gaStstauna Engineanin cnin lognin

)Debinition and oosecivies y-n rn3 frit iHiost2

soticabe engineening
disciplined, quantibiale, approael,4% te develpmdnf,

oPeali on and mainten ante bk sottw. sla 3 M

i
is thetechnolagicel
Tn otheraword (),s obtioane' engineeing
aod manageial
e discipined cencened,,ith Suglemalic
Prt odue ta
Prodlekom and maintennce os
ob sobtewase hat

coc evelopeaaundmodi bied on me and t4hàr coct

estimates.
() T the application et Sound enqineesüng piiniples n

oreden to cbtain e conoti caly cost eteckive Sole

sostwase, -hat
Ts rrel aible and
ard oorks ebbicienly on real
The Pri m acuy gonl ensineeng
ot asi to
sobtoso.
znprrove the quoality ot Sobtease pcodueu ang to ihaao
irncosnse

procueliyity ntyeSlstacion o2Sobteoasie engnees

(iv) I
Systemnttc. pprroach ohohiCh
ich have came alrut
Past 2n0evations and lessons leasinfrcom mistakes?
(v) îo Case development Progects,
sotteoC fore suttreieil
Subticietty small, stzc Prtoblens , cne miqne pro eed arco
to one'ntaion aod Suceeede but tha sor, might
haveseveralmpecheckons, cost mor e., teke tima
to complete. but Faile iscesctaiobon

9)hy w tudy dbout sobtwasue engineeing?

0 SKin fort deveopenani Sostoae, Prrocueti
) major
emphastot Sobtwase.
dèsign tochnigua
OnCen L
4 ekteckvely
into decompose a ogs Prcoblo
rnanageale pot
epmen prróblem
Soheme
i

gncodngg dìscipline:hehad aslain3

a Centttal
comglezitg
heme. ot th
 (*)Prinipal aim ot
Sobtuwaneengineeing Discipline t
The discipline ot sottudane, kogineoing discuS es
dis
Systemake and covt eteckve cottdass, development
perroach es totic h
toichCome about.from, Past, innova"
and Lessena lean freom

(i) Make No. quality Produet

quaity Produetngsitierer b

4 Cstome not tolenate

eoill
Poors uality Procuet
So the. quality ob slw must be
quata Jeod.
i) eve Produet t8 cfomes eacy:
The Customers ne ed the slw eo ethèn ipulateo timel
PeioSo zb coe
Followsobtuoaseengineering Preincple
delivet the
we easly to the, ctomera
produet eaody
ti) Development ot cost ebbeckvest w:-pam
Prro oluction obcost- ebbecive, e ttiient, ond rrela ble
Sot twaheproduef.
sidin lnn
i)Reliable Sobtoae:
elt able.
Develope aasw cohich s

wFailwe Friee- SobtoasLe"-d

witthout.Chash
)foilue frLee Sobtuwas

v)Sobtwase coiss avoided:gan

avoid. Sottusa cii sis and able to Produco g00d
good
we Cen
quality ct sottuasse preocuctt.

)Re The
cluced the
complexitA and
complezity and
ditticulties
dibbi

ot
culty

a
ob Produet
Sobtcoase produet
be it dolivexod tor the cutome.
Shoulol reclueeo betore
NTnaease the prochueivety ob Sobtau
developmnt Procesi
7 o achieve hiqhes roduekvity
in)Robut and Sobtwae
Robut m Qan
stron
eb2t RSOAo behoves resondbly even in ir cunstantes
that 0ese netCon sideved in 4hé Speciticafior
docement.
Evoution k
ot Sobtwae to
an Sngnsging
Discaplinei
) Evotuioo o At into
into Enainesing
inecsing Seseiplne
7SE Priniples har evolved oves hc last sixty
yeas wrth
tontribution from numesows reeseasches and slw Probesi a nas.
 the ye ass, SE has emeged Erroma Pue to c,
Chabt, and inally engineerg ici pline.
i) Evolution patteun Fore Engneeing Dicaphne

Engineeiny
0ene tbipus.SMntstdou
sptemalic use,
NCast expeience Forcmula
sb seientibic basis
Techneley
Aret
Csoteic se ct
Past expexcnce
ttme
(Evelution 6t Techooleay with ime)S
Hee 4heTechoolo qy Development has

Schemaltcally ben iqre "that eveyAechnolog

in
init al 1ea,n Stanty as aform ob,aty over,
Lim, i qadualu Coabts and Finay, emegcs s
ngineexing discipine.
(i)
ASol.clion to the Sobtwase Caigis:

