WACHEMO UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESSOURCE MANAGEMENT

ASSESSMENT OF THE OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES OF

SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGERMENT THE CASE OF ANA BALESA
KEBELE IN LEMO WOREDA, HADIYA ZONE, SNNRP, ETHIOPIA.

BY:- 1. HANA HAILE R/Ag-3947/06

2. WEDINESH TADESSE R/Ag- 4016/06

3. DASALECH GIRMA R/Ag-3183 /06

SENIOR RESEARCH PROPOSALREPORTED SUBMITTED TO RURAL

SOCIOLOGY AND EXTENTION METHODS

INSTRUCTOR’S TO DESALEGN A (MSc)

May 2016
HOSSANA, ETHIOPIA.
pg. i
 ACRONOMY

CBFM Community-Based Forest Management

CCF Certified Community Forestry

FAO Food and Agricultural Organization

FM Forest Management

FMC Forest Management Concept

FSC Forest Stewardship Council

GFRA Global Forest Resources Assessment

ITTO International Tropical Timber Organization

MFM Multiple Forest Management

MIS Management Information Systems

MONR Minister of natural resource

NTFPs non-timber forest production

NGO Non-governmental Organization

PES Payments for ecosystems services

PF Permanent forest estate

PFM Participatory forest management

EDD+ Reducing Emission from Deforestation and forest degradation, including the role
conservation, sustainable management forest and enhancement of forest carbon stocks

SFM Sustainable Forest Management

UNDP United Nation Development Program

pg. ii
Table of Contents page
ACRONOMY..............................................................................................................................................i
1. INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Background information.....................................................................................................................1
1.2 statement problems of study...........................................................................................................3
1.3 OBJECTIVE....................................................................................................................................3
1.3.1 Generally objective.......................................................................................................................3
2. LITRATURE RIVEW.............................................................................................................................5
2.1 The Concept of Sustainable Forest Management..........................................................................5
2.2 Challenges of Sustainable Forest Management.............................................................................6
2.2.1 The major factor for forest decline..............................................................................................6

2.2.2Cause of forest decline.................................................................................................................6

2.2.3 Consequence of forest decline....................................................................................................6

2.2.4 Enabling factors for implementing multiple forest management systems...................................7

2.2.5 Impacts of unsustainable forest management..............................................................................7

2.3 Opportunities of sustainable forest management..........................................................................8

2.3.1 Multiple-use forest management.................................................................................................8

2.3.2 Socio-economic aspects..............................................................................................................8

2.3.3 Maximizing carbon storage of sustainable forest management...................................................9

2.3.4 Ownership and forest management right....................................................................................9

2.3.5 Forest policy and institutions......................................................................................................9

2.4 Status of forest management.........................................................................................................10

2.4.1 Local communities in forest management.................................................................................11

2.4.2 Promoting sustainable forest management through community forestry..................................11

3. METHODOLOGY..............................................................................................................................12
3.1 Description of the study area........................................................................................................12
3.1.1 Location....................................................................................................................................12

pg. iii
 3.1.2 Population.................................................................................................................................12

3.1.3 Climate.....................................................................................................................................12

3.1.4 Vegetation.................................................................................................................................12

3.1.5 Land use....................................................................................................................................12

3.2 Sampling technique and sampling size.........................................................................................13

3.3 Data collection................................................................................................................................13
3.4. Data analysis.................................................................................................................................14
4. WORK PLAN AND BUDGET...........................................................................................................14
REFERENCES........................................................................................................................................17

pg. iv
1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background information

A forest is best defined as an ecosystem or assemblage of ecosystems dominated by tree and

other wood vegetation. The living parts of forest include trees, shrubs, vines, grasses and other
herbaceous, (non-woody) plants, Moses, algae, fungi, insects: mammals, birds, reptiles,
amphibians and micro-organism living on the plants and animals in the soil. These interact with
one another and with the living parties of the environments including soil, water and minerals, to
make up what we known as a forest (FAO, 2005).

In Ethiopia natural resource degradation has become a serious environmental problem.

Deforestation which is occurring at an alarming rates one of such problem and a key factor
challenging food security, community livelihood and sustainable development. In year 15000 to
200,000 hectare of forests i.e. about 6% of the remaining forest of the country are cleared
(minister of natural resource (Cite as MONR, 1993). Currently only 2.4% in the total land of
country is under forest cover though it was estimated to have been about 34% in the past (Daniel,
1988; Shibru and Kifle, 1999). The fast growing population with increasing demanded for farm
land and wood for construction and fuel, forest fire; insecure land tenure systems inappropriate
conservation approaches and lack of awareness are the most commonly mentioned factor for
deforestation in the country (Worldbank, 1988).

