IT Project-2

On

IT SKILLS 2 (KMBN 251)

Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirements

For the award of the degree of

MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

To

DR. A.P.J. ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY LUCKNOW

Under the Guidance of: Submitted by

Anila Kumari
Mr. Piyush Kumar MBA-II Sem
Enrollment No
2301520700045

Session 2023-24

1
 Certificate

I, Anila Kumari Enrolment No. _2301520700045 from MBA-II Sem, of Mangalmay Institute of
Management & Technology, U.P. hereby declare that the Mini Project-2 (KMBN 251) entitled
_IT SKILLS 2 is an original work and the same has not been submitted to any other Institute for
the award of any other degree.

Date: Signature of the Student

Certified that the Mini Project-2 (KMBN 252) submitted in partial fulfillment of Master of
Business Administration (MBA) to be awarded by Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University
Lucknow by Anila Kumari Enrolment No. _2301520700045 has been completed under my
guidance and is Satisfactory.

Date: Name of the Faculty Guide:

Mr. Piyush Kumar

Signature of the Faculty Guide:

2
 Table of Content

S. No. Content Page No.

1 Assignment 1
 Pivot Table 4-17
 Analyzing Data using goal seek and solver.
2 Assignment 2
 Scenarios
 Create named Scenarios. 18-36
 Show, Edit, Delete Scenarios.
 Creating Scenario summary report.
3 Assignment 3
 Validation and Auditing.
 Set, edit validation criteria for data entry in a cell 37-40
range like: whole number, decimal, list, date,
time.
 Trace precedent and dependents.
4 Assignment 4
 Macros. 41- 44
 Creating Macros.
 Defining Macro Buttons
5 Assignment 5
 Creating and formatting charts.
 Understanding chart types. 45-49
 Differentiate between different charts.
 Create combination charts like: column and line,
column and area.
6 Assignment 6
 Column Chart.
 Bar Chart. 50-53
 Line Chart.
 Pie Chart.
 XY Scatter Chart.
 Area Chart.
 Surface Chart.
 Bubble Chart.

Assignment 1
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Pivot Table
A PivotTable is a powerful tool to calculate, summarize, and analyse data that lets you see
comparisons, patterns, and trends in your data. PivotTables work a little bit differently depending
on what platform you are using to run Excel.
What are pivot tables used for?
We know what pivot tables are, but what are they used for? Of course, pivot tables enable data
analysts to summarize large datasets into a concise and meaningful table which can be consumed
at a glance.
Pivot tables are also used to:
 group data into categories
 count the number of items in each category
 sum the items value
 compute average, find minimal or maximal value, and so on
How to create a pivot table in Excel
The basic steps for how to create a pivot table in Excel involve:
1. Insert a pivot table
2. Set an intention
3. Create a summary
4. Create a cross table
5. Create a visualization of the cross table
For this tutorial, we have fabricated some fictitious data to show you how to create a pivot table
in Excel with some concrete examples. This data table contains some employee information
about the staff of a tech company in the U.S. Here is what the table’s top rows look like:

There are 9 types of characteristics (columns) in this dataset: First Name, Surname, Gender,
State, Salary, Age, Family status, Occupation and Region, and 1340 rows of observations. We
will now create a pivot table out of this information and see what insights we can draw from it!
Step 1: Insert a pivot table
First step, you should select the entire table (you can easily do this by using the keyboard
shortcut (starting from cell A2) Ctrl+Shft+right arrow+down arrow for Windows). Once the

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entire table is selected, go to the ribbon above in your Excel and click on the Insert tab. From
there, select PivotTable.

This action will prompt another window, which will show you some options about where you
would like to place your pivot table.

The first highlighted option refers to the range of the selected data you want to use for the pivot
table. The second one asks you whether you would like to insert the pivot table in a new
worksheet or in the existing one. For the purposes of tidy working, putting the pivot table in a
new worksheet.