Cost

picshostontnil
Year
1450
Ortgansalioruase, spendingy
theie 0 ore comp av edto that on H/.
búget 6n

sing s/

Sottuo ae oia,is ase not veyharl to obaeve, We can

freonn 4ha actor, that contributed to *

t.
7.factors centibud ed to Sottwans, Gauia etökppialy ineai
Preobleom size t) Lack ot adesuate Anaining in gslo engymeig
techniqesi) Ineneasinsysit'shontoagelo Preoductvity
mprovement.
 The Ts sprtead ob cottase
remedy.s slw cniais
Engineecing pracices iomong aevelepes, 'ouple oity

futhes advancems to the sottwase, engineningg dinciplis

Sottwae. Developmanl Prosechs

V/s Preoduet
1. Prtoqams
() Proqgan|104 slwi
Many Toy sl being develeped by
de veleped by ndividual
e
theire, elaorn
Such as studenty, for cl
aigoment an
bo hobbyis for theit. Pesonal use.

unalhy Smal in ize, cnd

Suppor imited feurnctonaliHes.

)Thethor s the scle.

malntains the, code.

lacK .goed- wwes intebrace,and

Sottw ase. waly
Prope docuenlelion.
Progams have povrca maintainabiitys eticieney and Rolabiliy
Don't h ave any Supportatg documei such
documel uoh as wens manualy

Maintenance rmanua desiqn doc. , test doc. ,ete.

Protessional soktoaso/Products :

Settoase usenau have multple. uyte, ince

Preotesi onal
2t hai LahgcA no ot uses,t is
mplementecl - andt thorcoughly tesfed.
Canebualy all
1t
orn yconsist ot Prrogam code,but, alio
not
aso ciated oocalment ceh s Aeqirtemento
T
Eye cikicaton
wwe's mauals,ete.
docwmeti, test documen
document design to be
too Llage, and cemple
7 Protessional sl'aee otten
uually
"Tt is
individuals.
eveloped by an% Single
in aeam.
ot develope worekiy
develópe by
Hence
nual
ztis0od
and 9o0 d
we ntebaeeProper
dotumentaion s«pponts .
(RTyPes o Sob twase Development Prroject:
a
company typically has
4 SoltJane developmenl mag
ab 4hese Project
no ob on Project. Each
going
i) Slw Produet Ren Prcoect ort

be clasibiednto
Sevie Prrodect.

Sebtuoaxs, Progects

Sobt d ae Service
Sottoae prroduct Prrojet
development Profect

Geneic Sw
Prroduet
VeriCal
Sotfoaoe
Customizatiog|
prgect
Maintenanee
Peo Ject
|
Outstce
PrroJet
Produt
development
developent
Prroject Proect
Concen about

7A Geneic Sottoare produek development Project

be Sold to
slw that
would
developn Prro duc 25 Sold to
feneic slw
a

Cuytomes. Since a

Cestomesy t 2s Said to have a horizonda

brroad specteun ot
maket.
Some
The Sevice Prroject ma eithe involve cwtomiziny
ort. developiny
some Gts ouAced
eisttn swy mintainèng
SottuJe. Since Spe cibic Seqnment ob cwstomer tango
these Sobtwoe Prroduets ase said to have Vetcal a Mahe
C)Sobtuware Iro olucti:
and
ch slw dine MicaDsobt's, windons openating Sytem
corporalior) ota ce datobase
obbice Suite, and ora cle
for
available obt- the Shelb
Theue Slw ase
anapmnt Sobtuate. divesse ob custo mes.
P
chase and by rorng
since
These Called 9eneic slw Prtoduet mang
4hese Some s]. hese Puschael
esenialy wse
obb- the- shell by he cwtom ess.

When Slw deyelo pren Companie wishes to develop a

9eneic Prroduct, Rrut detem ine the Featwies or
Sec
be Ulebel to Crtose-
ionadities woul
 The domain specibic/vetical sottoae. Preoduet sa ae
oh Customesus and ase. Saud to hav
to spe i bic catagprie,
a vextical Maet
Segmant
Domain Slw Procluet tangek Specittc
specikic

Customesce lcaled vooctical) ueh as eankirg,

as Telecommuritakion,

finance and account, and medical.

7Exanmple ct domaio specibic slw Prroducts aa, BANCS frorn

TCS, and FiNACLE freom ntoys tn the banking d omain
Aspent freom Aspen Cotporcation in the chemical Preoces
Simutit).

