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ai unit 3-2

The document discusses logical agents, particularly in the context of the Wumpus World game, where agents utilize a knowledge base to draw conclusions and make decisions. It explains the agent's percepts, actuators, and goals, as well as the use of propositional and first-order logic for reasoning. Additionally, it highlights the challenges of inference and the efficiency of using first-order logic to simplify rules for decision-making.

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nirupa
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2 views

ai unit 3-2

The document discusses logical agents, particularly in the context of the Wumpus World game, where agents utilize a knowledge base to draw conclusions and make decisions. It explains the agent's percepts, actuators, and goals, as well as the use of propositional and first-order logic for reasoning. Additionally, it highlights the challenges of inference and the efficiency of using first-order logic to simplify rules for decision-making.

Uploaded by

nirupa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Agents that Reason Logically

■ Logical agents have knowledge base,


from which they draw conclusions
■ TELL: provide new facts to agent
■ ASK: decide on appropriate action
Logical Agents – Quick Summary

22MDC45 - Unit 3
Sample: Wumpus World
■ Show original wumpus game
■ goal is to shoot wumpus
■ example of logical reasoning
■ http://www.inthe70s.com/games/wumpus/i
ndex.shtml
■ Our version:
■ Find gold, avoid wumpus, climb back out of
cave
A Wumpus Agent
■ Agent does not perceive its own location
(unlike sample game), but it can keep track
of where it has been
■ Percepts:
■ Stench – wumpus is nearby
■ Breeze – pit is nearby
■ Glitter – gold is here
■ Bump – agent has just bumped against a wall
■ Scream – agent has heard another player die
Wumpus Agent
■ Actuators:
■ Forward, Turn Left, Turn Right
■ Grab (gold)
■ Shoot (shoots arrow forward until hits
wumpus or wall)
■ agent only has one arrow
■ Climb (exit the cave)
■ Environment:
■ 4x4 grid, start at (1,1) facing right
Wumpus Agent
■ Death
■ Agent dies if it enters a pit or square with
wumpus
■ Goal: get gold and climb back out. Don’t
die.
■ 1000 points for climbing out of cave with
gold
■ 1 point penalty for each action taken
■ 10,000 point penalty for death
Some complex reasoning
examples
■ Start in (1,1)
■ Breeze in (1,2) and (2,1)
■ Probably a pit in (2,2)
■ Smell in (1,1) – where can you go?
■ Pick a direction – shoot
■ Walk in that direction
■ Know where wumpus is
The use of logic
■ A logic: formal language for
representing information, rules for
drawing conclusions
■ Two kinds of logics:
■ Propositional Logic (Chap 7)
■ Represents facts

■ First Order Logic (Chap 8)


■ Represents facts, objects, and relations
Models and soundness
■ Model = “possible world”
■ A world m is a model of a sentence α if α is
true in m
■ α = It is raining today
■ α = The wumpus is not in (2,2)
■ Rules of inference allow us to derive new
sentences entailed by a knowledge base
■ Rules of inference must be sound: sentences
inferred by a KB should be entailed by that KB
■ What is a non-sound inference?
■ Video
Entailment
■ At any given time, we have a knowledge base
of information
■ If I were a train, I’d be late
■ If I were a rule, I would bend
■ I am a rule
■ The knowledge base KB entails α means α is
true in all worlds where KB is true
■ e.g. if α = “I would bend”
■ KB α
Propositional Logic: Syntax
Propositional Logic: Semantics
Inference by Enumeration
Enumeration Solution: is α
entailed by KB?
Enumeration is too
computationally intense
■ For n proposition symbols, enumeration
takes 2n rows (exponential)
■ Inference rules allow you to deduce
new sentences from the KB
■ Can use inference rules as operators in a
standard search algorithm
■ Think of testing if something as true as
searching for it
Common inference rules for
propositional logic
■ Modus Ponens (Implication-Elimination)

■ And-Elimination

And-Introduction

■ “Or Introduction”
Common inference rules for
propositional logic
■ Double-Negation Elimination

■ Unit Resolution

■ Resolution
Example of using logic in
Wumpus World
■ KB contains:

Stench
Agent
Start Breeze
KB also contains knowledge of
environment
■ No stench no wumpus nearby

■ Stench wumpus nearby


We can determine where
wumpus is!
■ Method 1: Truth table
■ At least 14 symbols currently: S1,1, S2,1, S1,2,
S2,2, W1,1, W2,1, W1,2, W2,2, W3,1, W1,3, B1,1, B2,1,
B1,2, B2,2
■ 214 rows, ouch!
We can determine where
wumpus is!
■ Method 2: Inference
■ Modus Ponens

■ And-Elimination
Inference continued...
■ Modus Ponens and And-Elimination again:

■ One more Modus Ponens:


Inference continued...
■ Unit Resolution:

Wumpus is in (1,3)!!!
Shoot it. Shoot where?
Determining action based on
knowledge

■ Propositional logic cannot answer well


the question “What action should I
take?”
■ It only answers “Should I take action
X?”
Propositional logic seems
inefficient
■ Rule: “Shoot if the wumpus is in front of
you”
■ 16 x 4 = 64 rules for the 4x4 grid
■ Ditto for pits
First-order logic to the rescue
■ Uses variables to represent generalities
■ Can reduce rules significantly

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