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The block surrounded in red is the main menu with pivot functionalities. What options you select
here will determine how your pivot table will eventually look.
Step 2: Set an intention
In order to show a couple of core functionalities in pivot tables, we will focus on the following
three outputs:
Create a summary for salaries across regions in the US
Create a cross table between gender and occupation
Create a visualization of the cross table from the previous step
Step 3: Create a summary

From this list you can pick which columns you need for your analysis. In our case, we need the
column “Region” and the column “Salary”. You can click on them and see them appear in the
second box with layout options, as well as in the left part of your workbook as a pivot table:

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Let us look more closely at the options we are given:
Values: In this box, you add the columns that you would like to show as an output of the
summary. For our example, this is the Salary column, because we are interested in the salary
figures per region.
Filters: Here you can create a custom filter, which enables you to exclude some parts of your data
and show only the items you find relevant for your analysis.
Columns and Rows: Here you can drag the input columns depending on whether you want them
to appear as columns or rows in the pivot table.
In Rows

In Columns

This will open a dropdown menu where you should select the last option—Value Field Settings.
This will prompt a window, where all of the options for the format of the value are presented:

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You can see here that the selected option now is Sum, which is why we see the sums of the
salaries in the pivot table. If you change it to Average, this will immediately alter the output in
the pivot table:

Step 4: Create a cross table

Since the “Occupation” column has more values than “Gender”, we will put it in Rows—this
will make the pivot table more readable. We will then put Gender in the Columns section to
achieve the fore mentioned crossing. The “Options” field now looks like this:

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In order to populate the table, we need to drag the “Gender” column into the “Values” box as
well. Remember, the “Values” section contains the actual numbers that are to be shown in the
pivot table:-

Step 5: Create a visualization of the cross table

To show the difference between gender distribution based on professional occupation, we will
create a bar chart. You need to do is go to the “Insert” tab in the ribbon again and select
“Recommended Charts” while you are in the worksheet where your pivot table is located.

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Selecting the suggested option will yield this graph:

Analyse data using goal seek and solver

How to Use Goal Seek in Excel
Goal Seek is already built into Excel. It's under the Data tab, in the WhatIf Analysis menu:

For this example, we'll be using a very simple set of numbers. We have three quarters' worth of
sales numbers and a yearly goal. We can use Goal Seek to figure out what the numbers need to
be in Q4 to make the goal.

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Here is how to use Goal Seek, step by step:
Click on Data > What If Analysis > Goal Seek. The Goal Seek window will pop up.
Put the "equals" part of your equation in the Set Cell field. This is the number that Excel will try
to optimize for.
Type your goal value into the to value field. We are looking for a total of 250,000 units sold, so
we'll put "250,000" in this field.

Hit OK to solve your goal.

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Click OK again, and you'll see the value that solves your equation in the cell that you chose
for By changing cell.

What Does Excel's Solver Do?

In short, Solver is like a multivariate version of Goal Seek. It can solve for a maximum value of
a number, a minimum value of a number, or an exact number. And it works within constraints, so
if one variable cannot be changed, or can only vary within a specified range, Solver will take that
into account.
How to Load the Solver AddIn
Head to File > (More... >) Options > Add-ins. Then click on Go next to Manage: Excel Add-ins.
If this dropdown says something other than "Excel Add-ins," you will need to change it:

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Make sure the box next to Solver AddIn is checked, and hit OK.

You'll now see the Solver Button in the Analysis Group of the Data tab:

How to Use Solver in Excel

Click Data > Solver. You'll see the Solver Parameters window below. (If you don't see the solver
button, see the previous section on how to load the Solver addin.)

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Set your cell objective and tell Excel your goal. The objective is at the top of the Solver window,
and it has two parts:
The objective cell and a choice of maximize, minimize, or a specific value.

