Number Systems

 Different types of Number Systems

 What and why
 Math operations using different Number systems
 Boolean Algebra

Processor does not understand English – Processor is enabled to

convert our language into something that it will understand.

It understands only 0’s and 1’s – binary language.

Alphabets and special symbols –

ASCII – American Standard Code for Information Interchange

(characters – A to Z(65 to 90), a to z(97 to 122), all special

symbols, digits from 0 to 9(48 to 57))

char c=’6’;
int c=6;
UNICODE – along with ASCII it includes other codes for other
languages, \u0000 – default value of a character which is zero(0)

Types of Number Systems –

Smaller numbers – binary numbering system

Larger number follows – octal numbering system

Even larger number follows – hexadecimal numbering system

BINARY NUMBERING SYSTEM

 0’S AND 1’S (bits – binary digits)

 Base for a binary number is 2
Numbering system that humans follow is called Decimal Numbering
System – base 10

1234 – 1*1000 + 2*100 + 3*10 +4*1

- 1*103 + 2*102 + 3*101 + 4*100

Memory allocation

1 byte – 8 bits

2 bytes – 16 bits

1024 bytes – 1 Kb

1024 Kb = 1 Mb

1024 Mb = 1 Gb

PB – peta byte 1 PB = 1024 tera bytes(TB)

Binary number

Smallest binary is called as a “nibble”, occupies 4 bits

Smallest binary number will occupy 8 bits = 1 byte

101010 =

MSB 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
26 25 24 23 22 21 20

LSB – least significant bit(rightmost bit)

MSB – most significant bit / sign bit

(101010)2 = 0*20 +1*21 + 0*22 + 1*23 + 0*24 +1*25 =

= 0+2+0+8+32 = (42)10
(1010000)2 = (??)10
= 1*26 + 0*25 + 1*24 + 0*23 + 0*22+ 0*21 + 0*20
= 64 + 0 + 16 +0 +0 +0 +0
= (80)10

(1010101)2 = ( ) 10

= 1*26 + 0*25 + 1*24 + 0*23 + 1*22 + 0*21 +1*20

= 64+16+4+1
=( 85)10

Home work
Convert binary to decimal
1. 00001111 = 15
2. 10101111 = 175
3. 11110001 = 241
4. 10101 = 21
5. 10011 = 19
6. 111111 = 63
Home work
Convert the following binary numbers to their decimal equivalent

1. (101011) 2- (43)10
2. 110011 - 51
3. 11110000 - 240
4. 101110011 - 371
5. 1010000 - 80
6. 100100111 – 295

Converting Decimal to Binary

(35)10 = (100011)2

1*20 + 1*21 + 0*22 +0*23 + 0*24 + 1*25

1+2+0+0+0+32 = 35

(56)10 = (111000)2

Examples

1. (34)10 – (100010 )2
2. (105)10 = (1101001)2
3. (77)10 = (1001101)2
4. (80)10 = (1010000)2

Octal Numbering System

 Base 8 (digits possible – 0 to 7)
 Eg: (74)8

Convert Decimal number to octal

(87)10 = (127)8
87/8 quotient – 10 rem – 7

10/8 q- 1, rem-2

1/8 q – 0 rem 1

(1234)10 = (2322)8

1234/8 q- 154 rem – 2

154/8 q- 19 rem – 2

19/8 q- 2 rem 3

2/8 q -0, rem 2

convert the following decimal nos to octal nos

1. (786)10 = (1422)8

2. 2345= (4451)8
3. 876 = (1554)8
converting octal to decimal

(127)8 = 1*82 + 2*81 + 7*80

= 64 + 16 + 7
= (87)10
(146)8 = (?)10

1*82 + 4*81 + 6*80 = 64+ 32 + 6 = (102)10

(127)10 = ( 177 )8
(256)8 = (174)10

(225)10 = (341)8

(177 )8 = 1*82 + 7*81 +7*80

= 64 + 56 + 7

= (127)10

(225)8 = (149)10

Converting binary to octal

Eg 1: (101010111)2 = (?)8
 1. First grp of 3 values from RHS -
111 = 1*22 + 1*21 + 1*20 = 7
2. 010 = 2
3. 101 = 5
4. Final ans = (527)8
Eg 2: (1100110)2 = (?)8
1. 110 = 1*22 + 1*21 + 0*20 = 6
2. 100 = 4
3. 001 = 1
4. Final ans = (146)8
Eg 3: (10111)2 = ( 27)8
1. 111 = 7
2. 010 = 2
3. Final ans = (27)8

Egs:

1. (110011001)2 = (?)8
2. (10110011)2 = (?)8
3. (676)8 = (?)10
4. (987)10 = (?)8
Converting Octal to Binary

Eg 1: (227)8 = (?)2
1. 7 = 111
2. 2 = 010
3. 2 = 010
4. Final ans: (010010111)2
Eg 2: (5204)8 = (?)2
1. 4 = 100
2. 0 = 000
3. 2 = 010
4. 5 = 101
5. Final ans: (101010000100)2
Perform the following conversions

1. (135) 8 = (93 )10

2. (110111)2 = ( 55 ) 10 32+16+4+2+1
3. (1501)8 = ( 833 )10
4. (10101111)2 = ( 175 )10
5. (1205)10 = ( 2265 )8
6. (667)8 = (110110111)2
6 = 110
6 = 110
7 = 111
7. (1100011)2 = (143)8
Perform the following conversions

