ups and
muscles; segmented curls
Muscles of the abdominal wall
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
External abdominal oblique Most superficial lateral Anterior surface of last eight Linea alba, pubic crest and See rectus abdominis, above;
muscle; fibers run downward ribs tubercles, and iliac crest compresses abdominal wall;
and medially; ensheathed by also aids muscles of back in
an aponeurosis trunk rotation and lateral
flexion; used in oblique curls
Muscles of the abdominal wall
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Internal abdominal oblique Most fibers run at right angles Lumbar fascia, iliac crest, and Linea alba, pubic crest, and As for external oblique
to those of external oblique, inguinal ligament costal cartilages of last three
which it underlies ribs
Muscles of the abdominal wall
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Transverse abdominis Deepest muscle of abdominal Inguinal ligament, iliac crest, Linea alba and pubic crest Compresses abdominal
wall; fibers run horizontally cartilages of last five or six ribs, contents
and lumbar fascia
Muscles of the abdominal wall
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Rectus abdominis Medial superficial muscle, Pubic crest and symphysis Xiphoid process and costal Flexes and rotates
extends cartilages of ribs 5–7 vertebral column;
from pubis to rib increases abdominal
cage; ensheathed by pressure; fixes and
aponeuroses of oblique depresses ribs; stabilizes
muscles; segmented pelvis during walking; used
in sit-ups and curls
External abdominal Most superficial lateral Anterior surface of last Linea alba, pubic crest and See rectus abdominis,
oblique muscle; fibers run eight ribs tubercles, and iliac crest above; compresses
downward and medially; abdominal wall; also aids
ensheathed by an muscles of back in trunk
aponeurosis rotation and lateral flexion;
used in oblique curls
Internal abdominal oblique Most fibers run at right Lumbar fascia, iliac crest, Linea alba, pubic crest, and As for external oblique
angles to those of external and inguinal ligament costal cartilages of last
oblique, which it underlies three ribs
Transverse abdominis Deepest muscle of Inguinal ligament, iliac Linea alba and pubic crest Compresses abdominal
abdominal wall; fibers run crest, cartilages of last five contents
horizontally or six ribs, and lumbar
fascia
Muscles of the pelvic diaphragm and perineum
Muscle Origin Insertion Nerve Action
Pelvic diaphragm
Coccygeus Ischial spine Coccyx S3 and S4 Forms pelvic floor; supports
pelvis organs
Muscles of the pelvic diaphragm and perineum
Muscle Origin Insertion Nerve Action
Pelvic diaphragm
Levator ani Posterior pubis and ischial Sacrum and coccyx S4 Elevates anus; supports pelvic
spine organs
Muscles of the pelvic diaphragm and perineum
Muscle Origin Insertion Nerve Action
Pelvic diaphragm
Coccygeus Ischial spine Coccyx S3 and S4 Forms pelvic
floor; supports
pelvis organs
Levator ani Posterior pubis Sacrum and S4 Elevates anus;
and ischial spine coccyx supports pelvic
organs
Muscles of the pelvic diaphragm and perineum
Muscle Origin Insertion Nerve Action
Perineum
Urogenital triangle
Bulbospongiosus Male – central tendon of Dorsal surface of penis and Pudendal Compress base of penis; ejects
perineum and median raphe of bulb of penis urine or semen; erects penis
penis
Female – central tendon of Base of clitoris Pudendal Erects clitoris
perineum
Muscles of the pelvic diaphragm and perineum
Muscle Origin Insertion Nerve Action
Perineum
Urogenital triangle
Ischiocavernosus Ischial ramus Corpus cavernosum Perineal Compress base of penis or
clitoris
Muscles of the pelvic diaphragm and perineum
Muscle Origin Insertion Nerve Action
Perineum
Urogenital triangle
External urethral sphincter Pubic ramus Median raphe Pudendal Constricts urethra to stop urine
flow
Muscles of the pelvic diaphragm and perineum
Muscle Origin Insertion Nerve Action
Perineum
Urogenital triangle
Transverse perineal muscles
Deep Ischial ramus Median raphe Pudendal Supports pelvic floor
Superficial Ischial ramus Central perineal Pudendal Fixes central tendon
Muscles of the pelvic diaphragm and perineum
Muscle Origin Insertion Nerve Action
Perineum
Urogenital triangle
Anal triangle
External anal sphincter Coccyx Central tendon of raphe S4 and pudendal Keeps orifice of anal canal
closed; relaxes during
defecation
Muscles of the pelvic diaphragm and perineum
Muscle Origin Insertion Nerve Action
Perineum
Urogenital triangle
Bulbospongiosus Male – central tendon Dorsal surface of penis Pudendal Compress base of penis;
of perineum and and bulb of penis ejects urine or semen;
median raphe of penis erects penis
Female – central tendon Base of clitoris Pudendal
of perineum Erects clitoris
Ischiocavernosus Ischial ramus Corpus cavernosum Perineal Compress base of penis
or clitoris
External urethral Pubic ramus Median raphe Pudendal Constricts urethra to
sphincter stop urine flow
Transverse perineal
muscles Ischial ramus Median raphe Pudendal Supports pelvic floor
Deep Ischial ramus Central perineal Pudendal Fixes central tendon
Superficial
Anal triangle
External anal Coccyx Central tendon of raphe S4 and pudendal Keeps orifice of anal
sphincter canal closed; relaxes
during defecation
Upper limb muscles
Muscles acting on the scapula
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Levator scapula Located at back and side of Transverse processes of C1–C4 Medial border of scapula Elevates and adducts scapula;
neck, deep to trapezius superior to spine with fixed scapula, laterally
flexes neck to the same side
Muscles acting on the scapula
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Pectoralis minor Flat, thin muscle directly Anterior surface of ribs 3–5, Coracoid process of scapula With ribs fixed, draws scapula
beneath and near their costal cartilages forward and inferiorly; with
obscured by pectoralis major scapula fixed, draws rib cage
superiorly
Muscles acting on the scapula
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Rhomboids Beneath trapezius and inferior Spinous processes of C7 and Medial border of scapula Pull scapula medially
• Major to levator scapulae; rhomboid T1–T5 (retraction); stabilize scapula;
• Minor minor is the more superior rotate glenoid cavity
muscle downward
Muscles acting on the scapula
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Serratus anterior Fan-shaped muscle deep to Lateral aspect of ribs 1–8 (or 9) Vertebral border of anterior Prime mover to protract and
scapula; beneath and inferior surface of scapula hold scapula against chest
to pectoral muscles on lateral wall; rotates scapula, causing
rib cage inferior angle to move laterally
and upward; essential to
raising arm; fixes scapula for
arm abduction
Muscles acting on the scapula
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Trapezius Most superficial muscle of Occipital bone; ligamentum Acromion and spinous process Extends head; raises, rotates,
posterior thorax; very broad nuchae; spines of C7 and all of scapula; lateral third of and retracts (adducts) scapula
origin and insertion thoracic vertebrae clavicle and stabilizes it; superior fibers
elevate scapula
(as in shrugging the
shoulders); inferior fibers
depress it
Muscles acting on the scapula

Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action

Levator scapula Located at back and side of Transverse processes of C1–C4 Medial border of scapula Elevates and adducts scapula;
neck, deep to trapezius superior to spine with fixed scapula, laterally
flexes neck to the same side
Pectoralis minor Flat, thin muscle directly Anterior surface of ribs 3–5, Coracoid process of scapula With ribs fixed, draws scapula
beneath and near their costal cartilages forward and inferiorly; with
obscured by pectoralis major scapula fixed, draws rib cage
superiorly
Rhomboids Beneath trapezius and inferior Spinous processes of C7 and Medial border of scapula Pull scapula medially
• Major to levator scapulae; rhomboid T1–T5 (retraction); stabilize scapula;
• Minor minor is the more superior rotate glenoid cavity
muscle downward
Serratus anterior Fan-shaped muscle deep to Lateral aspect of ribs 1–8 (or 9) Vertebral border of anterior Prime mover to protract and
scapula; beneath and inferior surface of scapula hold scapula against chest
to pectoral muscles on lateral wall; rotates scapula, causing
rib cage inferior angle to move laterally
and upward; essential to
raising arm; fixes scapula for
arm abduction
Trapezius Most superficial muscle of Occipital bone; ligamentum Acromion and spinous process Extends head; raises, rotates,
posterior thorax; very broad nuchae; spines of C7 and all of scapula; lateral third of and retracts (adducts) scapula
origin and insertion thoracic vertebrae clavicle and stabilizes it; superior fibers
elevate scapula
(as in shrugging the
shoulders); inferior fibers
depress it
Arm movements
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Deltoid Fleshy triangular muscle Lateral 1·3 of clavicle; Deltoid tuberosity of humerus Acting as a whole, prime
forming shoulder muscle mass; acromion and spine of scapula mover of arm abduction; when
intramuscular injection site only specific fibers are active,
can aid in flexion, extension,
and rotation of humerus
Arm movements
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Latissimus dorsi Broad flat muscle of lower Indirect attachment Floor of intertubercular sulcus Prime mover of arm extension;
back (lumbar region); to spinous processes of humerus adducts and medially rotates
extensive superficial origins of lower six thoracic vertebrae, arm; brings arm down in
lumbar vertebrae, last three to power stroke, as in striking a
four ribs, and iliac crest blow
Arm movements
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Pectoralis major Large fan-shaped muscle covering Clavicle, sternum, cartilage of ribs Fibers converge to insert by short Prime mover of arm flexion;
upper portion of chest 1–6 (or 7), and aponeurosis of tendon into intertubercular sulcus adducts, medially rotates arm; with
external oblique muscle of humerus arm fixed, pulls chest upward (thus
also acts in forced inspiration)

