Scribd
Upload
12 views

Random Forests | Machine Learning

The article discusses Random Forests, a machine learning method that combines multiple tree predictors, where each tree is based on a randomly sampled vector. It highlights the convergence of generalization error as the number of trees increases and compares the error rates favorably to Adaboost while being more robust to noise. Additionally, it addresses the importance of internal estimates for monitoring error and variable significance.

Uploaded by

s211414
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
12 views

Random Forests | Machine Learning

The article discusses Random Forests, a machine learning method that combines multiple tree predictors, where each tree is based on a randomly sampled vector. It highlights the convergence of generalization error as the number of trees increases and compares the error rates favorably to Adaboost while being more robust to noise. Additionally, it addresses the importance of internal estimates for monitoring error and variable significance.

Uploaded by

s211414
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 9

Log in

Menu Search Cart

Home Machine Learning Article

Random Forests
Published: October 2001

Volume 45, pages 5–32, (2001) Cite this article

Download PDF

Your privacy, your choice


Machine Learning
We use essential cookies to make sure the site can function. We also use optional
analysis, and social media.
Aims and scope
By accepting optional
Submit cookies, you consent to the processing of your personal dat
manuscript
are outside of the European Economic Area, with varying standards of data protec

See our privacy policy for more information on the use of your personal data.
Leo Breiman
Manage preferences for further information and to change your choices.
684k Accesses 59k Citations 250 Altmetric
Accept all cookies
40 Mentions Explore all metrics

Abstract

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A 1010933404324 21/4/2025, 3 43 PM


Page 1 of 9
:
:
Random forests are a combination of tree predictors such that
each tree depends on the values of a random vector sampled
independently and with the same distribution for all trees in
the forest. The generalization error for forests converges a.s. to
a limit as the number of trees in the forest becomes large. The
generalization error of a forest of tree classi;ers depends on
the strength of the individual trees in the forest and the
correlation between them. Using a random selection of
features to split each node yields error rates that compare
favorably to Adaboost (Y. Freund & R. Schapire, Machine
Learning: Proceedings of the Thirteenth International conference,
***, 148–156), but are more robust with respect to noise.
Internal estimates monitor error, strength, and correlation
and these are used to show the response to increasing the
number of features used in the splitting. Internal estimates are
also used to measure variable importance. These ideas are also
applicable to regression.

Download to read the full article text

Similar content being viewed by others

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A 1010933404324 21/4/2025, 3 43 PM


Page 2 of 9
:
:
Models under ClassiKcation Decision Trees
which random
forests perform
badly;…
consequences for
Article 24 January
applications
2022 Chapter © 2022 Chapter © 2022

Explore related subjects


Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in
related subjects.

Arti%cial Intelligence

Use our pre-submission checklist


Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.

References

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A 1010933404324 21/4/2025, 3 43 PM


Page 3 of 9
:
:
Amit, Y. & Geman, D. (1997). Shape quantization and
recognition with randomized trees. Neural Computation, 9,
1545–1588.

Google Scholar

Amit, Y., Blanchard, G., & Wilder, K. (1999). Multiple


randomized classi;ers: MRCL Technical Report, Department
of Statistics, University of Chicago.

Bauer, E. & Kohavi, R. (1999). An empirical comparison of


voting classi;cation algorithms. Machine Learning, 36(1/2),
105–139.

Google Scholar

Breiman, L. (1996a). Bagging predictors. Machine Learning


26(2), 123–140.

Google Scholar

Breiman, L. (1996b). Out-of-bag estimation,


ftp.stat.berkeley.edu/pub/users/breiman/OOBestimation.ps

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A 1010933404324 21/4/2025, 3 43 PM


Page 4 of 9
:
:
Breiman, L. (1998a). Arcing classi;ers (discussion paper).
Annals of Statistics, 26, 801–824.

Google Scholar

Breiman. L. (1998b). Randomizing outputs to increase


prediction accuracy. Technical Report 518, May 1, 1998,
Statistics Department, UCB (in press, Machine Learning).

Breiman, L. 1999. Using adaptive bagging to debias


regressions. Technical Report 547, Statistics Dept. UCB.

Breiman, L. 2000. Some in;nity theory for predictor


ensembles. Technical Report 579, Statistics Dept. UCB.

Dietterich, T. (1998). An experimental comparison of three


methods for constructing ensembles of decision trees:
Bagging, boosting and randomization, Machine Learning, 1–
22.

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A 1010933404324 21/4/2025, 3 43 PM


Page 5 of 9
:
:
Freund, Y. & Schapire, R. (1996). Experiments with a new
boosting algorithm, Machine Learning: Proceedings of the
Thirteenth International Conference, 148–156.

Grove, A. & Schuurmans, D. (1998). Boosting in the limit:


Maximizing the margin of learned ensembles. In Proceedings
of the Fifteenth National Conference on ArtiAcial Intelligence
(AAAI-98).

Ho, T. K. (1998). The random subspace method for


constructing decision forests. IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis
and Machine Intelligence, 20(8), 832–844.

Google Scholar

Kleinberg, E. (2000). On the algorithmic implementation of


stochastic discrimination. IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and
Machine Intelligence, 22(5), 473–490.

Google Scholar

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A 1010933404324 21/4/2025, 3 43 PM


Page 6 of 9
:
:
Schapire, R., Freund, Y., Bartlett, P., & Lee,W. (1998). Boosting
the margin:Anewexplanation for the effectiveness of voting
methods. Annals of Statistics, 26(5), 1651–1686.

Google Scholar

Tibshirani, R. (1996). Bias, variance, and prediction error for


classi;cation rules. Technical Report, Statistics Department,
University of Toronto.

Wolpert, D. H. & Macready, W. G. (1997). An ef;cient method


to estimate Bagging's generalization error (in press, Machine
Learning).

Author information

Authors and A4liations


Statistics Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA,
94720
Leo Breiman

Rights and permissions

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A 1010933404324 21/4/2025, 3 43 PM


Page 7 of 9
:
:
Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article


Breiman, L. Random Forests. Machine Learning 45, 5–32 (2001).
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010933404324

Issue Date
October 2001

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010933404324

Share this article


Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this
content:

Get shareable link

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

classi%cation regression ensemble

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A 1010933404324 21/4/2025, 3 43 PM


Page 8 of 9
:
:
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A 1010933404324 21/4/2025, 3 43 PM
Page 9 of 9
:
:

You might also like