COLLEGE OF NATURAL AND COMPUTATIONAL

SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY

THE CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF WATER POLLUTION IN SIDAMA

REGION THE CAUSE OF CHIRE WOREDA

SENIOR PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY FOR

THE PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF REQUIREMENTS FOR BACHELOR DEGREE
IN BIOLOGY

BY AGEGNEHU ARGATA
ID: SKB-0049/18
ADVISOR: TURE (MSc.)

JULY, 2024
DILLA, ETHIOPIA
 APPROVAL BOARDS

________________________ _________________ ________________

Name of Advisor Signature Date

________________________ ________________ ________________

Name of the Examiner Signature Date

________________________ ________________ ________________

Name of the Department Head Signature Date

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all I praise the almighty God who created all creatures. Next, I would like to thank
my advisor Mabratu(MA) for his constructive advices, guidance and feed backs.My thank
also goes to Tarekegn Getahun who supported me both materially and technically while I was
conducting this study.

Furthermore, I am greatly indebted to the Hawassa University for its comprehensive and
remarkable assistances in providing many related reference books so as to obtain a relevant
awareness about the work of research.

Last but not least, I would like to thank all respondents who were participated in responding
questionnaires and interviews.

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 Table of contents

Content page
APPROVAL BOARDS................................................................................................................................I
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..........................................................................................................................II
Table of contents..................................................................................................................................III
List of figure...........................................................................................................................................V
Abstract................................................................................................................................................VI
CHAPTER ONE........................................................................................................................................1
1. INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................1
1.1 Back ground of the study.............................................................................................................1
1.2 Statement of the problem...........................................................................................................2
1.3 Basic Research Questions............................................................................................................2
1.4 Objectives of the study................................................................................................................3
1.4.1 Generally objective...................................................................................................................3
1.4.2 Specific objectives.....................................................................................................................3
1.5 Significance of the Study..............................................................................................................3
1.6 Scope of the study.......................................................................................................................3
1.7 Organization of the study............................................................................................................4
CHAPTER TWO.......................................................................................................................................5
2. LITERATURE REVIEW......................................................................................................................5
2.1 Definition of Water......................................................................................................................5
2.2 Concepts of Resource Conservation and Community..................................................................5
2.3 Component of Community participation.....................................................................................6
2.3.1 Community and Environment are interrelated.........................................................................6
2.3.2 Environmental Rights................................................................................................................6
2.4 key Water Problems....................................................................................................................7
2.4.1 National policy of Ethiopian for Resources protection............................................................7
2.5 Uses of water...............................................................................................................................8
2.6 Environmental protection efforts of the community...................................................................9
CHAPTER THREE..................................................................................................................................10
3. MOTHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY..................................................................................................10
3.1 Description of the Study Area....................................................................................................10
3.2 Research Design.........................................................................................................................10

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 3.3 Sources of the Data...................................................................................................................10
3.3.1 Primary Sources......................................................................................................................10
3.3.2 Secondary Sources..................................................................................................................11
3.4 Sample and Sampling Techniques..............................................................................................11
3.4.1 Sample Size........................................................................................................................11
3.4.2 Sampling Techniques.............................................................................................................11
3.5 Instruments of Data Collection..................................................................................................11
3.5.1 Field Observation....................................................................................................................11
3.5.2 Questionnaire.........................................................................................................................11
3.5.3 Interview....................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.6 Methods of Data Analysis.........................................................................................................12
CHAPTER FOUR....................................................................................................................................13
4. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION.......................................................................................13
4.1 Interpretation of Data Obtained from Healthy Civilians’ respondents......................................13
4.2 Discussion of an Interview of Communities and Healthy Officials............................................19
4.3 Description Data Obtained from Field Observation...................................................................21
CHAPTER FIVE......................................................................................................................................22
5 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS................................................................22
5.1 Summary....................................................................................................................................22
5.2 Conclusions................................................................................................................................22
5.3 Recommendations.....................................................................................................................23
References.......................................................................................................................................25
Appendix-A......................................................................................................................................26
Appendix B......................................................................................................................................29
Appendix C.......................................................................................................................................30

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 List of figure
Figure page

Table 1: Personal Profiles of Healthy Civilians...................................................................................13

Table 2: Whether the communities have interest to conserve the water pollution in the................14
Table 3: At what extent communities have awareness to take part in conservation........................14
Table 4: Weather communities are given training about water pollution to achieve the..................15
Table 5: The respondents’ response for the question what ‘water pollution practices’....................15
Table 6: The response of respondents for the question ‘which of the following factors...................16
Table 7: Why communities/stakeholders were not participating in mechanisms of water pollution.
.............................................................................................................................................................16
Table 8: There were no mechanisms to conserve water pollution so as to enhance.........................17
Table 9: Weather there were stakeholders who take responsibility to conserve water....................17
Table 10: Which of the following is the consequence of water pollution?........................................18
Table 11: The respondents’ response on the main factors that cause a problem on the..................18
Table 12: The respondents’ response on the related solutions for the factors that cause...............19

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 Abstract
The main objective of this study was to assess the causes and consequences of water pollution
in Sidama region at Chire Woreda and to seek the respective solutions. For this study,
descriptive survey design or qualitative method has been employed because the qualitative
method provides more realistic and natural information for phenomena to be presented for
the findings of the study. Questionnaire, observation and interview were main tools that used
to collect a relevant data for the study. Besides, data gathered through questionnaire was
analyzed and interpreted by qualitative and quantitative method of analyzing data whereas
the data of observation and interview was interpreted by qualitative method of analyzing
data. Questionnaire was mainly prepared and administered to civilians. 32 healthy civilians
were sampled, given questionnaire and responded the items. Observation was made by the
researcher and an interview was used to provide supporting information for both
questionnaire and observation. Communities and government officials and teachers were
interviewed based on in interviewing questions to get deep information based on the research
questions. Data was collected from the respondents then interpreted and discussed to get
implications or findings of the study according to the respondents’ responses for all tools of
gathering data and finally conclusions and recommendations for the findings were made to
indicate the respective interventions for the existing problem. References and appendixes
have been also attached at the end.