Sottwae Sevices
Sottuo ase sevice laqe reange COves a o Sotfcooe. project

Such as Customizalion, maintenance,iesting and con2ulten

Rt Prresent these s a ttaped qioth in the nurnlo os ot SJw

Sesuvices Proje ct wrdesakon
that w oreld- oiole and
being
Slw Sevice (omposed to be come the dominont type ot

Sottoase Proteck.
Over the Past fe decacdes, a lang Preoqas have
Can thescbore be
Avau lable Prcogams
already been developed.
ot
moditied to fulFil the specibicalion nequirt.monts

Cetorme.
Slw Prtojoct in ohiCh the
>At Prtesent, these ong

te Progam Coce c oritten from Scatch, beiny

S6rme slw.
developeo
customieiny

Developmenk Outsosce a tyPe ot Sobtwae Sesvice

Outsosced slw Prtogects my for man

rteasong. Sometmg

Czurn rmak good Comnecia Senee 6or a

c
ompony
a
developiny to eutsounco. Some paoc ob 2

development wortk, to othes conmpanies.

7OulSou Ced Preojoct Small in size ard need to
uyually
be completed
within a bew month or. a few) week ot tmes
 ob Sobtware Developmenti
SBEzplortotog stgla
an ntorrna developnon ctylo cohene, tho

Proqammen tntution to develop a

thanmaking he. Sytematc baduy
Preogiam
knoleclge caleqoreiseol under the Sotttoae. ongneeingy disciplne

The explorcator styleqive complete Prreedom to the. Preogaoon

to C hoose the aciyties Lsing ohich to develop SottoasQ .
hough the xploratoy style imposes no rulos a tyeica)
developrment stats att es an netial aniebenq freon the
Cwetome, Basel on this brtebtn the. developes ste
Sotto0N0
coding
to devolae aoorckiy prcogan
s Aested and the bcgs Fxed This cyce ot testtng

and bug fiing Contio ues ttl| the. sotuJase worck

Fore the Cecstorner

scliskaciorc'y
An eploratory developmen Can be Successbul ohen wse
stylo.

For developing vey Smoll preogan and not- for, Probevsional u

Tnitial briebing Dnitial codirg ladno)

by Cuytomes
iworke saleskoaclor
Test
failuseoiuf2
Modi by code
monl
velop
Geplete.
(Ezplcnatong Paogam Dexelopmant)
()boohat is odth the
orong Lot

developmcent ?
Dovelopment
time t
Developmnentung
Developmernh
estont
1| unminple
Develepent slw
enqineeing
s{w Autormabite machine
Peeseivet
mpleity
developmentby

(încaease in erelopmen time. and etborcb coith Problem

The hicK ine Ploteder representhe tnsb,

explonatoy stye is wcd to develop a pitaqam, T1 Can bo

seen hat as Preogam Stze. noreas0, th,
and ttequirted obborh
time ineealex
amot eponenialy
"Theexplorealoruy d evetopment pprroach said t6 brteak
doon ates he to bo devolnp
inneales beyond extein value.
Date: 12\9)83

Emerqence ob
ot (Tmp Len
sla enqineerig
ove yea
techniques have evolved
Seiies ob novaf
tn Past. This evoluion 8 the tesull ot a

and accumulalion ob epeience about

)
Proqams. Since these

i)
)
too

Eaty
in
nue.
Conputen
level Langua
Control Ftou based
Progamin
pnogamnin
innova tiona and preospammrg, expexiensa

deign
i) truetued
VData
Progammin
StruetLe- orriented desig
(v)Data flow ori
ented Desiqn
vi) Obigect oriented, Design.

3Ealy computes
co Prroqnomig slow and
Commeei al computess
as compared
to tpdd' sandands
elemeri contidesable compwtion tme.
7Simple Potening teska took
Small and laCk ed

Sophii calion.
ams
Proqga
Peop wese LOriten in
mited ie. Fes loo une
Preosans Rengthe awere too
ot codes.
Monoihic
Posamme u,ed indikhon and reete preogans
withat
 PrtopesL Soletion strealegY lans design.

)tigh-level Lanquag prrogomming

fasto by he. use ob ame
In 1460' , Comptes w

Semi cendueter techneloat

Vace um tubes cirrcul wene prteplaced by fater
Semicorduetor reansi store.

to
olve. lanqen and morte complex. Problema
Hih- level lanaag such FORTAN, OBOL, ALGOL
a C wee
tntreo duced.
i) Control Floo Based pesian
Flow Chat
teto techoigLue ed cn ortdex to help

Hod streure
Cente goo
having cent good Contreol
Control
develops Prcoganm
in ohich a progam
Contrrol loo indicale the sequence
n
strutions ene ced.
wsd to represen and deriar
7Flow Chastirg techniques is b eing
alaoruthn.
i Struetred Proqamming- 4 loqical, Eatension

called truttened only ahen t wses

Sequence, s elecion. zteratiorn types ot construuet and

tu mooll
qoto statement

> Structused Preooyarmrnirg zs facil taled , b

the Preogamming
Langung wing spporcta irgle- onirey ngcat Prcogt
hra Construut 3uh as zb-else, do-ehale.
featene ot ructunec Prroqiams cs he dosign

good cantrol ctreuetre.