Many developing countries are in facing environmental, social and economical problems due to
rapid population growth. The scarcity of productive land deepening poverty and the degradation
of forest and other land resource. Among these the outcomes of forest degradation are complex.
The affect the ecological system that has involved around forest as well as the livelihoods of
communities and interact with them. In a catchment setting, the impact of forest degradation is
particularly immediate and is wide reaching and rapid (EDAP, 1994) is rural and engaged in
subsistence farming. This population also relies on forest and the forest land for its basic needs
(EFAP, 1993).

pg. 1
Deforestation or forest decline consequently threats soil and land degradation. Expenses the soil
unprotected to runoff and accelerated erosion and deprives the soil organic humus and
aggregated structure. It is also destroys habitat and wild life and source of food and many
animals it threats much animals life, so that they become extinct or disappear. It also threat
ecological system and human life, in that cause adecline in the amount of crop product and food
item and leads to the loss of valuable genetic resource and source of plant medicine and burring
and aridity increase the amount of carbondioxide released in to air, add8ing the amount
ofgreenhouse effect and acidity. These destruction and loss contributed to the increased in
temperature heavy rain in some areas of drought in other or in generated to existing global
climate change (Shumete; Gizaw and Geremows, 2005).

1.2 statement problems of study

There are many serious problem in our country as well as in Ana Balesa kebele which need
active solution, such as high population growth, deforestation, scarcity of agricultural land,
expansion of desertification and soil erosion therefore, my topic of study attempt to assess of the
level of sustainable forest level management in Ana Balesa kebele and the active participate and
the active participation of a community toward to alleviant the existing problem and sustaining
the benefit obtained from the forest resources in the area

1.3 OBJECTIVE

1.3.1 Generally objective

 To assess the opportunities and challenges of sustainable forest management in Ana Balesa
kebele

1.3.2 Specific objectives

To assess challenges of forest management in the study area

To identify opportunities for sustainable forest management

To assess contribution of sustainable forest management to local people

pg. 2
1.4 Research Question

What are the challenges surrounding the management of the forest?

What are the opportunities created for sustainable forest management?

What are the contribution of sustainable forest management for local people?

1.5 Significance of the study area

This study would be important for assess the opportunities and challenges of sustainable forest
management in Ana Balesa kebele. For the organization, it would helps through providing information
about the Ana Balesa kebele. For the new researcher, it would use as a refence material for the further
study. For the researcher, it would provide skill and knowledge about the opportunities and challenges of
sustainable forest management. It would also change the perceptions of communities towards sustainable
forest management. It would be provide corrective measures by advocating and appreciating local and
participatory network for forest management.

1.7 Scope and limitation

The study was conduct in one district in Ana Balesa kebele and other geographical areas are not
included to the study moreover the study was limited only about challenge and opportunity of
sustainable forest management. Therefore, the finding of study was not generalized for other
kebele. Finance, time, and shortage of reference where the major limitation of study.

pg. 3
2. LITRATURE RIVEW
2.1 The Concept of Sustainable Forest Management

Sustainable forest management means the environmentally appropriate, social beneficial and
economical viable management of forests for present and future generations. Yet sustainable
forest management is an evolving process and parameters defining it change over time based on
the latest scientific knowledge and societies understanding of the concept (FAO, 2005).

Sustainable forest management as a dynamic and involving concept aims to maintain and
enhance the economic, social and environmental value of all types of forests for the benefit of
present and future generation. It is characterized by seven elements including:

i. extent of forest resources

ii. forest biological diversity
iii. forest health and vitality
iv. productive functions of forest resources
v. protective functions of forest resource
vi. socio-economic functions of forest and
vii. Legal, policy and institutional framework (source: UN 2008, resolution
62/98).

2.2 Challenges of Sustainable Forest Management

2.2.1 The major factor for forest decline

The major factor contributing to the forest decline could be expansion of agriculture and
increased fuel wood consumption. The prevailing consumption of the forested land appeared to
be contested. Because of that the forest land in the catchments to open the asses of territory and
turn exhibiting the partner out sinned in the “tragedy of the commons” (Belaynesh Z, 2002).

pg. 4
2.2.2Cause of forest decline
The main cause of forest decline are the completion different users on natural resource. This
leads to “very high commotions rural” communities and may take action that negatively or
positively affect resource base. This action may take different from such as intensification crazier
not being under production and moving to the off load sector of the economic or others
(Belaynesh, 2002).