Teres major Located inferiorly to teres minor Posterior surface at inferior angle of Intertubercular sulcus of humerus Extends, medially rotates, and
scapula adducts humerus; synergist of
latissimus dorsi
Arm movements
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Rotator cuff
• Infraspinatus Partially covered by deltoid and Infraspinous fossa of scapula Greater tubercle of humerus Lateral rotation of humerus; helps
trapezius hold head of humerus in glenoid
cavity; stabilizes shoulder

• Subscapularis Scapular fossa of scapula Lesser tubercle of humerus Stabilizes and extends shoulder and
medially rotates arm

• Supraspinatus Obscured by trapezius; a rotator Supraspinous fossa of scapula Greater tubercle of humerus Initiates abduction of humerus;
cuff muscle stabilizes shoulder joint

• Teres minor Small muscle inferior to Lateral margin of scapula Greater tubercle of humerus As for infraspinatus
infraspinatus
Arm movements

Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action

Deltoid Fleshy triangular muscle forming Lateral 1·3 of clavicle; acromion and Deltoid tuberosity of humerus Acting as a whole, prime mover of
shoulder muscle mass; spine of scapula arm abduction; when only specific
intramuscular injection site fibers are active, can aid in flexion,
extension, and rotation of humerus
Latissimus dorsi Broad flat muscle of lower back Indirect attachment Floor of intertubercular sulcus of Prime mover of arm extension;
(lumbar region); extensive to spinous processes humerus adducts and medially rotates arm;
superficial origins of lower six thoracic vertebrae, brings arm down in power stroke, as
lumbar vertebrae, last three to four in striking a blow
ribs, and iliac crest
Pectoralis major Large fan-shaped muscle covering Clavicle, sternum, cartilage of ribs Fibers converge to insert by short Prime mover of arm flexion;
upper portion of chest 1–6 (or 7), and aponeurosis of tendon into intertubercular sulcus adducts, medially rotates arm; with
external oblique muscle of humerus arm fixed, pulls chest upward (thus
also acts in forced inspiration)

Teres major Located inferiorly to teres minor Posterior surface at inferior angle of Intertubercular sulcus of humerus Extends, medially rotates, and
scapula adducts humerus; synergist of
latissimus dorsi
Rotator cuff
• Infraspinatus Partially covered by deltoid and Infraspinous fossa of scapula Greater tubercle of humerus Lateral rotation of humerus; helps
trapezius hold head of humerus in glenoid
cavity; stabilizes shoulder

• Subscapularis Scapular fossa of scapula Lesser tubercle of humerus Stabilizes and extends shoulder and
medially rotates arm

• Supraspinatus Obscured by trapezius; a rotator Supraspinous fossa of scapula Greater tubercle of humerus Initiates abduction of humerus;
cuff muscle stabilizes shoulder joint