If you select Max, Excel will adjust your variables to get the largest number possible in your
objective cell. Min is the opposite: Solver will minimize the objective number. Value Of lets you
specify a specific number for Solver to look for.
Choose the variable cells that Excel can change. The variable cells are set with the By Changing
Variable Cells field. Click the arrow next to the field, then click and drag to select the cells that
Solver should work with.

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Once all of this information is in place, hit Solve to get your answer
How to Set Constraints in Solver
You might tell Excel that one variable has to be greater than 200. When trying different variable
values, Excel won't go under 201 with that particular variable.

To add a constraint, click the Add button next to the constraint list. Then choose an operator.
<= (less than or equal to)
= (equal to)
=> (greater than or equal to)
int (must be an integer)
bin (must be either 1 or 0)
All Different
All Different is a little confusing. It specifies that every cell in the range that you select for Cell
Reference must be a different number. But it also specifies that they must be between 1 and the
number of cells.
So if you have three cells, you'll end up with the numbers 1, 2, and 3 (but not necessarily in that
order).

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A Solver Example

In it, we have five different jobs, each of which pays a different rate. We also have the number of
hours a theoretical worker has worked at each of those jobs in each week.
We can use the Solver add-in to find out how to maximize the total pay while keeping certain
variables within some constraints. Here are the constraints we will use:
No jobs can fall below four hours.
Job 4 must be greater than 12 hours.
Job 5 must be less than eleven hours.
The total hours worked must be equal to 40.
Here's how we'd set that up in Solver:

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Firstly, this table contains our current working hours.
And second, see that the values in the greater than and less than constraints are one higher or
lower than what is mentioned above.

To keep the new values, make sure Keep Solver Solution is checked and hit OK.

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 Assignment 2
What is a scenario in Excel?
A scenario in Excel is a data analysis tool you can implement and manage through the
spreadsheet application features. Excel scenarios are useful for forecasting potential values for
budgets, investments, revenues, profits and performance. Creating named scenarios in Microsoft
Excel allows you to save different sets of input values for your data and switch between them
easily to see the impact on your results. This feature is useful for what if analysis.
What are the benefits of creating scenarios in Excel?
● Identifying potential risks and opportunities
● Making better decisions
● Improving communication
How to Create a Scenario in Excel (Step by Step)
1. Take an example
Step 1: Open Excel

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Step 2: Create a New Worksheet

Step 3: Identify Variables

In your worksheet, identify the variables you want to change (input values) and the cell
containing the formula you want to analyse.

Step 4: Label the Cells

Label or name the cells with variables and the result cell for better clarity.

2. Create First Excel Scenario

Step 1: Go to the Data Tab, click on "What If Analysis" in the Data tab's menu.
Choose "Scenario Manager" from the "What If Analysis" menu.

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Step 2: Add Scenario:
In the Scenario Manager dialog, click "Add."

Step 3: Name the Scenario:

Give your scenario a descriptive name.

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Step 4: Specify Changing Cells:
Identify the cells that will change for this scenario by selecting them.

Step 5: Set Values for the Changing Cells:

Enter the values you want for these cells in the scenario.

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Step 6: Save the Scenario:
Click "OK" to save the scenario.

Step 7: Click the OK button, to return to the Scenario Manager.

Step 8: Click the Close button, to return to the worksheet

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3. Create Second Excel Scenario
Step 1: To prepare for the Second scenario, change the values in cells B1, B3 and B4, as
shown below

Step 2: Go to the Data Tab, click on "What If Analysis" in the Data tab's menu.
Choose "Scenario Manager" from the "What If Analysis" menu.

Step 3: Add another Scenario

In the Scenario Manager dialog, click "Add" again.

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Step 4: Name the Second Scenario
Give your second scenario a unique name.

Step 5: Specify Changing Cells for the Second Scenario

Identify the cells that will change for this scenario by selecting them.

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Step 6: Set Values for the Changing Cells:
Enter the values for the changing cells in this second scenario.

Page No.
Step 7: Save the Scenario:
Click "OK" to save the second scenario.