(V Data Strweture- Oriented Desig

while develapir a PrrogaM, tt iy important to

Qtterion to the design ot the mporctant,Data Struetee ot

The Progacam. This desig techniqu Prcinciples ase, caled
Data tructe- oriended Desg
Enamplei- 1spljackson's ctruened Progomrg) evetopd g
Michael sackaorn 197s].
(v Data- Flow Oriented Desty
71t advecates ma or data item handeled by a ytem
must edenti tied
be the Feuncton ad
data tems
enchan
between Aibbenent Feunctions, repreeered Date Floo
Dtagam (De)

Engine DooC
Store Store

Fìt
Fit
Egine Chasisteid Patly Fit Paint
Doors Ascemalec
Engine Can (uoheels Ascemblaly
Cas
Test

ohee
ChasiS store
Storre
(
a Car
)bjeet-Oriented Desiqn
Hee the atual obect relevent tO a
N problem ae
Firt idenHbied ond then the relationhip among
obje cts Seh as Composition, rrebesence, 2nheitanoe
detemind
E ach obgect ac as Data abstreact
essenttalliy spta hiding!
entty
T4 9ained wide Sprread aceptence because ot thaire
Prcomigg
Semplicity the Scope fore e ode and dexion rreuse.,
1 ot low er derelopnent tme.

(8Comput SytemsEngnconing
ea

SeveNa Sitation Vt neceo

to develop
Special HarduJae cohich Sottou coo uld eun:

7Computen Syten egneen addrteses developrenl o

AwhCugte
Cupter rtequirirg deelap mentiot lboth sott
and SpecibiC hardoaeto the Sottae
7Eramples ob such sytem ane Roboty a
Roboty a factoy Automatio
Sutenand a cel phore
 |
Festbility

Specibicalion

Handdae
cottoae epaainterore
teakiticnigl

Computen sgtem Engineeig

©Sottuwata Libecycle Model, (ong queston)
has
7Sobtuae Lite cyele-The ten Sottwane ibecycle has beer,

detined to zmply thhe dibb erend stalore phae) 6ven

ohich a Sobtoas evolves frorn he tnitial cuustomen regca

it,to a fully developed sottoa

Foe

Sottwae Developnen libeCycle soLC) (

descabes the
4 Sobtae, develop ment ubecycle (sDLc) model Casnied out Porthe S
ditbesent actirities that need to be

to evolve in zt be cycle.
DWateFall Modo1 and Tt', Extenstonsi

The waterball model ord derivatives see extnemely Popula i

1430
Projectt-
this
ard
All
ll ae.
lhen sottoae
Oat esball model:
heav0 Gte
beirg
cycte
used
modeli
modelr
acoss maty develeps
aoe emexgtl from

(Clasi Cal waterball Model

7 lassical ateball rmodea Suqgest a Sutematic, Sequential,
pproach to Sobtcoare developmen. Ihe rame o the model s
Juttbied by ib diaghamatical epresentatioo, which rtesemle
a Cascode ob cD atesbal!.

7The clas,cical oal es fall model divided the Sbeto 6 Phases

-feasi bilty stdy

RiRequiremint
ard
analis
spe cibication

4 Cadiya unit teskingl

5. Inteqealion ystem teting 1
& Mainter
(0)Feasibilty
study The main Focus db Feasibilg study
ad 1chn
staa
t3 to detemine ohether t w0ldbe Financially
Feasible to develop he
Sobttoane.
ction
7Tt involves evenal actvities Bueh as colle
Cayin Out S

baic tnhorcafier relatng to he sl.

Kequine ment Analysis and specittcakioD
The phase u
requirte mend araliysis anol 'SpecibtCalion
ob
undevstard the exact teauitermenh, ct the. Custome
to
ocunenlthem fitopedy
ODesiag
The goal ot Design phase, ts to transbesn he requnemanh
Spe ibed into
SR$ document
tho tnto struetue that 2
a

Suitable Fore èmplemenalion io Bome prto gamming language

7în technical tescms, Duing the
Qchitectue ¿s dei ved Frcorm the
desiqn phase the sotto ae
SRS doeument

7Ihe Psepose ot the codirg and cnit Aetgy Phase Z8 to

transate a slw design eto Sousce Code and to nswe
that ndividualy each tuncton is toonk ie (orcrtectlg.

eTntegiation Testinq Syslem Teoskimy

?Integration ot ditbeonk madles
they have beern coded and cNt tested.
ndextaken soon abtex s
7Duüng the enteapation and Syste teteng phase.,
medules au tntegrated a
planned manne
ha dibberentt

7Sytem teting uauy Cornsist ot 3 dibkenent kindi ot tetrng

Sighem tesAirg Penborned the
lay
devel opmert team.

