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Genetics Forensic

Dr.Zeinab Hanafy

By/Rawda ashraf abu-bakr gebaly

4th level-zoology debartment
What is genetics forensic?

Forensic Genetics is concerned with providing data and

intelligence to law enforcement in forensic investigations and to
civil authorities for geographic ancestry, genetic genealogy and
allegations of doping in sport.

History of forensic DNA analysis

Forensic DNA analysis was introduced in the 1980s, and since

then evolved into a powerful tool for practicing paternity testing for
children to determine the parents and in criminal justice to crack
the case on crime scenes. What makes DNA so powerful and
useful is because each person’s DNA is different, unless you are
an identical twin, in that case, your DNA is identical to that of your
twin sibling

DNA forensics was first reported in 1984 by Dr. Alec Jefferys at

the University of Leicester when he realized that DNA contained
sequences that continued to repeat next to each other.
He also figured out that these sequences that were repeated
were different for each individual. After this discovery Dr. Jefferys
had paved the way for the development of identity tests. Later on
in 1987 genetic fingerprinting was made available when Imperial
Chemical Industries, a chemical company in England, started a
center that tests blood

First few cases of DNA Forensic Analysis

Some interesting cases through the years have been from a
woman, Anna Anderson, when she claimed that she was Grand
Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia. After Anna Anderson
passed away, samples of her skin tissues was stored at a
Charlottesville, Virginia hospital. When DNA fingerprinting was
discovered, Anne Anderson’s tissues were tested and proven that
.she had no relations to the Romanovs

The 1987 United States first used DNA testing in the case of
Tommy Andrews, a Florida rapist, who was accused of raping a
woman during a burglary. Because of DNA testing, Tommy Lee
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Andrews was convicted because of the proven DNA that matched
with the DNA that was collected from the crime scene.
Tommy Lee Andrews was sentenced to 22 years in prison after
he was convicted of this crime

The popular DNA testing became extremely popular in the case

of the O.J Simpson when he was accused of a double murder.
O.J Simpson could not be convicted of the murders because it
was said that the laboratory had difficulties,
so the procedure of DNA started to be doubted slightly, but this
type of testing still continued to be used in similar cases such as
this.
The core of genetics
forensic
Deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA) plays a vital role in
forensic science through
exonerating the innocent
and convicting the guilty.
The genetic material in
DNA allows the
identification of the
perpetrator by the
processing and the analysis of biological evidence transferred in
the crime scene.
its represents a combination of molecular and population
genetics. Personal identification and kinship analysis (e.g.
paternity testing) are the two main subjects of forensic DNA
analysis. Biological specimens from which DNA is isolated are
blood, semen, saliva, tissues, bones, teeth, hairs."
How performed?
These biological materials take a variety of forms from buccal
swabs, saliva, semen, blood, vaginal swabs to touch DNA.
The materials are sometimes deposited in trace amounts on a
surface without knowledge from the perpetrator

Through the processing of DNA from biological fluid samples,

alongside DNA statistical interpretation, the identification of an
individual can be done. This is done when swabbing known
profiles from the scene, and through DNA databases, such as
Combined DNA Index System or CODIS. CODIS contains
reference profiles from past offenders, can be used to search for
the questioned profile when a known profile is not available

Human Identification before DNA

DNA profiling or genetic fingerprinting for forensic and human
identification purposes had only begun in the early 1980s. This
method of identification was discovered when the British
geneticist, Sir Alec John Jeffreys observed the similarities and
distinguishing characteristics of DNA within a family in his lab in
Leicester.
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This method was then first used to resolve an immigration case
in determining the genetic relationship of a British boy to his
family members with Ghanaian origins
With the efficiency and the reliability of this scientific method,
DNA fingerprinting was used for police work in identifying the
murder cases of Lynda Mann and Dawn Ashworth, the first
criminal case of many that are solved through the power of DNA.
Nevertheless, other genetic markers, blood group testing, and
protein profiling were the best methods at the time to exclude
individuals as contributors from biological specimens at a crime
scene

The four blood types were identified by the Austrian researcher,

Karl Landsteiner in 1900 with 42% of the population observed as
type A, 12% as type B, 3% as type AB and 43% as type O. The
ABO blood types were the first genetic evidence presented in
court for paternity disputes and forensic purposes in Europe and
the United States.

’The meaning behind a ‘DNA match

When DNA profiles from questioned
and known samples are available,
one of the three possible outcomes
is stated in a report: inclusion,
exclusion, and inconclusive.
Inclusion or a match indicates that
the same genotypes are observed
on the peaks between the two short
tandem repeat (STR) profiles and
the technical differences between
.the profiles can be explained

Exclusion or a nonmatch explains that the genotypes within the

profiles differ and this represents that the samples originate from
different sources. While inconclusive indicates that there is
insufficient information to lead to a conclusion and if two DNA
.analysts are in disagreement during the technical review process

In addition, a ‘match’ can indicate one of three possibilities; the

suspect deposited the sample, the suspect did not deposit the
sample but there is a false positive caused by the laboratory
processing, or the suspect did not deposit the sample but
happened to have the sample. Nonetheless, regardless of how
many loci match, when one STR locus does not match when two
genotypes of the samples are compared, the questioned and the
known samples are reported as a nonmatch.

Advantages Disadvantages
Small amounts of evidence can Speedy analysis of DNA
be amplified and used to Genetic evidence may lead to
produce accurate profiles an overabundance of cases
based solely on circumstantial
evidence and may not be easily
understood by the common
man. This can lead to
misinterpretation of evidence
.and wrong decisions

Majority of crimes committed in The accuracy of DNA testing

today’s society are against the results can be reduced by;
person (physical), and crime scene environmental
frequently leave behind factors ;low gene count from
biological evidence, by which samples; human error; the
the perpetrator can be identified occasional case of fraud and
using databases fake results; thus reducing the
credibility of the database
system.
Due to high selectivity and Potential mishandling of such
accuracy of DNA testing, the personal information. Also the
volume of inaccurate privacy concerns associated
convictions will be decreased with databases
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‫فرع البنات‬
Butler, J. (2010). Fundamentals of forensic DNA typing.
.Amsterdam: Academic Press/Elsevier
Ballantyne, J. (2000). Serology: Overview. In J.A. Siegel, et
al. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of forensic sciences. 3rd ed. pp.
.1322 – 1331
Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods. (2000).
Short tandem repeat (STR) interpretation guidelines.
Forensic Science Communication, [online] 2(3). Available at:
https://www.fbi.gov/ (Accessed 12 May 2021)
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