• Teres minor Small muscle inferior to Lateral margin of scapula Greater tubercle of humerus As for infraspinatus
infraspinatus
Arm muscles
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Biceps brachii Most familiar muscle of Short head: coracoid process; Radial tuberosity Flexion (powerful) of elbow
anterior humerus because this long head: supraglenoid and supination of forearm
two-headed muscle bulges tubercle and lip of glenoid
when forearm is flexed cavity;
tendon of long head runs in
intertubercular sulcus and
within capsule of shoulder
joint
Arm muscles
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Brachialis Immediately deep to biceps Distal portion of anterior Coronoid process of ulna A major flexor of forearm
brachii humerus
Arm muscles
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Triceps brachii Sole, large fleshy muscle of Long head—inferior margin of Olecranon of ulna Powerful forearm extensor;
posterior humerus; three- glenoid cavity; lateral head— antagonist of forearm flexors
headed origin posterior humerus; medial (brachialis and biceps brachii)
head—distal radial groove on
posterior humerus
Arm muscles
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Biceps brachii Most familiar muscle of Short head: coracoid Radial tuberosity Flexion (powerful) of
anterior humerus process; long head: elbow and supination of
because this two- supraglenoid tubercle forearm
headed muscle bulges and lip of glenoid
when forearm is flexed cavity;
tendon of long head
runs in intertubercular
sulcus and within
capsule of shoulder
joint
Brachialis Immediately deep to Distal portion of Coronoid process of A major flexor of
biceps brachii anterior humerus ulna forearm
Triceps brachii Sole, large fleshy Long head—inferior Olecranon of ulna Powerful forearm
muscle of posterior margin of glenoid extensor; antagonist of
humerus; three-headed cavity; lateral head— forearm flexors
origin posterior humerus; (brachialis and biceps
medial head—distal brachii)
radial groove on
posterior humerus
Forearm muscles
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Anterior forearm
Palmaris longus Small fleshy muscle with a long Medial epicondyle of humerus Palmar aponeurosis; skin and Flexes wrist (weak);
tendon; medial to flexor carpi fascia of palm tenses skin and fascia of palm
radialis
Forearm muscles
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Anterior forearm
Flexor carpi radialis Superficial; runs diagonally Medial epicondyle of humerus Base of metacarpals II and III Powerful flexor of wrist;
across forearm abducts hand
Forearm muscles
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Anterior forearm
Flexor carpi ulnaris Superficial; medial to palmaris Medial epicondyle of humerus Base of metacarpal; pisiform Powerful flexor of wrist;
longus and olecranon and posterior and hamate bones adducts hand
surface of ulna
Forearm muscles
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Anterior forearm
Flexor digitorum superficialis Deeper muscle (deep to Medial epicondyle of humerus, Middle phalanges of fingers 2– Flexes wrist and middle
muscles named above); visible coronoid process of ulna, and 5 phalanges of fingers 2–5
at distal end of forearm shaft of radius
Forearm muscles
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Pronator
Quadratus Deepest muscle of distal Distal portion of anterior ulnar Anterior surface of radius, Pronates forearm
forearm surface distal end
Forearm muscles
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Anterior forearm
Pronator
Teres Seen in a superficial view Medial epicondyle of humerus Midshaft of radius Acts synergistically with
between proximal margins of and coronoid process of ulna pronator quadratus to pronate
brachioradialis and flexor carpi forearm; weak elbow flexor
radialis
Forearm muscles
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Anterior forearm
Palmaris longus Small fleshy muscle with a Medial epicondyle of Palmar aponeurosis; skin Flexes wrist (weak);
long tendon; medial to humerus and fascia of palm tenses skin and fascia of
flexor carpi radialis palm
Flexor carpi radialis Superficial; runs diagonally Medial epicondyle of Base of metacarpals II and Powerful flexor of wrist;
across forearm humerus III abducts hand
Flexor carpi ulnaris Superficial; medial to Medial epicondyle of Base of metacarpal; Powerful flexor of wrist;
palmaris longus humerus and olecranon pisiform and hamate bones adducts hand
and posterior surface of
ulna
Flexor digitorum Deeper muscle (deep to Medial epicondyle of Middle phalanges of Flexes wrist and middle
superficialis muscles named above); humerus, coronoid process fingers 2–5 phalanges of fingers 2–5
visible at distal end of of ulna, and shaft of radius
forearm
Pronator
Quadratus Deepest muscle of distal Distal portion of anterior Anterior surface of radius, Pronates forearm
forearm ulnar surface distal end
Teres Seen in a superficial view Medial epicondyle of Midshaft of radius Acts synergistically with
between proximal margins humerus and coronoid pronator quadratus to
of brachioradialis and process of ulna pronate forearm; weak
flexor carpi radialis elbow flexor
Forearm muscles
Posterior forearm
Brachioradialis Superficial muscle of lateral Lateral ridge at distal end of Base of radial styloid process Synergist in forearm flexion
forearm; forms lateral humerus
boundary of antecubital fossa
Forearm muscles
Posterior forearm
Extensor carpi radialis brevis Deep to extensor carpi radialis Lateral epicondyle of humerus Base of metacarpal III Extends and abducts wrist;
longus steadies wrist during finger
flexion
Forearm muscles
Posterior forearm
Extensor carpi radialis longus Superficial; parallels Lateral supracondylar ridge of Base of metacarpal II Extends and abducts wrist
brachioradialis on lateral humerus
forearm
Forearm muscles
Posterior forearm
Extensor carpi ulnaris Superficial; medial posterior Lateral epicondyle of humerus; Base of metacarpal V Extends and adducts wrist
forearm posterior border of ulna
Forearm muscles
Posterior forearm
Extensor digitorum Superficial; medial to extensor Lateral epicondyle of humerus By four tendons into distal Prime mover of finger
carpi radialis brevis phalanges of fingers 2–5 extension; extends wrist; can
flare (abduct) fingers
Forearm muscles
Posterior forearm
Supinator Deep muscle at posterior Lateral epicondyle of humerus; Proximal end of radius Acts with biceps brachii to
aspect of elbow proximal ulna supinate forearm; antagonist
of pronator muscles
Forearm muscles
Posterior forearm
Brachioradialis Superficial muscle of Lateral ridge at distal end Base of radial styloid Synergist in forearm
lateral forearm; forms of humerus process flexion
lateral boundary of
antecubital fossa
Extensor carpi radialis Deep to extensor carpi Lateral epicondyle of Base of metacarpal III Extends and abducts wrist;
brevis radialis longus humerus steadies wrist during finger
flexion
Extensor carpi radialis Superficial; parallels Lateral supracondylar ridge Base of metacarpal II Extends and abducts wrist
longus brachioradialis on lateral of humerus
forearm
Extensor carpi ulnaris Superficial; medial Lateral epicondyle of Base of metacarpal V Extends and adducts wrist
posterior forearm humerus; posterior border
of ulna