1. (335)10 = (517) 8
2. (1024)8 = (532) 10
3. (1101101101)2 = (1555)8
4. (101010101)2 = (341)10
5. (567)10 = (1000110111)2
6. (11011010100)2 = (3324)8
7. (7665)8 = (111110110101)2
8. (11011)10 = (25403)8

Perform the following operations

1. (11011000)2 = (?)8
2. (1055)8 = (?)2
3. (1052)10 = (?)8
4. (702)8 = (?)10
5. (771)10 = (?)2
6. (1101101111)2 = (?)10

Hexadecimal Conversions
  Base 16 (24)
 0 to 15 digits
 Eg: A5698BC
 0 to 9, 10 – A, 11 – B, 12 – C, 13 – D, 14 –
E, 15 - F
Converting decimal number to hexadecimal
 Divide the number by 16
 (987654)10 = (F1206)16
 (12457)10 = (30A9)16
Converting hexadecimal number to decimal
(D80)16 = (?) 10
D80 = 0*160 + 8*161 + D*162
= 0 + 128 + 13*162
= 128 +13*256
= 128 + 3328
= (3456)10

(ACE)16 = (?)10 = 2766

Converting Hexadecimal to Binary
Eg 1: (ACE)16 = (?)2
A = 10 = 1010
C = 12 = 1100
E = 14 = 1110
Final answer = (101011001110)2
Eg 2: (134)16 = (?)2
1= 1 = 0001
3 = 0011
4 = 0100
Final answer = (000100110100)2
Eg 3: (BA35)16 = (?)2 1011101000110101

Converting Binary to Hexadecimal

Eg 1:
(1110000011111000)2 = (?)16
1. 1000 = 0*20 + 0*21 + 0*22 + 1*23 = 8
 2. 1111 = 15 = F
3. 0000 = 0
4. 1110 = 14 = E
5. Final ans = (E0F8)16
Eg 2:
(11001100111)2 = (667)16

(1011101000110101)2 = (?)16
make grps of 4 from RHS, convert each grp to its equivalent decimal value,

write the number from LHS

0101 = 5 = 5
0011 = 3 = 3
1010 = 10 = A
1011 = 11 = B
(BA35)16
(100000110000011)2 = (4183)16

Binary Arithmetic
  Binary addition
 Subtraction
 Multiplication
 Division

Binary Addition
Rules
0+0=0
1+0=1
0+1=1
1 + 1 = 10
1 + 1 + 1 = 11

Solve
1. (15)10 + (10010)2 = (100001)2
2. (10010)2 + (135)8 = (1101111)2
3. (100011)2 + (1010101)2 = (?)10
4. (101000)2 + (11111111)2 = (?)2
 Binary Subtraction
Rules
0–0=0
1–0=1
1–1=0
10 – 1 = 1
Solve
1. (11110)2 – (1101)2 = (10001)2
2. (110011)2 – (1100)2 = (100111)2
3. (100110)2 – (11001)2 = (1101)2
4. (110001)2 – (11001)2 = (11000)2
5. (1010101)2 – (101111)2 = (100110)2

Binary Multiplication

Rules
0*0=0
1*0=0
1*1=1
0*1=0
Solve
1. (1011)2 * (11)2 = (100001)2
2. (10101)2 * (10)2 = (101010)2
3. (101011)2 * (101)2 = (11010111)2
4. (111001)2 * (111)2 = (11000111)2

Binary Division
Rules
1÷1=1
0÷1=0
All rules of subtraction apply
Bring down digits in pairs
Solve
1. (101)2 ÷ (10)2 = (?)2 Q=10, R=1
101 –quotient – 10
10
001

2. (1010)2 ÷ (10)2 = (?)2 Q = 101, R = 0

1010 quotient – 101
10
0010
10
00
3. (10001)2 ÷ (10)2 = (?)2 Q=1000, R=1
10001 quotient – 1000
10
00001
4. 10010 ÷ 101 Q=
Binary Fractions
(11101.01)2 = (?)10
1*20 + 0*21 + 1*22 + 1*23 + 1*24
=1+0+4+8+16= 29
0*2-1 + 1*2-2
= 0+1*0.25 = 0.25
(29.25)10
(1010111.110)2 = (87.75)10
(10001.101)2 = (?)10

Converting Decimal fractions into Binary

Fractions
Eg: (0.375)10 = (?)2
1. 0.375 * 2 = 0.75
Take the fractional part and keep the whole
number part as it is
2. 0.75 * 2 = 1.5
3. 0.5 * 2 = 1.0
Now since the fractional part is 0 hence we stop
the conversion here. The direction in which the
values are written is top to bottom.
(0.375)10 = (0.011)2
Eg 2: (32.125)10 = (?)2
1. Convert the whole number part into binary
using the division method.
(32)10 = (100000)2
2. (0.125)10 = (0.001)2
0.125*2 = 0.250
0.250*2 = 0.50
0.50 * 2 = 1.0
3. (32.125)10 = (100000.001)2

Eg 3: (25.725)10 = (?)2
1. (25)10 = (11001)2
2. (0.725)10 = (0.1011100)2
0.725*2 = 1.45
0.45*2 = 0.9
 0.9*2 = 1.8
0.8*2 = 1.6
0.6*2 = 1.2
0.2*2 = 0.4
0.4*2 = 0.8
3. (25.725)10 = (11001.1011100)2
Eg 4: (31.065)10 = (11111.00010)2
0.065*2 = 0.13
0.13*2 = 0.26
0.26*2 = 0.52
0.52*2 = 1.04
0.04*2 = 0.08

************THE END********