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Step 7: Click the OK button, to return Table of Content

Step 8: Click the Close button, to return to the worksheet

4. Show an Excel Scenario

Once you have created Scenarios, you can show them. Please follow these steps:
Step 1: In the Scenario Manager:
Select the scenario you want to view.

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Step 2: Click "Show":
Once you've selected a scenario, click the "Show" button.

Step 3: View the Scenario:

Excel will adjust the values of the specified cells to match the scenario, and you can observe the
impact on the formula result in your worksheet.

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5. Add Scenario to Excel Ribbon
Step 1: Customize Ribbon:
Right click on the Ribbon, and click Customize the Ribbon

Step 2: Add Scenario Manager:

On the right side, choose "All Commands" from the dropdown

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Step 3: Data tools:
In the list of commands that are currently on the Ribbon, click the plus sign for Data, and then
click Data Tools. That group contains the Scenario Manager, so we'll add the new group beside
it.

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Step 4: Below the list, click the New Group button.

Step 5: Then, click the Rename button, type Scenario as the name for the group, and click
OK

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Step 6: At the left, in the list of All Commands, scroll down to find Scenario
Make sure that the new Scenario group is still selected in the list at the right.
Click on Scenario, and then click Add, to put Scenario in the Scenario group.

Step 7: Click OK, to close the window, then click the Data tab, and select a Scenario to view

CREATE A NAMED SCENARIO

Use Scenario
1. Select the cells that contain values that could change.
2. Click the Data tab on the ribbon.
3. Click the What If Analysis button.
4. Select Scenario Manager.
5. The Scenario Manager Dialog box appears with the message “No Scenarios
defined. Choose Add to add scenarios.

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6. Click the Add button to add a new scenario.
7. Type a name for the new scenario.

8. Click OK.
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 9. Update any values you want to see for the given scenario.
10. Click OK.
11. Click the Show button.

Show, Edit, Delete Scenarios in Ms excel

Show a Scenario
Once you have created Scenarios, you can show them. In this example, the Finance scenario is
currently visible. To change to a different scenario:

1. On the Ribbon's Data tab, click What If Analysis, then click Scenario Manager.
2. The Scenario Manager dialog box opens, showing a list of scenarios in the workbook
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 3. In the list of Scenarios, select Marketing
4. Click the Show button
5. Click the Close button.

Edit a scenario
Once a scenario is saved, you can later edit it without the necessity of editing the worksheet and
resaving the scenario. Instead, you use the Scenario Manager to do the editing. Follow these
steps:

1. Choose Scenarios from the Tools menu. Excel displays the Scenario Manager.
2. Highlight the name of the scenario whose values you want to change.
3. Click on the Edit button. Excel displays the Edit Scenario dialog box. (See Figure 1.)

4. Change the name of the scenario, cell range it refers to, or any comments, as desired.
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 5. Click on the OK button. Excel displays the Scenario Values dialog box. (See Figure 2.)

6. Change the values stored in the scenario, as desired.

7. Click on the OK button. Your changes are saved and the Scenario Manager is again
displayed.
8. Repeat steps 2 through 7 for any other scenarios you want to change.
9. Click on Close to dismiss the Scenario Manager.

Delete a Scenario

1. Go to Maintenance > Admin > Scenario Setup.

2. Select the scenario that you want to delete.

3. Click the Delete icon. A confirmation dialog box appears.

4. Click Delete.

Create a Scenario Summary Report in Excel

To create a Scenario Summary:

 On the Ribbon, click the Data tab.

 Click What-If Analysis, then click Scenario Manager. (In earlier versions, click
Tools>Scenarios)
 In the Scenario Manager, click the Summary button
 In the Scenario Summary dialog box, for Report type, select Scenario Summary
 Click in the Result cells box, and on the worksheet, click the Total calculation cell (C12).
 Click OK, to close the dialog box.

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A Scenario Summary sheet is added to the workbook.