Sek ob Cuytome&.
i)Acceptance testg:- Atter the
Slw has beer delivered,
the Customen
Perborem,.
Pairen ante:-Maindenante i3
Situakions.
tequiied in he Foltsing 3types ot
Corerective
Maintenance Tn thi8 type Coreriect eores that
were
not ciscoveed dusing he Preoduck developmen
(Pebective Mainlenane his cari ed out te tmpreve, the Pebermano
ct the Sutemg based on customer' equext
)Adaptive Maieterenee;- Adaptre
mainlenorce, usually for. Portingy
the Sottuae to worek n a ne) 2nyirtore
Advantage ob claysica'toatenball Model:re
(W It Provides a empletos rto ohich all ha Phases can be Placed.
() ts he Tt
oldest widely used Sobtnou, ersy Paradin
y AN lhen lcbectyele model deived Frrom his.
Dtsadvantages ob classica oaterbal Modal

()Real taely follod the

Prcoject
taely Gequenlia How
i)
)Tt
1t obter dubbicuUt iLsta
cibbicl for ihe.Cutomer tostle all
reehuirenant
enpüity
i)Time taking
1t leads to blocked stte
yT1 should only be wed orly hern rtequitcment all well
undestood
Feasibil
* Iteiative latejball Model
71n Tteatve Wateball Molel
Brts Backtracking ts laralremen
alysspeciticaf
ts Possible.
possible.
7The name deatve ztSelbs
debines hat rtepettton ocws
en iterattye coadetall model, So Codic.3

zb a desiqner w
Integpatzens
design Phase. and he Focno ary
eUOr Žn dhe prreveous Phaue,
k Can rectby that Particular ernory [HeratiYe
-Manterance
watenball Model]
7he FeedbacK Rath alloco fort eors Commited ay
CorrtecktO a

Phoauammen ding S% Sonal phasey s and shen hese. ase deteced

n a Later phase
7Noticehaty hee i No feedback Path -the Feasi
to bility staqe. 1

This be Cause a team acceptto take up a Project,

doesn9
td give up the Project eaily due to leal and moral
reagons.
 Acvantages ot Lterative Waterball Model
allo for cornecion QsciseA zn pnevious phase.
SarLe as wa lenfall model.

DRsadvanage ob toative watenbal M tel i

7Host neal ibe Pnojecds Can' fllod rlgid fhase sequene mpoiea in
this model.
Cao't
bdhe Satiabactorily hondle the di bb ern types o&
Risks that aLe nezal Cbe Pro jecte gete

watebal odel
is a ob M
V shaped Model It variant

4 Populan Proce model, Thi model qet it name

developmenl u

freom
7Tn ths model Veibicalion
Out
and yalidaon ackYeties
hroughout the develpment ahe cycle, and therebore the
Chance ob the L0orK Preo dcts con reduee.
Suitable for we i Preojects concened with
development b
Sabety tical Sottaae that se equied to have highit
reliabilt.
Requirenent Analysis
and SPeciticalion
Sytem test Desi go
stem tat

High-level- des9

|Tnteation Design

Codiny Un t

tesing

hases developmen Validation phases.

maim
The lekt hal ot model comprise the develop ment phase, and
the ight halt o mode comprise the Validatton Phases.
 *)Advankges*
Phases s, overall faten .Prroduet dovelop mt,r
Shorlen testing
+ Beteh ok thest cases
quality
Mome etbicien manpou) e uHUzation.
Ebbective ab
Rt7etngteor ccpied
s
rougiloederelofen
()Disadvanags
dexivative ot the classt cal watecfall model, hts model
Being
toheit most s heweAKies ob he coctexcball model

5.
Modlel
(
ceed to actuodevelopmant ob
Tn PrrototyPe model betore Prto

the Slw a LOorking Prototyee tdumy modul

ot the System is built-nb
a Toytmplementaion ot sobtwae s
best pproach in siteation ahee cutomes
nable to
tdentiby detil nputloutpt d and Proceying requiem
7The
Protbtyte apfrench todith aquirtementi gafh eingy
Reqiemen
jathojng

uick Desig0

Fe bine Requinemat priototpe Dereloprent

ncoporatiny
Kus touer Suggestor |euild Prototpe

Customer evaluaf
D Prototype

Enplemen Î4eative
Deselopment
ITest

IMointlain

Hone in fcquiement gathenng pevelopen ceustoma mect A

olenttbg dibb enent tequiemants, Then 'a Quich Design is Prcp
 7 The messngesreponb
uicn Desigo tontains inpu data fortmats,
tnterackve dialoque (out).
Prototype.
7Then he Qick Desigo helps
Dnsreueion a

evalualion,
This Prtoty es shoon
Sheur b the Custome for

feedback t8 collech ed frrom Customer.