Extensor digitorum Superficial; medial to Lateral epicondyle of By four tendons into distal Prime mover of finger
extensor carpi radialis humerus phalanges of fingers 2–5 extension; extends wrist;
brevis can flare (abduct) fingers
Supinator Deep muscle at posterior Lateral epicondyle of Proximal end of radius Acts with biceps brachii to
aspect of elbow humerus; proximal ulna supinate forearm;
antagonist of pronator
muscles
Lower limb muscles
Muscles moving the thigh
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Iliopsoas – iliacus and psoas Two closely related muscles; Iliacus—iliac fossa and crest, On and just below lesser Flex trunk on thigh; flex thigh;
major fibers pass under inguinal lateral sacrum; psoas major— trochanter of femur lateral flexion of vertebral
ligament to insert into femur transverse processes, bodies, column (psoas)
via a common tendon; iliacus and discs of T12 and lumbar
is more lateral vertebrae
Muscles moving the thigh
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Gluteus maximus Largest and most superficial of Dorsal ilium, sacrum, and Gluteal tuberosity of femur Complex, powerful thigh
gluteal muscles (which coccyx and iliotibial tract extensor (most effective when
form buttock mass) thigh is flexed, as in climbing
stairs—but not as in walking);
antagonist of iliopsoas;
laterally rotates and abducts
thigh
Muscles moving the thigh
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Gluteus medius Partially covered by gluteus Upper lateral surface of ilium Greater trochanter of femur Abducts and medially rotates
maximus thigh; steadies pelvis during
walking

Gluteus minimus Smallest and deepest gluteal External inferior surface of Greater trochanter of femur Abducts and medially rotates
muscle ilium thigh; steadies pelvis
Muscles moving the thigh
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Tensor fasciae latae Enclosed between fascia layers Anterior aspect of iliac crest Iliotibial tract (lateral portion Flexes, abducts, and medially
of thigh and anterior superior iliac of fascia lata) rotates thigh; steadies trunk
spine
Muscles moving the thigh
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Iliopsoas – iliacus and Two closely related Iliacus—iliac fossa and On and just below lesser Flex trunk on thigh; flex
psoas major muscles; fibers pass under crest, lateral sacrum; psoas trochanter of femur thigh; lateral flexion of
inguinal ligament to insert major—transverse vertebral column (psoas)
into femur via a common processes, bodies, and
tendon; iliacus is more discs of T12 and lumbar
lateral vertebrae
Gluteus maximus Largest and most Dorsal ilium, sacrum, and Gluteal tuberosity of femur Complex, powerful thigh
superficial of gluteal coccyx and iliotibial tract extensor (most effective
muscles (which when thigh is flexed, as in
form buttock mass) climbing stairs—but not as
in walking); antagonist of
iliopsoas; laterally rotates
and abducts thigh
Gluteus medius Partially covered by Upper lateral surface of Greater trochanter of Abducts and medially
gluteus maximus ilium femur rotates thigh; steadies
pelvis during walking