 To show or hide the details, click the + / – buttons at the left side and top of the
worksheet

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 Assignment 3
Validation and Auditing
Data validation in Excel refers to setting specific criteria for accepting data in a cell or range of
cells. This feature prevents users from entering invalid data that could lead to errors in
calculations, reports, and automated processes. For example, you can restrict data entry to a
certain range of numbers, dates, or a list of predefined items, ensuring that data adheres to the
required format and standards.

Steps to Set Up Data Validation:

1. Select the cells where you want to apply data validation.

2. Go to the Data tab on the Ribbon.
3. Click on Data Validation in the Data Tools group.
4. In the Data Validation dialog box, define your validation criteria and set up input
messages and error alerts if needed.

Auditing

Auditing in Excel refers to the process of tracking and reviewing changes, errors, and
dependencies in your worksheets. This helps identify issues and understand the relationships
between different cells.
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Steps to Use Auditing Tools:

1. Select the cell you want to audit.

2. Go to the Formulas tab on the Ribbon.
3. Use the tools in the Formula Auditing group, such as Trace Precedents, Trace
Dependents, Error Checking, Evaluate Formula, and Watch Window.

By using data validation and auditing tools, you can enhance the reliability and transparency of
your Excel worksheets, making them more robust and easier to maintain.

Set, edit validation criteria for data entry in a cell range like: whole number, decimal, list,
date, time
To set and edit validation criteria for data entry in a cell range in Microsoft Excel, follow
these steps:
Setting Data Validation Criteria
1. Select the Cell Range:
Click and drag to select the range of cells where you want to apply data validation.
2. Open the Data Validation Dialog Box:
Go to the Data tab on the Ribbon.
Click on Data Validation in the Data Tools group.
In the dropdown menu, click Data Validation again.
3. Define Validation Criteria:
In the Data Validation dialog box, go to the Settings tab.
Under Allow, choose the type of data you want to allow:
Whole Number: Restricts entries to whole numbers.
Decimal: Restricts entries to decimal numbers.
List: Restricts entries to values from a predefined list.
Date: Restricts entries to dates.
Time: Restricts entries to times.
Criteria for Each Data Type
Whole Number
Data: Choose from criteria such as between, not between, equal to, not equal to, greater than, less
than, etc.
Minimum/Maximum: Enter the minimum and maximum values if you chose "between" or "not
between".
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Example: Allow only numbers between 1 and 100.
Decimal
Data: Choose from criteria such as between, not between, equal to, not equal to, greater than, less
than, etc.
Minimum/Maximum: Enter the minimum and maximum values if you chose "between" or "not
between".
Example: Allow only decimal numbers between 0.5 and 10.5.
List
Source: Enter a list of valid entries separated by commas or refer to a range containing the list
values.
Example: `Apples, Bananas, Oranges` or `=$A$1: $A$3`.
Example: Allow only the entries "Yes", "No", or "Maybe".
Date
Data: Choose from criteria such as between, not between, equal to, not equal to, greater than, less
than, etc.
Start/End Date: Enter the start and end dates if you chose "between" or "not between".
Example: Allow only dates between 01/01/2022 and 12/31/2022.
Time
Data: Choose from criteria such as between, not between, equal to, not equal to, greater than, less
than, etc.
Start/End Time: Enter the start and end times if you chose "between" or "not between".
Example: Allow only times between 09:00 AM and 05:00 PM.
Editing Validation Criteria
1. Select the Cell Range:
Select the cells with existing data validation rules.
2. Open the Data Validation Dialog Box:
Go to the Data tab on the Ribbon.
Click on Data Validation in the Data Tools group.
In the dropdown menu, click Data Validation again.
3. Edit the Criteria:
Modify the criteria in the Settings tab as needed.