)The he Prototype.
rrequine ment Rebined ard
moibi ed Customen Feedback
74 The above Cycle Prototyr continues tll he customes,
Ob

ves the preototyge. Abter that due ag tuaf. slp el

started uing the Preotetge.

Advantage ot Prototype Model

()Helps developesus -to undestand Custome Deed Salistaop

9
t)
sebul For
developig
tasien for Customey to
GUl Pard ot asystem.
state his
i) T minimizes change equeste frrom
opinton
the ctome, auyocialol
rte- dexign Cosé .
DDis advankages ot Prtototype
what depeaus to a
be
Customet ony Sees,
A
orking vesion ot slw but unwae abot
the sloqualiy
9 fore quick desiqo the develeper takes help ot ènappropriae

CPeains Sdem, Preogamming arngag

Tn onemental Development Model'

In this model he s| s frst brtohen'doan ènto Several

modules (funckional unt) ohich Can be incrementally constructe

and deivened.
7 Firyt incement is chten a corte Prcoduet, that 2 basic

reqinements ae coenstrueed

The Core
ne
prtoauet ès delivened o e Cuytomey and a
heo lan 2s developed for he. nezt enrement.
>The Plan Spporti modtbi cation the cone Prroduet

.
o ip better

meet the need ob -the Customer and delivesy ob adttional

Featues and funciona

7This 0tial Prcoduct t8 rebtned. lhis PreCess,
skeleton
repeated folleig the telivexy ct each ènouemend until e
Complete Produet ti pro duces
7So this Model holps to acunalely Fallfel) the requirtements
duing tha deliveny ot dibtenent. vensicn Chang
re uests st comnplete sl is mintmizedl:

(Ad vantages ot L:M

Change request atte delireuy ot h. cónplete Productàs
minimized
) Uses horges
gets expci a wch
chance
to
to ment a

developed s[w
)14 reducex Chances in Produc ob eesoore finel
9Disacyantoges ob TMnt bote
Usetul Fore lage Prtoject development ob obrect
Orient Sl

y Tt is used ohen th Ceustorney oanta to tecei ve. the Produc

O incement rather than au tinq fna delivey
Fore.
1i) T+ s citticulf to devide tha prrolem nto Sere
sevena incer
to implernert ond deliveH.

Sptrtal Model Bavy ka Model):

The spinal model ¿s Siila to the inmementa modot, uoidh
morte emphai on RiskAnalyi.
7The diagan ot this medel appeoass ike a Spirtal with mang
(bops
The spiral nodel
has Follouiny phasesi
) Customen Commnicalion
i)
Planning
 iSngineeing
V) Concructio and Release
9 Evauate
altenivel
ad r sks

Detemie
Jols,aHenyae 4rlyi s
Con strain

totctyr
3
Risk opeala
Revie Araho
Prottya

Sim ukfmod
Reyteen oncept Bermay
libe
o
cyelepen
Produd
mend
Dotailel

Dcvelggeen Valia
Kequirey
lation
Cecde

Integgaftest
Fort net pnototye Oplon fest/

Ser ODevelop
viçe
ntegpa-test
/Acepfan
ce Test
)Steps ot Spttal Model
test

? Premany desiqn ceat ed for the new Sw.

A Prrototype 1 s constreeed fore ths
the Prciman donig.
A Protetype a deived by follouwing Procedune:
Evaluale the Prototype 1L fort stengths, weakness & ri sks.
17 Debine the equinement ot and
+ Plan Priototyre
R Design the2nol Prototype
17 Constreuet th text and 2nd Prototype.
7 At this time the ctH may deide to REJECS 4he ohse
Project t he is to
ue to
( Developrerd co st over-u
high
fellooi
)the tactores that miaht- result in a sub tandad frodut
Evauate prototype 2 n the same
Prototgpes t needed
ptotthgt and ieat

7Continue. all e sleps kl| 4he cutomen ès

salibied.C
()Advataqes
7Direct Support forr risks
7 vieOed as a meta modo|
Gqood for laqe and Mission Cittcamedol
Slw s Prcoduced eaxly in he. Sluw ibe cycle,