Key word :cause,consequence,water,pollution

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 CHAPTER ONE

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Back ground of the study

The study of community participation in water conservation is basically concerned with the
involvement of individuals, groups and communities. In the affairs of protecting the matters
of resource, today being emphasized globally because of the realization of the necessity to
evolve the stake holders in the consumption of a lasting solution to the problems of
destructing resource; particularly water (UNESCO, Resource Conservation 2010).

Various human activities aimed at improving the socio-economic wellbeing of man have
contributed in enormously to the degradation of the resources like water. Thus any attempt
needs to be done to address the problems involving all stake holders, if it must be sustainable
and live more in the future via involvement of communities in managing the various activities
that may affect their environment (Musa, 2010).

Public involvement would help to develop the sense of responsibility and need to maintain a
well balanced between people and earth’s resources. Resource is conserved if it is protected
appropriately for health natural resources, social living standards and health natural resources
transfers from generation to generation (Wakene,2001).

Social participation in the formulation and preservation of environmental policy continues to

be in the part Art .92 of FDRE. The roles of community in environmental policy participation
include such as air pollution, deforestation, soil erosion water and etc are also key things in
resource conservative mechanisms (Kafewa, 2008).

Public involvement in preserving water teaches communities law to resolve conflict and
allows for different perspective to be able to help themselves (Nampia,2010) Effective
community participation may lead to social and personal empowerment, economic
development, and socio political transformation (Kaufman, 2010)

However, the protection of water in Sidama region: in the Case of Chire Woreda setting,
there are related problems which are an obstacle for protection of water from being lost. The
problem has been causing unstable and unsustainable living standard of people. Hence, this
problem has to be overcome to solve the problem of water bringing sustainable
developmental aspects of the society in the country, Ethiopia. Therefore, it is important to

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investigate the root causes of this problem and to suggest possible solutions to the problem
seems to me a useful research undertaking as the background of the study highlights.

1.2 Statement of the problem

Water is life for all creatures that live both in the water and dry land. Without some natural
resources nature exist on the earth but without water it is impossible to survive one’s life.
Thus water need to be protected to sustain these opportunity progressively is the strategy that
has no other alternative to replace.

The roles of society in water protection has a great functions to enhance the service and
existence of water with collaboration of the government decisions, empowered, community
participation on issues that affect it (Riorino, 200).

Human has always in habited in the environment /water/ either using it or affecting. Animals
can pollute water and etc in their habitats where they are living. An assessment of existed
socio-economic situational including water conservation that affected in Chire Woreda and
her so rounding areas view talent’s information gap’s and area for improvement.

There are also problems can be related to environmental pollution; specially water pollution
such as: government irresponsibility, unemployment, shortage of working land, drought,
deforestation, animal pollution, flooding, misuse of waste materials, inadequate knowledge of
society and due to other factors.

To play an important role of identifying and improvement sound strategic plan for the
problem under the study area, the concerned stack holders, healthy agency and others lack
motivation to conserve their endemic resource, especially water pollution from the pollutant
agents for sustainability and security environment in particular area. Primary focus of this
research is to assess water protection and to identify better mechanisms of protecting water
for their sustainable social, healthy and economic developments.

Thus, as far as the knowledge of the researcher goes on, this problem need to be overcome to
create a sustainable and healthy living system of community with a given area since the
problem has been affecting an availability of clean water. Therefore, researcher is motivated
to undertake the study to seek the respective remedy for the problem; moreover, the
following research questions need to be responded.

1.3 Basic Research Questions

1. What are the roles and practices of local community to conserve water pollution?

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 2. What are the factors that contribute for water pollution in the selected area?
3. What are consequences which caused by water pollution in the study?
4. What water conservation mechanisms are needed to keep water pollution?
1.4 Objectives of the study

1.4.1 General objective

The main objective of the study was to assess the causes and consequences of water pollution
in the study area and to seek the respective interventions.

1.4.2 Specific objectives

 To identify the roles and practices of local community to conserve water pollution.
 To investigate the factors that contributed for water pollution in the selected area
 To indicate the consequences which caused by water pollution among community.
 To explore water conservation mechanisms are needed to intervene water pollution.

1.5 Significance of the Study

It would generate useful information for planners and resources protection that work to
compact problems. Since human beings and environment/resources are two inseparable
phenomena, human beings have to give necessary care for their surroundings. The study may
enhance understanding on the communities’ and any other concerning bodies’ participation
on water protection; particularly Chire woreda. For water protection is the basis of economic
growth, healthy and livelihood, bringing sustainability of resources, the role of community on
the water protection may help to model further economic growth and favourable weather
condition. Furthermore, the study may give possible references for other interested
researchers to conduct a study in the area. Finally, the findings of this study may render
useful information for the material designers to aware about water pollution in the field.

1.6 Scope of the study

Since it was not possible to cover the whole aspects of the study area and resources, the study
is confined to the causes and consequences of water pollution in the Sidama region, Chire
Woreda. This area has been chosen because it was convenient to use time properly to gather a
relevant data for the study from participants. Besides, the researcher took participants of the
study excluding other population because it could be difficult to conduct study with entire
population. Tools of gathering data were also clearly demarcated. The study was concentrated
on the roles and practices of local community to conserve water; the factors that contributed

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for water pollution; the consequences which are caused by water pollution and water
conservation mechanisms from being polluted.