Gluteus minimus Smallest and deepest External inferior surface of Greater trochanter of Abducts and medially
gluteal muscle ilium femur rotates thigh; steadies
pelvis
Tensor fasciae latae Enclosed between fascia Anterior aspect of iliac Iliotibial tract (lateral Flexes, abducts, and
layers of thigh crest and anterior superior portion of fascia lata) medially rotates thigh;
iliac spine steadies trunk
Leg movements
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Anterior compartment
Quadriceps femoris
Rectus femoris Superficial muscle of thigh; Anterior inferior iliac spine and Tibial tuberosity and patella Extends knee and flexes thigh
runs straight down thigh; only superior margin of acetabulum at hip
muscle of group to cross hip
joint
Leg movements
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Anterior compartment
Quadriceps femoris
Vastus lateralis Forms lateral aspect of thigh; Greater trochanter, Tibial tuberosity and patella Extends and stabilizes knee
intramuscular injection site intertrochanteric line, and
linea aspera
Leg movements
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Anterior compartment
Quadriceps femoris
Vastus medialis Forms inferomedial aspect of Linea aspera and Tibial tuberosity and patella Extends knee; stabilizes patella
thigh intertrochanteric line
Leg movements
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Anterior compartment
Quadriceps femoris
Vastus intermedius Obscured by rectus femoris; Anterior and lateral surface of Tibial tuberosity and patella Extends knee
lies between vastus lateralis femur
and vastus medialis on
anterior thigh
Leg movements
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Anterior compartment
Sartorius Straplike superficial muscle Anterior superior iliac spine By an aponeurosis into medial Flexes, abducts, and laterally
running obliquely across aspect of proximal tibia rotates thigh; flexes knee;
anterior surface of thigh known as “tailor’s muscle”
to knee because it helps effect cross-
legged position in which tailors
are often depicted
Leg movements

Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action

Anterior compartment

Quadriceps femoris
Rectus femoris Superficial muscle of thigh; Anterior inferior iliac spine and Tibial tuberosity and patella Extends knee and flexes thigh
runs straight down thigh; only superior margin of acetabulum at hip
muscle of group to cross hip
joint

Vastus lateralis Forms lateral aspect of thigh; Greater trochanter, Tibial tuberosity and patella Extends and stabilizes knee
intramuscular injection site intertrochanteric line, and
linea aspera

Vastus medialis Forms inferomedial aspect of Linea aspera and Tibial tuberosity and patella Extends knee; stabilizes patella
thigh intertrochanteric line

Vastus intermedius Obscured by rectus femoris; Anterior and lateral surface of Tibial tuberosity and patella Extends knee
lies between vastus lateralis femur
and vastus medialis on
anterior thigh
Sartorius Straplike superficial muscle Anterior superior iliac spine By an aponeurosis into medial Flexes, abducts, and laterally
running obliquely across aspect of proximal tibia rotates thigh; flexes knee;
anterior surface of thigh known as “tailor’s muscle”
to knee because it helps effect cross-
legged position in which tailors
are often depicted
Leg movements
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Medial compartment
Adductor magnus Large muscle mass forming Magnus—ischial and pubic Magnus—linea aspera and Adduct and medially rotate
Adductor longus medial aspect of thigh; arise rami and ischial tuberosity; adductor tubercle of femur; and flex thigh; posterior part
from front of pelvis and insert longus— pubis near pubic longus— linea aspera of magnus is also a synergist in
at various levels on femur symphysis thigh extension
Leg movements
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Medial compartment
Gracilis Straplike superficial muscle of Inferior ramus and body of Medial surface of tibia just Adducts thigh; flexes and
medial thigh pubis inferior to medial condyle medially rotates leg, especially
during walking
Leg movements
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Medial compartment
Adductor magnus Large muscle mass Magnus—ischial and Magnus—linea aspera Adduct and medially
Adductor longus forming medial aspect pubic rami and ischial and adductor tubercle rotate and flex thigh;
of thigh; arise from tuberosity; longus— of femur; longus— linea posterior part of
front of pelvis and pubis near pubic aspera magnus is also a
insert at various levels symphysis synergist in thigh
on femur extension