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 Adjust the Input Message and Error Alert if necessary.
4. Apply Changes:
Click OK to apply the changes.
By following these steps, you can set and edit data validation criteria in Excel.
Trace precedent and dependents.
In financial modelling, trace precedents and trace dependents are crucial for understanding the
relationships between variables and formulas. Financial analysts can use these tools to quickly
identify the source of errors in their models and ensure that all inputs and outputs are properly
connected. This is especially important in complex financial models that involve numerous
variables and calculations, where even a small error can have a significant impact on the overall
results

How to Trace Precedents in Excel

The Trace Precedents tool in Excel allows you to see which cells are involved in the calculation
of a single selected cell. Here is how to use it:
1. Select the cell you want to trace precedents for.
2. Go to the “Formula Auditing” group on the “Formulas” tab.
3. Click on the “Trace Precedents” button (or Ctrl +]). Excel will draw arrows to show the
cells that are used in the calculation of the selected cell.
4. If the cell has multiple precedents, you can use the “Trace Precedents” button again to
trace the precedents of the precedent cells.
5. To remove the arrows, click on the “Remove Arrows” button in the “Formula Auditing”
group.
How to Trace Dependents in Excel
The Trace Dependents tool in Excel allows you to see which cells are affected by the value of a
selected cell. Here’s how to use it:
1. Select the cell you want to trace dependents for.
2. Go to the “Formula Auditing” group on the “Formulas” tab.
3. Click on the “Trace Dependents” button ( or Ctrl + [ ). Excel will draw arrows to show
the cells that are affected by the value of the selected cell.
4. If the cell has multiple dependents, you can use the “Trace Dependents” button again to
trace the dependents of the dependent cells.
5. To remove the arrows, click on the “Remove Arrows” button in the “Formula Auditing”
group.

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 Assignment 4
Macros
A macro is a series of commands and actions that can be stored and run whenever you need to
perform a computer task. Use macros to automate actions that you perform repeatedly or on a
regular basis.
You may choose to use macros in Excel for a range of functions. Some of the most common uses
for macro automation can include:
 Data management
 Pivot tables
 Sheet tidying
 Workbook management
Creating Macros.
1. Click View > Macros > Record Macro.

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2. Type a name for the macro.

3. To use this macro in any new documents you make, be sure the Store macro in box says All Documents
(Normal.dotm).

4. To run your macro when you click a button, click Button.

5. Click the new macro (it’s named something like Normal.NewMacros.<your macro name>), and
click Add.

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6. Click Modify.

7. Choose a button image, type the name you want, and click OK twice.

8. Now it’s time to record the steps. Click the commands or press the keys for each step in the task. Word
records your clicks and keystrokes.
9. To stop recording, click View > Macros > Stop Recording.

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The button for your macro appears on the Quick Access Toolbar.

To run the macro, click the button.

How to run a macro in Excel

To run a macro, click the button on the Quick Access Toolbar, press the keyboard shortcut, or
you can run the macro from the Macros list.

1. Click View > Macros > View Macros.

2. In the list under Macro name, click the macro you want to run.
3. Click Run.

Defining Macro Buttons

Add a macro button to the Quick Access Toolbar
Click File > Options > Quick Access Toolbar.
In the Choose commands from list, click Macros.

44
Assignment 5

45
Creating and formatting charts.
Creating a Chart

1. To create a basic chart in Excel that you can modify and format later, start
by entering the data for the chart on a worksheet

2. Then simply select that data (including titles) and press F11. This
creates an instant column chart in a new tab, which can be customized
to meet your needs.

46
 3. Or, instead of pressing F11, go to the Insert tab and select the type of chart you would
like to create.