1.7 Organization of the study

This proposal is organized under consists introduction, statement of the problem, objective of
the study, basic research questions, significance of the study and scope of the study whereas
the deals with review of related literature and the last one is concerned with the methodology
and design of data collection and other sub-parts includes data analysis and interpretation of
the study and the dealt with summary, conclusion and recommendation of the study.

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 CHAPTER TWO

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Definition of Water

Water is an organic, transparent, tasteless, odourless and nearly chemical substance which is
the main constituent of earth’s hydrosphere and very essential for all creatures that live in
both water and land (www.merrian-webster.com.water). Water is liquid that descends from
the clouds as rain, forms stream and rivers, lakes, seas, oceans and so it is most important
constituent for all living things (www.biologyonline.com.dictionary).

Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies usually as a result of human and animal
activities including natural occurrences, in such manner water becomes affecting constituents
for the users. Water pollution also occurs when harmful substances like chemicals or micro-
organisms contaminate streams, rivers, lakes, seas and oceans (www.nrdc.org.stories.waterpo
llution).

2.2 Concepts of Resource Conservation and Community

A fundamental characteristics of a community is regardless of the bunger of its people or
geographical spread, they must be bonded by territory, believes, bonds of fellowship common
culture set of standards, natural resources and administration. A community is also defined as
a number of families residing in relatively small areas with which they have developed a
more or less social, cultural definition added with they solve problems assisting from living
in the same area. A community therefore becomes effective when its people become
conscious of their common problems and are conceptually motivated for a collective bargain
while being responsible to formulate common objectives around this common problem
(Anyawu, 2011).

2.2.1 Shared Territory: A community must exist in a territorial area that conservation
accommodates its members in order to develop their ways of life.

2.2.2 Shared Belief: for a community to exist in unity, its people must adhere to
common idea attitudes and valves.

2.2.3 Common culture: Every community has its defined custom and tradition:
appreciated and jealously guided and protected by its members. Such customs and traditions
are transferred from one generation to the other with in the community (ibid. 2011).

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Community participation defined as the involvement of people in a community in projects to
solve their own problems people cannot be forced to participation in projects which affect
their lives but should be given the opportunity where possible this held to be a basic human
right and a fundamental principle of Democracy (Simanow, 2010).

2.3 Component of Community participation

Needs assessment of expressing opinions about desirable improvement, prioritizing goals
and negotiating with agencies planning formulating objectives, setting goals criticizing
plans, mobilizing the raising awareness in the a community about needs establishing or
supporting organizational structures within then community training participation in formal
training management skills, implement engaging in management activities, contributing cash
to wards cost paying of service or membership fees of community organization ( Reid, 200).

An Environment is the sum total of the condition with in which organizations live. The
environment is the product of some interaction of living things and of the physical and
chemical constituents of the earth surface. ‘’ Environment’’ means the totality of all
materials whether in their natural state or modified or changed by humans, their external
spaces and the interactions which affect their quality or quantity and the welfare of human or
other living beings , including but not restricted to, land a troposphere, weather and climate,
water, living things, sound etc. A ‘’Environmental protection’’ means the protection of land,
water, air and similar other environment resources, factors and conditions which affect the
life in development of all organisms including human beings (Yared, 2009).

2.3.1 Community and Environment are interrelated

It is affect to established one that form relationship between the two as mentioned un many
literatures, different schools of thought put toward their own view and evidences to
demonstrated community participation .In environmental and demographic factors, this
relationship was not simple and static differed is dynamic and complex. In general to
dominate theoretical perspectives have emerged in the literatures liking population and
environment (Bandage, 1997).

2.3.2 Environmental Rights

The 1992 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, principle 10, recognizes then
need for public participation. Principle 10 0f the Rio Declaration on Environment and
Development reflects this notion:

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Environmental issues are best handled with the participation of all concerned citizens, at the
relevant level, at the national level. Each in dividable shall have appropriate access to
information concerning the environment that is held by public authorities, including
information on hazardous materials and activities in their communities and the opportunity to
participate in decision – making processes. States shall facilitate and encourage public
awareness and participation by making information widely available.

Equally Art .92 of the same constitution further provides that: 1) the government shall
endeavour to ensure that all Ethiopians live in a clean health environment. 2) the design and
implementation of programmers and projects of development shall’ not damage or destroy
the environment. 3) people have the right to full consultation and to the expression or views
in planning and implementation of environmental policies and projects that affect them
directly. 4) the government and citizens have the duty to protect the environment.

2.4 key Water Problems

The most Environmental problem as reported by Ethiopian government (2012) is

I. climate change: climate change and its impacts on the environmental and natural resource

II. Land degradation: land degradation is one of the most serious problems in Ethiopia. In
addition to natural factors such as rainfall and erodible soils, population pressure, over
grazing , un sustainable and use and expansion of farming cause severe land degradation
which affects agricultural production

III. deforestation: Forest cover 2-3% of Ethiopian deforestation is wide spread.

IV. Indoor air pollution : Idoor air pollution is a serious environmental problem causing
acute respiratory illness

V. water pollution and lack of access water pollution constitutes a large risk to public health,
mainly causes by high level of organic pollutants and water born disease (Onkey,1991).

2.4.1 National policy of Ethiopian for Resources protection

The 1995 Constitution of the federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia and the National
Economic Policy and Strategy have recognized and given due attention to environmental
protection.
Article 44 of FDRE Constitution on the title’’ Environmental Rights’’ proclaim as Follows:
Article 44 (1) declares that,’’ All persons have the right to a clean and health environment, ‘’

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Article 92 of the same Constitution proclaims the general ‘Environmental Objectives’’ of
Ethiopia as follows:

Article92 (1):’’ Government shall endeavour to ensure that all Ethiopians live in a clean and
healthy environment,’’

Article 92 (2):’’ the design and implementation of programmers and projects of development
shall not damage or destroy the environment,’’

Article 92(3) :’ People have the right to full consultation and to the expression of views in the
planning and implementation of environmental policies and projects that affect them directly,

Article 92 (4), Government and citizens shall have the duty to protect the environment’ on
this article both the federal and Regional government and the people of Ethiopia shall have a
joint and a several duty to protect the global and regional environment (Yared, 2009).

