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15 Graphs
Getting started
1 Use the data on the pictogram to help you answer the questions.
Animals in the zoo

lion

duck

elephant

turtle

a How many ducks are there?

b How many elephants are there?
c How many more turtles than elephants are there?
d How many animals are there all together?
e How many fewer lions than ducks are there?

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15.1 Pictograms and bar charts

This unit looks at different ways of showing data. It explores ways

of collecting data, as well as working with given data.

15.1 Pictograms and bar charts

We are going to …
• record, organise and represent data using pictograms
and bar charts
• interpret data, finding things that are the same and things
that are different, asking and answering questions.

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You can use a pictogram whenever you want to

axes axis
make simple data look more interesting. You can use
a pictogram as a visual tally, using pictures discrete data
instead of lines. Pictograms work best when pictures represent
are simple enough to understand.

Chips Chips Chips Chips Chips Chips Chips

Chocolate

Candy

Chips
= 10 items sold

= 10 items sold

= 10 items sold

Bar charts use bars to compare data. They use two axes:
one is vertical and one is horizontal.

Gadgets Owned by a Grade 8 Class

30
Number of Gadgets

25

20

15

10

0
Calculator Cell Phone Computer MP3 Player

Gadgets

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15.1 Pictograms and bar charts

Worked example 1
On which day did it rain the most?
Rainy days

Key
Monday

= 1 hour
Tuesday

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday

Saturday

Sunday

It rained the most on Thursday because the data shows

more rain clouds.

It rained for 6 hours because the key tells us that = 1 hour.

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Exercise 15.1
1 Monday

Tuesday

Wednesday

Key
= an hour of sunshine

a 
How many hours of sunshine were
there in total on Monday and Tuesday?
b How many more hours of sunshine
were there on Wednesday than
on Tuesday?
c Use this data to complete this pictogram.
Saturday has 7½ hours of sunshine.
Sunday has 2 hours of sunshine less than Saturday.
Friday has the same hours of sunshine as that of Saturday
and Sunday added together.
d Add a title and a key.
Title:

Friday Key

Saturday

Sunday

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15.1 Pictograms and bar charts

2 a Use this data to complete the bar chart. Use a ruler.

Give the bar chart a title and labels.
The pet shop has one turtle, three rabbits, six fish,
eight cats and nine guinea pigs.

Title
y
9

1
label

0
turtle rabbit fish cat guinea x
pig

label

b Use the data on your bar chart to write two questions for
your partner to answer.

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3 a Use the spinner. Spin it 20 times. Record the results.

b Show the results as a bar chart or a pictogram.

c Compare your results with a partner’s results.
What is the same? What is different?
d Why did you choose that way of representing the data?
e Use the data on your graph to write two questions for
your partner to answer.

2
4 a Ask five friends, and yourself, for the number of letters
in their first name.
b Draw a bar chart and a pictogram of your data.
c What did you find out?
d Write three sentences about your data.

3
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15.1 Pictograms and bar charts

Think like a mathematician

You will need two six-sided dice and a partner.

a Throw the dice 20 times each. How many
times did you throw a total of 7?
b Use a bar chart to record your results.
c Give the bar chart a title and axes labels.
d Write four questions about the data for others to answer.

If a six-sided die
is thrown again, will the
results be the same?
Why not?

Did you ask questions if you needed help during your

investigation? Did you check your work for mistakes?

Look what I can do!

I can record, organise and represent data using
pictograms and bar charts.
I can interpret data, finding things that are the same and
things that are different, asking and answering questions.

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15.2 Venn and Carroll diagrams

We are going to …
• record, organise and show data using Venn and Carroll diagrams
• interpret data, finding things that are the same and things
that are different, asking and answering questions.

A Venn diagram shows lots of information. Making a Venn diagram

is simple. You just need circles, data and a box to put them in.

Carroll diagram
Venn diagram

A Venn diagram shows the relationship between a group of

different things (a set) in a visual way.
A Carroll diagram is used to organise and group data using rules.

Curves Not curves

Blue

Not blue

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15.2 Venn and Carroll diagrams

Worked example 2
Write these ten numbers in the correct place in the Venn diagram.
68 179 156 453 121 124 96 159 176
Use the overlap to show numbers that have both characteristics.
Use the circles to show what is different.

Numbers

multiple of 4 less than 226

First, sort the numbers that are multiples of 4.

What is left is not a multiple of 4. If any of these are more
than 226, they are written in the box. If they are less than 226,
they are written in the right circle.
Multiples of 4 that are less than 226 are written in the overlap.
The remaining numbers go into the left circle.

Numbers

multiple of 4 68 less than 226

156
179
124
96 121
176 159

453

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Exercise 15.2
1 a Complete this Venn diagram for the numbers 1 to 20.
Cross out the numbers to make sure that you have
used them all.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Numbers 1 to 20

multiples of 2 multiples of 3

a Choose a set of 12 numbers. Draw a Venn diagram.

Label it and sort your numbers.
2 a Use the numbers in the list and fill the Carroll diagram.
15 11 10 16 18 21 20 22 12 24 17 23

Even Not even

Multiple of 3

Not a multiple of 3

b Choose a set of 12 numbers. Draw a Carroll diagram.

Label it and sort your numbers.

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15.2 Venn and Carroll diagrams

3 Work as a group of four to make a Venn diagram.

a Decide on a question to ask each other.

b Join with another group of four. Ask everyone the same question.
c Collect the data that you need from both groups.
d Show the data in a Venn diagram.
e Write three things that you can find out from the diagram.

4 The monsters have arrived. They are your data.

With a partner, organise and group the monsters into

the Carroll diagram.

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Write the labels.

Swap your diagram with another pair of learners. Did they choose the
same rules as you? Is their diagram correct?

Think like a mathematician

Make a poster to show what Venn diagrams and Carroll

diagrams are. Use pictures and simple words.

Did you use all the correct words?

Would the monsters understand the poster?

Look what I can do!

I can record, organise and show data using Venn and
Carroll diagrams.
I can interpret data, finding things that are the same and
things that are different, asking and answering questions.

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15.2 Venn and Carroll diagrams

Check your progress

1 Sort the monsters into groups by counting their legs.

a Complete the pictogram.

Two legs

Three legs

Four legs

b Look at the pictogram and write two things that you see.
1
2
c How else could you sort the monsters?
2 This bar chart shows the result when a six-sided die is rolled 20 times.
7
Total of each dice number

6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
Score
a How many times is 4 rolled?
b Write two more things that you know by looking at the bar chart.
1
2

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Continued
3 Sort these numbers into the Venn diagram.
10 25 8 5 31 17 35 16 40 19 29
Numbers

odd multiples of 5

4 Sort these shapes into the Carroll diagram.

Has vertices Does not have vertices

2D

Not 2D

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