4. This creates a chart embedded in the datasheet.

Formatting Charts

1. Select the chart. This activates the Chart Tools on the Ribbon.

2. Use the features available on the Design tab to:

a. Change the chart type.
b. Swap the rows and columns or adjust what data is charted. For example,
switching the columns and rows changes the look of the chart, even though the

47
Raw data has not changed:

c. Apply a Chart Style.

d. Move the chart (from the datasheet to its own tab or vice versa).
3. Use the features available on the Layout tab to:

a. Insert a picture, shape, or text box.

b. Adjust the labels, including moving the legend, editing titles,
and adding data labels (like values).
c. Adjust the axes and gridlines (for example, showing
numbers on the axis in millions or adding or removing
gridlines).
d. Format the background.
e. Add trend lines to forecast future data or error bars to show
potential error amounts.
4. Use the features available on the Format tab to:

a. Apply a style, fill, outline, or effect. (For example, to

change the color of the bars.)
b. Apply and format WordArt.
c. Use the dropdown list in the Current Selection group to
quickly adjust which area of the chart you want to format.

Different Type of Chart

1) Column Chart: - A Column Chart should be used when you want to compare multiple
values across categories.

48
2) Bar Chart: - Like a Column Chart. Bar Chart is also used when you want to compare
values across categories; however, this Chart represents values in a horizontal bar.
3) Area Chart: - An Area Chart is used to show a change among various datasets.
4) Line Chart: - It must be used to show trends over a period.
5) Surface Chart: - Choose a Surface Chart when you need to analyse the ideal combination
between data sets.
6) Scatter Chart: - If you want to show similarities among different datasets or compare data
points regardless of the time, use Scatter Charts.
7) Pie Chart: - Use a Pie Chart to quantify the data values and display them as percentage.
8) Radar Chart: - It is used to compare multiple values relative multiple categories.
9) Doughnut Chart: - Doughnut Chart is used when you want to represent multiple data
series that total up to a 100 per cent.
10) Combo Chart: - Combo Charts are used when you have mixed type of data across data
series.

Create combination charts like: column and line, column and area.
A combination chart is a chart that combines two or more chart types in a single chart.
To create a combination chart, execute the following steps.
1. Select the range A1:C13.

2. On the Insert tab, in the Charts group, click the Combo symbol.

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3. Click Create Custom Combo Chart.

4. For the Rainy Days series, choose Clustered Column as the chart type.
5. For the Profit series, choose Line as the chart type.
6. Plot the Profit series on the secondary axis.

7. Click OK.
Result:

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 Assignment 6
1. Column chart
A column chart is a technique for data visualization where categories are represented in the
form of vertical columns. They allow easy comparisons among a number of items and
trends analysis.

2. Line chart

A line chart, also known as a line graph or curve chart is a graphical representation used to
display data points connected by straight lines. This type of chart is particularly useful for
visualizing trends, changes, and relationships in data over a continuous interval, often time.

51
3. Bar chart

A bar chart is a chart or graph that presents categorical data with rectangular bars with
heights or lengths proportional to the values that they represent. The bars can be plotted
vertically or horizontally. A vertical bar chart is sometimes called a column chart.

4. Pie and doughnut charts

Data that's arranged in one column or row on a worksheet can be plotted in a pie chart. Pie
charts show the size of items in one data series, proportional to the sum of the items. The data
points in a pie chart are shown as a percentage of the whole pie.

5. XY (scatter) and bubble chart

Data that's arranged in columns and rows on a worksheet can be plotted in an xy (scatter)
chart. Place the x values in one row or column, and then enter the corresponding y values in
the adjacent rows or columns.

A scatter chart has two value axes: a horizontal (x) and a vertical (y) value axis. It combines x
and y values into single data points and shows them in irregular intervals, or clusters. Scatter
charts are typically used for showing and comparing numeric values, like scientific,
statistical, and engineering data.

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6. Area chart

Area charts can be used to plot change over time and draw attention to the total value across a
trend. By showing the sum of the plotted values, an area chart also shows the relationship of
parts to a whole.

7. Surface chart

This chart is useful when you want to find optimum combinations between two sets of data.
As in a topographic map, colours and patterns indicate areas that are in the same range of
values. You can create a surface chart when both categories and data series are numeric
values.

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8. Bubble chart

Much like a scatter chart, a bubble chart adds a third column to specify the size of the bubbles
it shows to represent the data points in the data series.

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