2.5 Uses of water

Water provides a lot of uses for all living things which live on land or water. Among many
uses of water some are: for drinking, for irrigation, for hydroelectric power, for washing, for
habitat or home, for plantation, for navigation, for fishing, for our body parts to digest food,
for building houses, for chemical reaction, for soil fertility, for personal hygiene and for other
many purposes (www.nrdc.org.stories.wateruses).

Natural environment consist of various valuable natural resources such as air, water soil, land
forest. Flora and fauna which are basic for humanity and development. Any change brought
in one of this components was counter balanced by some other change in another component
of the environment (Dave and kefema, 2008).

Social and police issues such as participation of local community in natural resource
protection. It is related to the unsustainable use of the resource that valued destruction of
disturbance to the natural or semi natural ecosystem (EIVS, 1995).

The requisite for designed appropriate protection strategies met here by solving many
challenges that the woreda’s of surrounding kebele were fancied and in their effects towards
natural Environment forest enables development (Wakane. 2001).

Several governmental and nongovernmental organizations developed and implemented

various projects. In most of the endeavours, standard technical practice were tried more

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emphasize on physical environmental loss from the field through construction of barriers’
and adaption of environmental protection strategy ( Dejene. 2003)

2.6 Environmental protection efforts of the community

Ethiopia a country where environment is preventing at a traffic rate .It can be even higher in
populated area and a place where closely populated the population of community is law. This
made the issue of community participation of vital concern if the country wants to active
sustainable development of environment (Abera, 2003).

The combined effects of physical and human induced environmental concern compelled the
government to emphasize more on conservation that adder before. Another very important
miss understanding not measure area perinea for natural environmental depletion (MOARD,
2007).

Measures in observation practice, which are believed to conserve the natural resources base
and at the sometime participation of community is inevitable this includes wide spread of the
local community awareness and wide spread attitudes of the community. The advantage of
community participation of environment are many told including conserving and enriching
the environment traditionally though time local community have developed different
environmental participation practices of their own with this practices the community have
been able to sustain their environmental for play a significant are (Betru, 2003).

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 CHAPTER THREE

3. MOTHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

3.1 Description of the Study Area

The study was carried out at Sidama region Chire Woreda. Chere is one of the woredas in
the Sidama region East Sidama Zone. Chere is bordered on the south by Aroresa, on the west
by Bensa, and on the north and east by the Oromia Region. Chere was separated from
Aroresa woreda.

Based on the 2007 Census conducted by the CSA, this woreda has a total population of
120,449, of whom 60,535 are men and 59,914 women; 2,357 or 1.96% of its population are
urban dwellers. The majority of the inhabitants were Protestants, with 96.62% of the
population reporting that belief, and 2.17% were Muslim.

The woreda is far 461 km from Addis Ababa whereas it is far from Hawassa with 191 km.
The geographical nature of the Chire area is sloppy at the eastern and western direction and
the attitude of this area is range from 300-800 m above sea- level. The climate condition of
Bona area characterized by high lands of 11% low land 55 % and desert 34% there are two
rain season in the land. The major season, summary, which is from May up to September and
the minor season, winter which is from October up to March. Averages mean annual rainfall
across the area is750 mm.

3.2 Research Design

This study is intended to investigate the causes and consequences of water pollution in Chire
woreda. For this study, both quantitative and qualitative (mixed–approaches) were employed
because interview and field observation data were interpret by using descriptive/qualitative
method that provide more relevant information for phenomena to be presented whereas data
gathered through questionnaire were interpreted by qualitative and quantitative/or numerical
value of analyzing data.

3.3 Sources of the Data

3.3.1 Primary Sources

The researcher obtained these sources of the study from making interview to probe the
respondents’ deep feelings and ideas on the question, interview and using observation on the
health canter manuals and performances.

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 3.3.2 Secondary Sources
The researcher collected these data from the secondary data sources like books, literature,
journals, internets, reports and documents. Reading different references to get information on
the study is also another source.

3.4 Sample and Sampling Techniques

3.4.1 Sample Size

The target population of the study were communities, health canters officials and civilians.
These subjects of the study were selected from Sidama Region, Chire Woreda. 32 civil
servants’ of the study were selected from 1800 total populations because it might be difficult
to carryout study with all population. Among them equal chance were given for both males
and females civilians to take part in the study. 6 community representatives (both men and
women) were taken from 24 simple random populations. 3 health centre officials were
selected among 12 officials who had different managements on a given work. Therefore, the
total number of population of the study was 41.

3.4.2 Sampling Techniques

Civilians’ participants of the study were sampled through the lottery sampling technique from
random sampling method because the researcher intended to the sample might have more
equal opportunities to be included in the study. The participants of communities and healthy
officials were sampled by using purposive sampling method because the researcher wants to
take the participants who might have certain information about the work of research and
those who had voluntariness for work.

3.5 Instruments of Data Collection

3.5.1 Field Observation

This was carried out in order to check if people are participating in the roles and mechanisms
of water pollution in the selected area. The researcher made checklist that filled with
discussion activities employed by the selected healthy officials and communities. The
researcher observed on roles, causes, consequences and practices or interactions of
government and community in which they are implementing to solve water pollution in the
selected area for success of the study.

3.5.2 Questionnaire
The questionnaire was prepared for healthy civilians’ participants of the study includes the
major activities, practices and trends, roles, causes or factors, consequences and practices,

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perspectives, the importance and roles stakeholders, protecting aspects and practices of
government in the mechanisms of water protection: etc...). The questionnaire was employed
with the close-ended items and open-ended items so that a desired data could be genuinely
obtained for the study. The questionnaire was mainly distributed to meet the objectives of the
study and to grasp relevant data for later interpretation and presentation of the study.