2.2.3 Consequence of forest decline

in Ethiopia the large part of the country has been suffering from consequence of habitat of
destruction, particularly northern part of highlands are change in land cover rapidly, this is the
cause of high soil erosion (a loose of about 42 tone/ha) and degradation both physical and
chemical and finale this by itself has an impact on the productivity of land (Kebede S, 1998).

2.2.4 Enabling factors for implementing multiple forest management systems

The main constraint on MFM, which highlighted in relation to certification efforts in Indonesia,
is competition from operator whose sole objective is to extracted timber with little or no concern
for multiple uses such as NTFPs. Production, social welfare or the provision of ecosystems
service. In this sense, continued efforts are needed to stamp out the illegal and unsustainable
production of forests products and to provide incentives for the provision of social and
ecosystem services. Their already seems to be tendency towards community forestry, which may
result in considerable expenses without yielding the most efficient means for timber production
(Broad head and Izquierdo, 2010).

2.2.5 Impacts of unsustainable forest management

Biodiversity loss unsustainable forest operations and pressure on forest resource, such as
gathering of fuel wood, can lead to forest degradation and permanent losses on biodiversity.
Globally, over half of the temperature broad leaf and mixed forest biome and nearly one quarter
of the tropical rain forest biome have been fragmented or removed by humans (SCBD, 2008).
Illegal hunting: increased hunting continues to be a major threat to forest biodiversity in many

pg. 5
countries. The depletion of wild life is intimately linked to the food security and livelihood of
numerous tropical forest-region in habitants, as many of these forest-dependent people have few
alternative sources of protein and income. Unsustainable hunting pressures are often linked to
logging activities (Nasi et al, 2008).

2.3 Opportunities of sustainable forest management

2.3.1 Multiple-use forest management

The conceptual and practical development multiplies forest management started in North
America and Europe. Nis (2012) referred to it as. “The management of land or forest for more
than or clean air”. It is “concept of forest management that combines two or more objectives,
such as production of wood or wood-divertive derivative products, forage and brows for
domestic livestock, proper environmental conditions for wild life, land scape effectives,
protection against floods and erosion, recreation and protection of water supplies”. But MFM
models can also be found as part of long standing practices in the tropics, for examples in India
and the sacred forest described in thearanyakas. Likewise, the spatial separation of forest use was
practiced in British India and Malay from the late 1970s (Rawath et al., 2011).

2.3.2 Socio-economic aspects

In total, forestry activities and the wood and pulp and paper industries contributed to present of
gross domestic product (GDP) in three regions in 2006, but the contributed was significantly
higher in some countries (Notably 11, 1 present in the central African Republic, 6.7% in Papua
New Guinia and 4,1 percentage of GDP because others sectors are growing faster. Given the lack
of date on the subsistence use forest and on the informal economic, however, the total
contributions of the forest sector to economics are undoubtedly higher than the official finger in
many countries. In the Congo Basin in 2006, forestry and logging contributed more than 80% of
value-added in the forest sector and the pulp and paper industry only 1 percent. In south Asia in
2006 forestry and logging contributed less than 40% of value-added: 34% of value-added
derived from the wood product industry and 27% derived from the pulp and paper industry
(FAO, 2011).

pg. 6
2.3.3 Maximizing carbon storage of sustainable forest management

The role of forests in carbon and climate mitigation may stem to be very straightforward. Since
trees capture carbon as they grow and forests store massive quantities of it, it is easy to conclude
that trees and forests should be treated as carbon sinks and left alone. But this kind of thinking
reflects an in complete understanding of the role of forests in carbon mitigation. In reality forests
have multiple roles to play in carbon mitigation, and forest management can help to optimize
these roles (Bowyer et al., 2011).

2.3.4 Ownership and forest management right

Despite change in forest ownership and tenure in some countries the vast majority of forests in
the tree regions remain understate ownership, although the situation varies between regions and
countries. In the Congo Basin, 99 present of al forests are publicly owned, while close to 20% is
Proventil owned in the Amazon Basin and south East Asia. In some countries there is trade
towards involving communities and private companies in the management of publicly owned
forests. Brazil and the Philippines reported that a large proportion of publicly owned forests is
managed by community (37% and 47%, respectively), while more than 40% publicly owned
forest are managed by private corporation and institutions in Cameron, the Democratic republic
of the Congo and Indonesia (FAO, 2011).