Gracilis Straplike superficial Inferior ramus and body Medial surface of tibia Adducts thigh; flexes
muscle of medial thigh of pubis just inferior to medial and medially rotates
condyle leg, especially during
walking
Leg movements
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Posterior compartment
(Hamstring muscles)
Biceps femoris Most lateral muscle of group; Ischial tuberosity (long head); Tendon passes laterally to Extends thigh; laterally rotates
arises from two heads linea aspera and distal femur insert into head leg; flexes knee
(short head) of fibula and lateral condyle of
tibia
Leg movements
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Posterior compartment
(Hamstring muscles)
Semimembranosus Deep to semitendinosus Ischial tuberosity Medial condyle of tibia; lateral Extends thigh; flexes knee;
condyle of femur medially rotates leg
Leg movements
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Posterior compartment
(Hamstring muscles)
Semitendinosus Medial to biceps femoris Ischial tuberosity Medial aspect of upper tibial Extends thigh; flexes knee;
shaft medially rotates leg
Leg movements
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Posterior compartment
(Hamstring muscles)
Biceps femoris Most lateral muscle of Ischial tuberosity (long Tendon passes laterally Extends thigh; laterally
group; arises from two head); linea aspera and to insert into head rotates leg; flexes knee
heads distal femur (short of fibula and lateral
head) condyle of tibia

Semimembranosus Deep to semitendinosus Ischial tuberosity Medial condyle of tibia; Extends thigh; flexes
lateral condyle of femur knee; medially rotates
leg

Semitendinosus Medial to biceps Ischial tuberosity Medial aspect of upper Extends thigh; flexes
femoris tibial shaft knee; medially rotates
leg
Muscles of the leg acting on the leg, ankle, and foot
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Anterior compartment
Extensor digitorum longus Anterolateral surface of leg; Lateral condyle of tibia; Tendon divides into four parts; Prime mover of toe extension;
lateral to tibialis anterior proximal 3·4 of fibula; inserts into middle and distal dorsiflexes foot
interosseous membrane phalanges of toes 2–5
Muscles of the leg acting on the leg, ankle, and foot
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Anterior compartment
Extensor hallucis longus Deep to extensor digitorum Anteromedial shaft of fibula Tendon inserts on distal Extends great toe; dorsiflexes
longus and tibialis anterior and interosseous membrane phalanx of great toe foot
Muscles of the leg acting on the leg, ankle, and foot
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Anterior compartment
Tibialis anterior Superficial muscle of anterior Lateral condyle and upper 2·3 By tendon into inferior surface Prime mover of dorsiflexion;
leg; parallels sharp anterior of tibia; interosseous of first cuneiform and inverts foot; supports
margin of tibia membrane metatarsal I longitudinal arch of foot
Muscles of the leg acting on the leg, ankle, and foot
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Anterior compartment
Fibularis (peroneus) tertius Small muscle; often fused to Distal anterior surface of fibula Tendon inserts on dorsum of Dorsiflexes and everts foot
distal part of extensor and interosseous membrane metatarsal V
digitorum longus
Muscles of the leg acting on the leg, ankle, and foot
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Anterior compartment
Extensor digitorum Anterolateral surface of Lateral condyle of tibia; Tendon divides into four Prime mover of toe
longus leg; lateral to tibialis proximal 3·4 of fibula; parts; inserts into extension; dorsiflexes
anterior interosseous membrane middle and distal foot
phalanges of toes 2–5

Extensor hallucis longus Deep to extensor Anteromedial shaft of Tendon inserts on distal Extends great toe;
digitorum longus and fibula and interosseous phalanx of great toe dorsiflexes foot
tibialis anterior membrane

Tibialis anterior Superficial muscle of Lateral condyle and By tendon into inferior Prime mover of
anterior leg; parallels upper 2·3 of tibia; surface of first dorsiflexion; inverts
sharp anterior margin interosseous membrane cuneiform and foot; supports
of tibia metatarsal I longitudinal arch of foot