3.5.3 Interview
The purpose of the interview was to substantiate the information that obtained from the
questionnaire and observation to obtain deep information and responses concerning with
feeling or emotion to certain questions. The interview was primarily prepared and then
requested with communities and healthy officials in order to get authentic data for the study.
The interview comprised both structured and unstructured types.

3.6 Methods of Data Analysis

The data of questionnaire, observation and interview need to be interpreted and presented by
using the several procedures. Thus data that obtained from the questionnaire has been
analyzed and interpreted both qualitatively and quantitatively by using tables, items,
frequencies and percentages followed by tentative solutions to the findings. Data that
obtained from interview and field observation have been discussed qualitatively or in word
than in number with the suggested short solutions for the findings of the study based on the
respondents’ information.

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 CHAPTER FOUR

4. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

4.1 Interpretation of Data Obtained from Health officials and Civil servants
Questionnaire data that obtained from the civilians’ respondents has been interpreted and
presented under this chapter. This data is also interpreted through qualitatively and
quantitatively by using tables, percentages and frequencies as items vary in the question. The
researcher has provided short and tentative solutions under each analyze of items. An
interview data has been discussed through qualitatively according to the responses of the
participants of the study where as an observation data is filled by the rating scales in the
given table.

Table 1: Personal Profiles of Civil servants

Participants’ Types of data Analyzing participants’ data

Data
Frequencies Frequencies’ Percentages (%)
sum
Level of Male Female - -
education Civilians/workers/ 16 16 32 100

Single 14 13 27 84.4

Marriage Married 2 3 5 15.6

status
Divorced - - - -
Total - - 32 100

10 - 15 12 11 23 71.9
Year
16-25 4 5 9 28.1
Above 26 - - - -

Total - - 32 100

The above table shows that all participants are grade seven students and equal chance was
given for both males’ and females’ students. Among the 27 (84.4%) participants were single
whereas 5(15.6%) were married and there was no one who divorced. On the other hand,
23(71.9%) and 9(28.1%) of the respondents are found between 10-15 and 16- 25 years

Table 2: Whether the communities have interest to conserve the water pollution in the

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 No Items Frequencies (f) Percentages (%)

1 Yes 8 25
2 No 24 75
Total 32 100

The above table shows that 8 (18.9 %) of the respondents said ‘yes’ communities have
interest to conserve water pollution in the selected area where as 24 (81.1%) of them
confessed ‘no’ for the same type of item. Thus, there was problem on participate of
communities in soil conservation issues that need to be improved so as to bring the desired
implementation and outcomes for country’s development.

Table 3: At what extent communities have awareness to take part in conservation

No Item Frequencies (f) Percentages (%)

1 Low 8 25
2 Medium 20 62.5
3 High 4 12.5
4 Very high - -
Total 32 100

From the above we can see that 8(25%) of the respondents replied ‘Low’ which means
communities had no enough or low awareness to conserve water pollution so as to enhance
country’s sustainable development while 20(62.5%) of them believed that they had ‘medium’
political knowledge for the same question. On the other hand, 4(12.5%) of the respondents
said they had ’high political knowledge but there was no one who said ‘very high’ on this
item. So this implies that there had problem concerning with knowledge of conserving water
pollution that needs to be solved for positive awareness creation and outcomes

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 Table 4: communities were attended training about water pollution

No Item Frequencies (f) Percentages (%)

1 Yes 6 18.75
2 No 26 81.25
Total 32 100

The above table implies that 6(18.75%) of the respondents said ‘yes’ communities are given
training about water pollution to achieve the planned objectives of resources’ preservation
whereas the rest 26 (81.25%) of them replied ‘no’ for the same item. According to this data,
there had been the related problem on communities’ involvement to conserve water pollution.
Therefore, this problem seeks the respective solutions and improvements to enhance the
community involvement in the developments of their country.

Table 5: The respondents’ response for the question what ‘water pollution practices’

No Item Frequencies (f) Percentages (%)

1 Bad 23 71.88
2 Good 9 28.12
3 Very good - -
Total 32 100

The table here above shows that 23 (71.88%) of the respondents said ‘bad’ for a given
question or they replied as water pollution practices and roles in an area that communities
live was not so good while 9 (28.12%) of them responded ‘good’ for the same question. An
items’ choice ‘very good’ was not supported by any respondent.

Hence, based on the data that has been presented at table 5, the respondents’ response for the
given question (water pollution practices and roles in an area that communities live) was
inactive and not functioning well. Therefore, the problem needs to be solved so that a
relevant measurement is to be selected and used by communities and other concerning bodies
for enhancement of proper water pollution from its lost.

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 Table 6: The response of respondents for the question ‘which of the following factors

Item Frequencies (f) Percentages (%)

Pollution of animals including over 5 15.63

grassing system
Deforestation /cutting down of trees/ 5 15.63
Erosion due to high rainfall 8 25.00
All are the main factors 14 43.74
Total 32 100

According to the above table 5(15.63%) of the respondents replied that it was due to animals’
pollution whereas 11 (15.63) of them also believed that it was due to deforestation. On the
other hand, the rest respondents 8(25.00%) said that the cause was due to high flood or
erosion from rainfall and 14(43.74%) of them confessed as all of these factors could be
considered as pollutant agents. Based on this data that has been presented at table 6, there
were several factors that were contributing for soil degradation in the selected area.
Therefore, the problem needs to be solved so that the issues of soil preservation can
effectively be accomplished.

Table 7: Why communities/stakeholders were not participating in mechanisms of water

pollution.