2.3.5 Forest policy and institutions

Governments have significantly improved the legal and institutional frame work that deal with
land and forest use in Amazon since the 1990s (UNEP, 2009). These reforms, however continue
to give priority to the timber sector and to favor logging entrepreneurs. Only on the last decade
have land and forest policies being to consider the needs small-scale farmers: communities, for
example, have been encouraged to participate in logging activities. However, the policies and
law regulate community forests tend to over lie models implemented by commercial enterprise
without considering the specific characteristics of rural communities.

pg. 7
2.4 Status of forest management

The forests of then three regions are increasingly being concerned and managed for multiple use
and values, often in combination. Close to 279 million hectares (21% of forests) are managed
primarily for the production of timber and NTFPs in the three regions around 135 million
hectares, or 10 present of all forest are designed for multiple-use define as forest “managed for
any combination of goods production, soil and water protection, biodiversity conservation and
social service provision, with none of these alone considered predominant”. Eleven present of
total area is designed for multiple-use in the Amazon basin ten present in Congo basin and six
present in south Asia (FAO, 2010a).

2.4.1 Local communities in forest management

A change of government policies and strategies during the 1970s heralded a more responsive and
participator approach to forest management in the Philippis. In 1971, the government passed the
kinging management and land settlement regulation under forestation administrative order
NO.62. This regulation required the government to conduct census of all forest dwellers to
identify potential beneficiaries and prepare management plan to serve as a bases for the
development of occupy areas in forest land.

2.4.2 Promoting sustainable forest management through community forestry

However, were ill-conceived, short-lived, and were discontinued due to a combination of

technical, financial, marketing, social and managerial problems, as well as natural calamities like
typhoons and drought. Weak development of timber processing and market integration. Agro
forestry product and timber harvested from natural and plantation forest are rarely processed
local, thus can hardly general to added value for the p os. similarly, products are usually not liked
to viable and stably markets, which prevents p os from obtaining adequate benefits from these
product. Monitoring and evaluation usual steps with the expression of project assistance. The
existing management information system (MIS) at DENR was not designed to support decision
making at various levels of DENR to assist local community and other. Stakeholders in the
continuation of monitoring and evaluation activities (Pulhin 2005)

pg. 8
3. METHODOLOGY

3.1 Description of the study area

3.1.1 Location

Ana Balesa kebele was found Hadiya zone especially in Lemo woreda 7km distance from
Hosanna town. The study area was located in south direction S/balessa, in the northern direction
Lemo woreda, in the west direction S/Fonko (A/Lemo woreda) and in the east direction Lisanna.

3.1.2 Population

The total population of this kebele is 4366 from those 2162 is male and 2204 is female and also
the total house hold of farmers in kebele is 466, from this 378 is male and 88 is female.
(Agricultural office of Ana Balesa, 2007).

3.1.3 Climate

Ana Balesa kebele had wet weina dega climate zone. The annual rainfall was 900mm-1000mm.
In addition to this, the minimum and maximum temperature are 13oc-25oc, respectively.

3.1.4 Vegetation

Most of the kebele is associated with the exotic indigenous species like eucalyptus species,
leucaena leucocephala, species of cord African etc. eucalypts species is dominated one. The
vegetation cover of Ana Balesa is densely dominated by plantation forest and some shrubs are
exists. Currently people are using eucalyptus tree species for fuel, house construction, and
commercial purpose and for other domestic purpose.

3.1.5 Land use

Annual crop 925ha, perennial crop covered 123ha, plantation forest 180ha, shrubs 6ha,and 10ha
and others 4ha.averge land tenure is 0.76ha mostly cultivation crops are wheat, teff, pea and
maize and bean are cultivated some Area and barely are rarely cultivated. (Agricultural office of
ABK, 2007).

pg. 9
3.2 Sampling technique and sampling size

The sample will be taken through the stratified random sampling method and it is performed by
considering total households is 466 from of them 378 are males and 88 of them females. The
sample size would be determined by taking proportional of sample size, total household (N),
allowable percent (%) 6% in this case by using kurtosis formula:

3.3 Data collection

The data will be collected from primary and secondary data sources. The primary data will be
collected from filed observation, and interview while secondary data collected from different
document that gives the relevant information, public book, internet and kebele agricultural
office.