Fibularis (peroneus) Small muscle; often Distal anterior surface Tendon inserts on Dorsiflexes and everts
tertius fused to distal part of of fibula and dorsum of metatarsal V foot
extensor digitorum interosseous membrane
longus
Muscles of the leg acting on the leg, ankle, and foot
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Posterior compartment
Superficial
Gastrocnemius Superficial muscle of pair; two By two heads from medial and Calcaneus via calcaneal tendon Plantar flexes foot when knee
prominent bellies lateral condyles of femur is extended; crosses knee
joint; thus can flex knee (when
foot is dorsiflexed)
Muscles of the leg acting on the leg, ankle, and foot
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Posterior compartment
Superficial
Soleus Deep to gastrocnemius Proximal portion of tiba and Calcaneus via calcaneal tendon Plantar flexion; is an important
fibula; interosseous membrane muscle for locomotion
Muscles of the leg acting on the leg, ankle, and foot
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Posterior compartment
Deep
Flexor digitorum longus Runs medial to and partially Posterior surface of tibia Distal phalanges of toes 2–5 Flexes toes; plantar flexes and
overlies tibialis posterior inverts foot
Muscles of the leg acting on the leg, ankle, and foot
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Posterior compartment
Deep
Flexor hallucis longus Lies lateral to inferior aspect of Middle portion of fibula shaft; Tendon runs under foot to Flexes great toe; plantar flexes
tibialis posterior interosseous membrane distal phalanx of great toe and inverts foot; the “push-off
muscle” during walking
Muscles of the leg acting on the leg, ankle, and foot
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Posterior compartment
Deep
Tibialis posterior Thick muscle deep to soleus Superior portion of tibia and Tendon passes obliquely Prime mover of foot inversion;
fibula and interosseous behind medial malleolus and plantar flexes foot; stabilizes
membrane under arch of foot; inserts into longitudinal arch of foot
several tarsals and metatarsals
II–IV
Muscles of the leg acting on the leg, ankle, and foot

Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action

Posterior compartment

Superficial
Gastrocnemius Superficial muscle of pair; two By two heads from medial and Calcaneus via calcaneal tendon Plantar flexes foot when knee
prominent bellies lateral condyles of femur is extended; crosses knee
joint; thus can flex knee (when
foot is dorsiflexed)

Soleus Deep to gastrocnemius Proximal portion of tiba and Calcaneus via calcaneal tendon Plantar flexion; is an important
fibula; interosseous membrane muscle for locomotion
Deep
Flexor digitorum longus Runs medial to and partially Posterior surface of tibia Distal phalanges of toes 2–5 Flexes toes; plantar flexes and
overlies tibialis posterior inverts foot

Flexor hallucis longus Lies lateral to inferior aspect of Middle portion of fibula shaft; Tendon runs under foot to Flexes great toe; plantar flexes
tibialis posterior interosseous membrane distal phalanx of great toe and inverts foot; the “push-off
muscle” during walking

Tibialis posterior Thick muscle deep to soleus Superior portion of tibia and Tendon passes obliquely Prime mover of foot inversion;
fibula and interosseous behind medial malleolus and plantar flexes foot; stabilizes
membrane under arch of foot; inserts into longitudinal arch of foot
several tarsals and metatarsals
II–IV
Muscles of the leg acting on the leg, ankle, and foot
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Lateral compartment
Fibularis (peroneus) brevis Smaller muscle; deep to Distal portion of fibula shaft By tendon running behind Plantar flexes and everts foot,
fibularis longus lateral malleolus to insert on as part of fibularis group
proximal end of metatarsal V
Muscles of the leg acting on the leg, ankle, and foot
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Lateral compartment
Fibularis (peroneus) longus Superficial lateral muscle; Head and upper portion of By long tendon under foot to Plantar flexes and everts foot;
overlies fibula fibula metatarsal I and medial helps keep foot flat on ground
cuneiform
Muscles of the leg acting on the leg, ankle, and foot
Muscle Comments Origin Insertion Action
Lateral compartment
Fibularis (peroneus) Smaller muscle; deep to Distal portion of fibula By tendon running Plantar flexes and
brevis fibularis longus shaft behind lateral malleolus everts foot, as part of
to insert on proximal fibularis group
end of metatarsal V

Fibularis (peroneus) Superficial lateral Head and upper portion By long tendon under Plantar flexes and
longus muscle; overlies fibula of fibula foot to metatarsal I and everts foot; helps keep
medial cuneiform foot flat on ground