No Item Responses Frequencies (f) Percentages (%)

Why communities or Due to poorly 2 6.3

skilled healthy
stakeholders were not
6 professionals
participating in Poor awareness of 3 9.4
communities
mechanisms of water
Due to illiteracy of 4 12.5
pollution? people
Poor support of 2 6.3
government
Due to all of these 18 56.25
factors
Total 32 100

The above table shows 2 (6.3%) of the respondents believed that the communities were not
participating in water pollution mechanisms due to poorly skilled healthy professionals
whereas 3(9.4%) and 4 (12.5%) of them said it was due to ‘poor awareness of communities’

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and due to illiteracy of people respectively for the same question. On the other hand, the
factors related to support from the government was responded by 6 (18.8%) of the
respondents while 18 (56.25%) of them confessed that the cause is due to all these reasons.

As to the response of the most respondents, there were several reasons that the selected
communities became weak in achieving the desired objectives of the water pollution
mechanisms. Therefore, an appropriate remedy needs to be applied to improve the objectives
and the related outcomes of the communities involvement for a given issues.

Table 8: There were no mechanisms to conserve water pollution so as to enhance

Item Frequencies (f) Percentages (%)

I don’t agree - -
I agree partially 5 15.63
I agree 8 25.00
I absolutely agree 19 59.37
Total 32 100

The above table shows 5 (15.63%) of the respondents said they agreed partially saying there
were mechanisms to conserve water pollution whereas 8 (25 %) and 19 (59.37%) of them
said they agreed and absolutely agreed respectively for the same question. On the other hand,
the response ‘I don’t agree’ was not supported by any respondent. So this implies that there
were many mechanisms to protect water pollution due to several factors.

Table 9: Weather there were stakeholders who take responsibility to conserve water

Item Frequencies (f) Percentages (%)

Community 5 15.63
Government - -
Civilians and youth 4 13.05
All of these stakeholders 23 71.32

Total 32 100

The above table shows 5 (15.63%) of the respondents believed that the communities held
responsibility in soil conservation mechanisms whereas 4(13.05%) and 23 (71.32%) of them
said it was the responsibility of civilians, youth and all of the stakeholders stated here above
respectively for the same question.

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As to the response of the most respondents, all stakeholders need to take responsibility to
conserve soil degradation. Therefore, an appropriate remedy needs to be applied to improve
communities’ involvement for a given issues.

Table 10: Which of the following is the consequence of water pollution?

Items Frequencies (f) Percentages (%)

It causes several water-borne disease 5 15.63

and so no needs of drinking and
washing
Irrigation purposes can be destroyed 4 13.05
Many living things will be lost 3 9.38
All can be the best answer 20 62.5
Total 32 100

The above table shows 5 (15.63%) of the respondents believed that water pollution is caused
several water-borne disease whereas 4 (13.05%) and 3 (9.38 %) of them said it was caused
the Irrigation purposes can be destroyed and many living things will be lost respectively for
the same question. 20 (62.5%) of the respondents believed that the cause is due to all above
reasons.

As to the response of the most respondents, all causes are main factors for water pollution.
Therefore, an appropriate remedy needs to be applied to improve communities’ involvement
for a given issues.

Table 11: The respondents’ response on the main factors that cause a problem on the water polution

No Item Frequencies (f) Percentages (%)

1 Well responded 26 81.25
2 Not well 6 18.75
responded
Total 32 100

From the above table we can see 26(81.25%) of the respondents ‘replied well’ for the
question that the researcher wanted to know if the respondents could mention the main
factors for a given problem but 6(18.75%) of the rest respondents ‘not mentioned well’ for
the same question. However, the researcher has explained data by mixing these responses.

Table 12: The respondents’ response on the related solutions for the factors that cause

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 No Item Frequencies (f) Percentages (%)

1 Well-responded 28 87.5
2 Not well-responded 4 12.5
Total 32 100

From the above table we can see 28 (87.5%) of the respondents ‘replied well’ for the question
that the researcher wanted to know if the respondents could mention the right solutions for
factors a given problem but 4 (12.5%) of the rest respondents ‘not mentioned well’ for the
same question. However, the researcher has explained data by mixing these responses.

4.2 Discussion of an Interview of Communities and Healthy Officials

The researcher interviewed the respondents of communities and government officials based
on the questions that had been prepared to obtain deep and relevant data for the study, and the
responses have also been discussed as follow.

For the first question that the researcher inquired to know whether the communities have
interest to conserve water pollution, Teshome Gusa, Kasech Dangiso and Bogale Duguna
replied as in most case communities were not protecting loss of water due to several factors
because they might lack awareness and training that are given by experts on the field. They
also said soil is a part of life and so each stake holder ought to conserve for the sake of his/her
and over all the country’s sustainable development.

Two of the respondents, Mammo Mate and Shibru Gamada responded the second interview
question which wanted to know if the communities ever have been supported in water
conservation mechanisms for promotion of overall county’s developmental aspects. They
confessed as the government and officials from lower up to higher and experts have had no
much dream to support and enhance the performance of its citizens about resource
conservation including water pollution matters. This notion has become inactive despite its
genuine and effective promotion or support because of its values and sustainable
development that contribute to the country.

For the third question which is about ‘could you tell me why stake holders become weak to
conserve water pollution; Biru Watayo and Aster Fetera stated many constraints that people
face when they perform different tasks concerning with the roles and practices of recourse
management for their and the country’s overall developments such as lack of fixed time, lack

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of necessary support from government, interference of officials to social opportunity and
practices, lack of education given by experts and officials etc. ...

Based on the conversation that was made with, Elias Batiro and other interviewees for a
given question ‘Do you think that agricultural experts have given any training concerning
with trends/practices of water protection method?’ They said that the agricultural experts
have been partially involving in the practices of water protection method although this issue
needs to be highly practiced since it creates good living standard among people. Active
participation in a given activities of water pollution could bring a sustainable social
developments for country at large. Thus leaders and citizens should support and manage the
tasks of promoting good practices of water protection.