3.4. Data analysis

The information gathered from different data source that will be transferred idea of both
quantitatively and qualitative statistical analysis methods. Qualitative data will be analyzed by
using interpolation and description. Quantitative data will be analyzed by both descriptive and
continuous statistics including percentage (%) and table form. This will be important for the
reliable information.

pg. 10
4. WORK PLAN AND BUDGET

4.1 Work plan

No Activities Feb March April May

1 Title selections XX

2 Title approval XX
submission

3 Proposal writing XX

4 Research proposal XX
submission

5 First draft research XX

report submission

6 Develop questionnaire XX
and interview

7 Data collection XX

8 Data analysis XX

9 final paper submission XX

10 final paper presentation XX

11 Monitoring XX XX XX XX

Table 1 time schedule

pg. 11
4.2 BUDGET

Stationary cost

No Item Measurement quantities Un it price total

unit

1 Paper 3/4packet ¾ 100 100

2 pen No 5 5 25

3 Pencil single 1 2 3

4 Ruler No 1 5 5

5 Calculator No 1 25 25

6 Flash Quantity 1 120 120

7 Printer Paper no 50 2 100

8 Others cost - - - 120

Personal cost

9 Transportation Km - 3 15

10 Recreation - - 100 100

11 Mobile card time - 50 50

12 Food month 4 100 400

Over all total 1063

pg. 12
Table 2. Budget

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concessions on Brazil. Forest policy an economics, 11/4); 244_252.

Belayneshe Zewuda, 2002, participatin on forest resource change in and around Wondo Genet
cachment and its near feaure impact on forest

Binkley, C. S. 1997. Preserving nature through intensive plantation forestry: the case of forest
land allocation with illustrations from British Columbia, forestry ebronicle, 73:553-
559pp

Boscol, M, 2000, strategies for multiple use management of tropical forests: an assessment of
alternative options.

Briad head J.S & Izquierde, R, 2010. Assessment of land use forest policy and governance in
cambedia, Phnom Penh, FAO/UN-REDD.

Compos, j.j..Finegan, B. and villalbes, R. 2001. Management of goods and service from neo
tropical forest biodiversity: diversified forest management in Mesoamerica. In
secretariat of the convetion on biological diversity, assessment conservation.

Dejeng, W, Pokorny, B, Pacheco, P... Borner, J. & Sabegal, C, 2010b. Amazon forests at the
cross raods: oressures, responsis and challenges. In G, Mery, P. Katila, G. Gallowoy,
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Edmuds, D & Wollenberg, E. 2003.local management: the impact of devolution policies. Land
on, Earth scan.

EDAP 1994, The Ethiopia development and agriculture programs, he challenge of development
minster of natural resource development environmental protection, vol. 2

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EFAP, 1993. Ethiopia forest action program Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

FAO, 1996a, Food and agricultural organization, global biodiversity in changing environment,
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FAO, 1996b, Food and agricultural organization, the challenge of sustainable forest development
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FAO, 2000a. Food and agricultural organization, global forest assessment.

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Nix, S. 2012. Multiple use (available at: http://forestry. About.com/cs/glossary/g/ multi-use.htm).

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pg. 15
 APPENDIX

WACHEMO UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

I. Questionaries for respondents

1. Name of respondents…………..Zone............Woreda........Kebele........
2. Sex A. Male B. Female

3. Age A. 20-35 B.36-50 C.51-65 D. above 66

4. Marital status: A. Married B.Single C. Divorce D.Window

5. Religion affiliation: A. Protestant B. Orthodox C. Muslim D. Catholic E. Others

6. Educational status: A. illiterate B. Certificate C. Diploma D. Degree

7. What is your attitude for sustainable forest management?

A. Posetive B. negative

8. If your answer is positive, reason out.

……………………………………………………………………

9. If your ansewer is negative in question #7, by what reason justify it?

…………………………………………………………………………

10. What factors affect sustainable forest management?

A. climate change B. lack of awareness

C. Deforestation D. Loss of biodiversity

11. Who involved in sustainable forest management?

A. private B. common C. state

12. What are the challenges of sustainable forest management?

A. over exploitation B. illegal deforestation

13. What are the opportunities of sustainable forest management?

A. increase collaboration B. training of field practioners

C. consulting the community D. link income generation

pg. 16
pg. 17