) Ds advantages
>Tt demand considexasle risk ass esmenti expetite.e
Much more Comnplex

costly
- Doesot oork for
Fore Small Prroject

Rapid Appication Derelopment

(RAD)
Tt the
ès P posed èn edy.(990'3 and to OYeLCome

reegidiy th coateb al
t s a cOmbinakion ob
mode.
Prrototype. and evolatt onasy modola.
To this model Prototype. ès consrete and the feates ase
tn cementally and
develeped
n delivexed -o the, customes.
Unbke
prototypìng model, The Prototypes ae net thrtocon aDay
Worekeng ob RAD
Tn RAD mode deyelopmenttakes Places o Soi es, ob shott
Cycies or Tteation.
7At any tinme Ahe developmen team focses an he Present
tesonly)therebore
a time. Plans
made forr one èneementat

The time Planned fort Qach itevalion ts called ar Time Box.

Dusing each timelbox y, a
with cbme
qeick- and- dinyPrototyee-stye. slo
rrtotype
funcionality
ant 'ives fe
s dovelopad.The Cutome eNaluales
edback bn tthe
speihe tmprovemnunt ha
Decesay he Preototype
Teedbac Relined based on cestomes
The featesh aiadeivered
Smal to
ènoement the.customen in
 Requèrment
LPlanningEonstrrueiog
sinconstreueNio cut overn

(PAJle Development Motelan

t s Purposed in the mid- 1990; to oveceme the. shorct caing
et the
Watexball model ob
7t could helps tn
development

Project to adapt to changs neget

Ih nmajore am ok aaile modol to fa ciitale ick rojeck
Conpleieg
Lt gove equined Flexibty to progect, So
which
that the, acHrta
not necesabuy fort a spe cibic Prroject could be
Casily nemoved.
ort ac tvties that
Anyihing waste ttme and etborti ts

avoded:
Feo Populan soc
)en
49ile
Extneme. prognammingy (p)
\v) learn
4t developrentsr
vii)
0) Unibied Prtocess.
featunediven dent.
Scoum
This model adapt Tonemotal 8 1terative- apprcoach."

DExtnemne Progamming
l499
Pupoget by kent BecK in
7Tt iAia Porposed
1( cOmm ends 4akino
Tt ecommends the best Prractices that have
takeng
oortked well in 4he Pat in proye ct to etreme level.
This model i8 Based on a simple Philosophy -Tb
Semething ès Kinown to be benebiciál , y not put
it
to constan use?"

*) Good Practces that need to be Caied out toa he Extnem

Jeode Revi esdi- Tt s a ood since t helps to detect ard correct

Problemsmore ebtiGently

DTestingeting helps to remave ags igrove tt

teliaiitY
 )Touement 1thelps to get Customu feedbock a
extent ot
al Develepment
Featner delivenec sa
teliablo tndicator, d
Proqass.
semplcity Simplicity leadi to Jood quaity t
hetodeshe]
code. 14 5s

easy to be tet and debag

Desig A good quality
ot
desiqn
Soletèon
8
a èmportant
to Problem.
to develope a

geod quali
at the
b0Tntegation TetngH to tdentiby lha
hetps the bug h
znteitace ab dibteLont fene HonnlGhe,.

R)SuLmng
3Hee entine Protect
oork t8 divided into Sma|| oorth
Prroject
that can inchementaly be develo ped and delivened
Ovex Ttme
boXes. hese
These Timeboxes calecl'Sprint,'. ae
74t The end ot each
'Spreint, he stake holes adthe
team membes tt mneet o
asses
a
he
deve Sotts
tnoLement and Ciggests ay aSOPeol
chages hey might ft} fob|
necessa

7Th
Key Roles

Soum,the
& Responstbt ities
team
.
membes assume3bastc. rotea:
()Prcoduet
e oone 9) SoUm mate )eam membe
li) Pro duet oeoner
Prro due otwne represents he Cwstomex's Pospeck

) nd
gidee
Soum Malei
he team touwaxd b uilding tha tight sl.