Finally, many interview respondents have provided the following factors that hinder role of
community in conserving water pollution in the selected area. Many different ranges of
factors were given by them; however, the most common factors are mentioned here below:

 inappropriate soil conservation strategies

 poor experiences’ sharing aspects from experts
 a weak attitude and knowledge of citizens, officials and educators
 reluctances and challenges of communities due to heavy erosion and flood
 unnecessary support from government
 uneven distribution of opportunities and services

On the other hand, the respondents confessed that the above and other factors, bringing
unintended/negative outcomes on promoting the practices of water protection that need to be
changed in to positive outcomes. Some of these respective interventions have been provided
by these above respondents as follow:

 facilities and supports need to be supplied

 effective managing system should be learned to enhance soil conservation.
 application of relevant mechanisms have to be prevailed in the soil conservation
methods
 using up dated methods of soil conservation should be shared for people by the
experts
 ensuring common involvement among all stakeholders as it is their roles
 government officials must advise the citizens to aware about use of soil conservation

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4.3 Description Data Obtained from Field Observation

Activities of field observation that were filled by a checklist as the researcher made long
talking with the selected civilians and communities to obtain relevant data for the study. The
ranges of measurement were:

N.D = not decided L=low M=medium H= high

VH=very high EH=extremely high

No Activities The ranges of

measurement

1 The extent of facilities and roles of communities to conserve L

loss of water
L
2 Provision of services and opportunities for people to conserve
the water pollution
L
3 Existence of effective trainings and advices to be given for
communities
H
4 Prevalence of factors affecting water pollution in the area
L
5 The use of new mechanisms of water conservation
M
6 Availability of erosion and flood due to high rain fall and man-
made activities to damage water
L
7 The community participation in water conservation issues
L
8 Really perceptions and roles of concerning bodies to conserve
water pollution for country’s sustainable developments

According to the results of focus group discussion, almost all activities to be performed in
water conservation mechanisms by a given communities were not done effectively to achieve
the desired objectives of sustainable developments. i.e almost all activities in the table are
found at the measurement range of ‘Low and Medium’. Hence, from this we can infer that
there were problems in soil conservation mechanisms from being lost or degradation that
need to be overcome by using the respective interventions for healthy life standard of the
natures at large.

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 CHAPTER FIVE

5 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Summary

The study was carried out to examine the factors that contributing for water pollution in the
study area and to seek the respective interventions. Moreover, Specific objectives of the study
are: to identify the roles and practices of local community to conserve water pollution; to
investigate the factors that contributed for water pollution in the selected area; to indicate the
consequences which caused by water pollution among community and to explore water
conservation mechanisms are needed to intervene water pollution.

Then the title was identified and proposal was also conducted. In order to attain research
objectives, relevant method or design was selected and questionnaire was given to the
participants of the study (civilians); an interview was made with communities and healthy
officials participants of the study whereas focus group discussion was made via actual
practices and mechanisms of water conservation and filled by checklists.

After that data was gathered, analyzed or interpreted with the use of both descriptive or
qualitative and quantitative methods (items, frequencies and percentages) for questionnaire
data whereas the data of interview and observation were interpreted by only qualitative or
descriptive method of analyzing data. A tentative solution has been provided under each
description of tables and interview presentations. At the last, summary, conclusions/findings,
recommendations, references and appendixes have been provided.

5.2 Conclusions

Based on the respondents’ response of the data, the following conclusions are drawn:

24 (75%) of the respondents confessed that there was problem on the communities interest to
conserve water pollution in the selected area. This can be concluded that the correct measures
and advice need to be given to maximize the interest of communities to conserve water
pollution.

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  About 20 (62.5%) of the respondents believed that extent of communities’ awareness
to take part in conservation of water pollution in the selected area was very limited.
Communities had no good participation to protect natural resource, especially loss of
water in the area since there was poor knowledge for communities.

 As to 26 (81.1) of the respondents said that communities were not given trainings
about water conservation to achieve the planned objective of resources’ preservation.
Thus this problem seeks the related solutions to provide more information for
communities.

 According to 23 (71.88%) of the respondents, the aspect of water conservation

practices and roles in an area that communities live was ‘bad’. Hence based on this
data, we can conclude that advice and experience sharing must be needed to activate
communities’ involvement for water conservation issues.

 As to the most respondents, there were several factors that contributed for water
pollution in the selected area. The problem needs to be solved so that the issues of
water preservation can effectively be accomplished.
 The responses of focus group discussion and interview also remind us there were
problems on the aspect of water conservation and its consequences. Thus the correct
remedy needs to be applied in spite of its negative outcomes which will bring
unsustainable development for people.

5.3 Recommendations

Based on the conclusions of the findings of the study, these recommendations are drawn:
 As to the findings of the study, there was problem that needs to be improved on the
communities’ interest to conserve water pollution. Therefore, communities should
have an appropriate awareness to involve actively in the moral role water
conservation systems.

 According to the response of participants of the study, communities had no good

participation to protect natural resource, especially loss of water in the selected area
since there was poor knowledge for communities. Therefore, the civilians and
communities ought to get relevant knowledge and skill so as to maximize their
cooperation/association in the tasks of water conservation.

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 As to the response of many respondents, communities were not given training about
water conservation to achieve the planned objective of resources’ preservation due to
different challenges. Hence communities, officials and other concerning stakeholders
should be given useful trainings about water conservation mechanisms to overcome
the problem for sustainable development of society and country at large.

 The responses of focus group discussion and interview also remind us the aspect of
soil conservation practices in an area that communities live was ‘bad’. Hence based
on this data, experiences or practices of water preservation should be provided or
shared by the experts to activate communities’ involvement for issues.

 The findings of the study also revealed that there were several factors that were
contributing for water pollution. Therefore, the correct interventions need to be
applied in spite of its bad outcomes by facilitate requirements like making decision,
educating people and giving demanded opportunities, services and trainings for
citizens to protect their nature (water) from being damaged.

 Finally, Further research needs to be carried out to protect water pollution by

mobilizing people to implement roles, mechanisms and orientations are set and
managed to solve the problem in the area and to achieve the desired outcomes that
contribute for country’s development at large via use of water.

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 References
Banks, Nand Hulme, D. (2012) the roles society in development and poverty reduction
university of mandaster, Brooks world poverty institute (BWPI) Walking .
African Development Bank and African Development Fund Bank Group Policy on Good

Governance on Resource presevation (2009).

Ayele kuris (2006), THE Ethiopian Economy, principle and practices, 2nd ed. AAP, Addis
Ababa.
Dewitt Solomon (2012): The role of good governance in Ensuring the Conservation of Soil
Degradation, Haramaya University.
Http www. Sunday times. 1k (10011) columns / co. htm/ www. Everything, org, UK.
National encyclopedia com / Africa/---, Economic development of Ethiopia,
IMF (2012): UNDP (1997), Conservation of Natural Resources and Sustainable Human
Development Accessed from http://melting pot.fortunecity.com/254/cheem.htm
www.merrian-webster.com.water definition of water.
www.nrdc.org.stories.waterpollution pollution of water
Realization Of The Necessity To Evolve The Stake Holders In The Consumption Of A
Lasting Solution To The Problems Of Destructing Resource; Particularly Water
(Unesco, Resource Conservation 2006).
Live More In The Future Via Involvement Of Communities In Managing The Various
Activities That May Affect Their Environment (Musa, 2005).
Wakene, (2001).Resource Is Conserved If It Is Protected Appropriately For Health Natural
Resources, Social Living Standards and Health Natural Resources Transfers From
Generation To Generation
Kafewa, (2008). Resource Conservative Mechanisms
Kaufman, (1997) Public Involvement in Preserving Water Teaches Communities Law To
Resolve Conflict and Allows For Different Perspective to Be Able To Help
Themselves
(Nampia, 200) Effective Community Participation May Lead To Social and Personal
Empowerment, Economic Development, and Socio Political Transformation

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 DILLA UNIVERISTY

COLLEGE OF NATURAL AND COMPUTATIONAL

SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY

Appendix-A
Questionnaire for Health Civil servants

Dear respondents, the following questionnaire are prepared to gather the relevant data from
you to conduct the research for the fulfilment of ‘BSc. degree’ in Biology. Thus, you are
kindly informed to give your genuine response for a given questions based on the way they
are asked. Your responses would be useful only for academic purpose.

Thanks for your cooperation!

Direction:

 Tick the response in the box.

 Don’t write your name.
 Give a short answer the open question.

I: Personal profiles

Name of school________________________________

Age: 10-15 16-25 above 26

Level of education: Student Diploma Degree MA/MSc

Status of marriage: married single divorce

Work experience: 1-6 years 7-20 years above 20 years

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II: Questionnaires

1. Do communities have interest to conserve water pollution in your area?

Yes No

2. At what extent communities have awareness to take part in water pollution

in the selected area?
Low Medium High Very high

3. Are communities given training about water conservation to achieve objective

of water preservation?
Yes No I don’t know

4. What ‘water conservation practices and roles’ look like in area where communities live?
Bad Good Very good

5. Which of the following factors causes water pollution in the selected area?
Pollution of animals including over grassing system
Deforestation /cutting down of trees/
Erosion due to high rainfall
All are the main factors
6. Why communities are not participating in activities of water conservation?
Due to poorly skilled healthy professionals
Poor awareness of communities
Due to illiteracy of people
All of these
7. There are mechanisms to conserve water pollution so as to enhance existence of water?
I don’t agree I agree partially

I agree I am absolutely agree

8. Who take responsibility to conserve water pollution in the selected area?

Community Government

Civilians and youth All of these stakeholders

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9. Which of the following is the consequence of water pollution?
It causes several water-borne diseases
No needs of drinking and washing
Irrigation purposes can be destroyed
Many living things will be lost
All can be the best answer

10. Write down the main factors that cause the water pollution in the study area?

11. Please, list down possible solutions that area used to solve the problem?

___________________________________________________________________________

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Appendix B
III: Interview for Communities and Government Officials

1. Do the communities have interest to conserve water pollution in the study area?

If yes, how? Could you explain their feelings? If No, Why?

2. Have the communities been ever supported by the government bodies in soil conservation

mechanisms? If Yes, How? If No, how they have been solving this problem?

3. Could you tell me why stake holders become weak to conserve water pollution?

4. Do you think that agricultural experts have given any training concerning with water

pollution? If yes, tell them? If no, why?

5. Could you mention some of the factors contributing for water pollution agents?

6. What might be the possible solution to solve this problem?

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Appendix C
IV: Field observation

Activities of observation will be filled with a checklist about causes, practices, roles of
stakeholders and consequences of water pollution in the selected area.
The ranges of measurement were:
N.D = not decided L=low M=medium H= high
VH=very high EH=extremely high

No Activities The ranges of

measurement

1 The extent of facilities and roles of communities to conserve

loss of water

2 Provision of services and opportunities for people to conserve

the water pollution

3 Existence of effective trainings and advices to be given for

communities

4 Prevalence of factors affecting water pollution in the area

5 The use of new mechanisms of water conservation

6 Availability of erosion and flood due to high rain fall and man-
made activities to damage water

7 The community participation in water conservation issues

8 Really perceptions and roles of concerning bodies to conserve

water pollution for country’s sustainable developments