)
Souun maten aet au he Projeek rmanages Forthe rohe
7 SunMatés removRhmpodimeras that h Prtogect
may face, and ensuging he team is Recty
enm Memben A'sontearm usualy eendst bt aos
Feencionaleam mmbers othelepege
Buch

Aaiing
as ualit 4tsante, Paogaming e
in aree

Tatelaca
 )titach ok Su
sch
imporetan Past ob he

anitacti fort m on
Me thedeloy these e!
0 Prto ducl
Backi
)
Sprint BacK\eg
t)
Sprint buondeon chat
iD Prodet contains
Barlog-This document Fore m ot uses
o the
Sosta Oae uually written

stories
Bebore evey sprint, a sprint Plannirg
n Sprunt Baculog-
methnge
meeing tanes Plare. 9uir Sprint pkerning
deam identbie, On Orr more, featea wsese storie Feon
e
Procuet backlog
) Sprìnt Bundon chat Thia s wsed
too4t
Proqtes rade and the ortK

to be. undeot aken on a dtat dai ly bass

Soum ceomonies)
I wsed
wsed to denote the Meelinmi hat e

mandefori ly held
the. S Humm
dunin Ahe daioß a projeek.
cermonies nduds 3 ait6 meeigs,

)Daiy Spaint
souuro
nevieo Meeling
SobtJau Develo pment:

was
TheOri nn oteoan slw developmen proce

evelope in-ainc uanutaciaring ihauty (7oyeta

Produeon

B op becoeidely accepted and Foud e ios

T

lofhe tPe ot Preoduck manutactina indugtrücs i

achieve.

Dveell Preces cti eneuy threough elemi nation

Variou
rous things hat eawse wate st worek, an
tntrtoduce.
delay
HKanbanr kanban , a japanese, oorrd , Meanirg,

Sign beand
to Provide, visibili ty to
The man objec vc t Kanban
e
4ean to visvalie,
Prrj ee h
> Kanban Methed helpsa a

nit co Ortk toproga ( wip) ech bockflo

OrkHoto, i

Stage.meaoe; cycte time.

)kanban boad a Kanban cad ! ohite. board, On ohich

ase att ached.

Sticky netes alled kanban canol

Kanban card oork em that ae,

fore conpleton ecnt deyeloprment stees.
al dibt
This Prtovi de,isuali zaion and te

|
the coork, flew ot

queud af dtbtstage.
The Prcoc exs stees stage staiors L do on Cs column

tn the kanbarn boand.

Desigo Dntegata
tA Compaison o$ econt ibecyle Moqe!
Di bb
e nAll Not (we
wat

ost
from

ey
oth

Projec
cant

elassica
For eball
rgid,
ettec zt,

Bsic,
Inslexipe
tive. neal

changang
maelts
Abier
stages

ehslg Baic
deived

allow

clausical
ed

toatesLbal
&

undestood
wateball
Tteative
cr eignelln
? en no
No
Feedan frrom

Not USe
High

modeevesy
PMinin
velve costlg changes

eaxty
en
éornpone
use

Preototge
nt ment
letk Phasey
nequiremat
Resuatttity
7Us ne
Lasg
ed
early
?Easy

cleanamedue,
RequirenatMOdule
forr
loncd
to
Project

en by

Inoemental
Os No
Evo
laje
lestBut

Same
lu
eaky
Evoltion
heoe
Prcoject
delivey1ncemental
reequemurt
locnot

Es ll

g
hi Imoe
use
c
cost

Time

1evel
Rewsabi
at
omponent
and
pTteractiog
2n
mod can
el tty7o
ot
ontteainlot
>Less

Small
RtsK

spira
stag For Spiral
developer
Scotly
Prrojet
2Pnototping
ork reqiert
expeiented
Fode
evaluatton,>
Ad
znto

49'le
divided
Proce
spreinty.
>Parclel
Flexible
vanre
( How to Select apprcopriate Lite, cycle. Model fore

Prroiject ?
a
questien eooud depend on
A Surta ble libe cycle model can posi tiy
Serena factoes
be sel ecled based anolyi
fellocoèng: 1t mo ansho. natoe
slw to be developed:
(WChaacteritic o
slw that s being develo ped. ntnn goit
ot beatuse ob
7forr Smal) Sevice Prtoject 4 le. Model

development Tteralive icden

7 Fore Produet and
Medium
emlbedd ed
si2c g
sluw
Fal model.

project Evolionas model

> For object- orient ed developme nt

team; This tndicate. the

WChamacteisics 6
develop mant

development
71bthecenelopmeni team ?s experiented in deyoleping
slw, then an embedded slw con be. äevetopa eyt ng

An Ttelive. wateball model.

sentitely nevice, then even
development .teerm
Simlodataprtocessing ppicaCion maA egireont
s
Protetpe modetto be
cdopted.
indicate, that the
i) Chasactei stics ot the Ceestomesyir This
tue customty
Ceustomesl nate ohat
requiremardi
need be develepc.
prildi,
ot rteqire monf-(uethe
|oCK

Castomw' n equireenent Zhang evesy Phas),thenfaan

Pnototyping model ts used.