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jhtp_13_GraphicsJava2D.FM Page 1 Wednesday, July 16, 2014 12:37 PM

Graphics and Java 2D 13

Treat nature in terms of the
cylinder, the sphere, the cone, all
in perspective.
—Paul Cézanne

Colors, like features, follow the

changes of the emotions.
—Pablo Picasso

Nothing ever becomes real till it

is experienced—even a proverb
is no proverb to you till your life
has illustrated it.
—John Keats

Objectives
In this chapter you’ll:
■ Understand graphics
contexts and graphics
objects.
■ Manipulate colors and fonts.
■ Use methods of class
Graphics to draw various
shapes.
■ Use methods of class
Graphics2D from the Java
2D API to draw various
shapes.
■ Specify Paint and Stroke
characteristics of shapes
displayed with
Graphics2D.
jhtp_13_GraphicsJava2D.FM Page 2 Wednesday, July 16, 2014 12:37 PM

2 Chapter 13 Graphics and Java 2D

Self-Review Exercises
13.1 Fill in the blanks in each of the following statements:
a) In Java 2D, method of class sets the characteristics of a stroke used
to draw a shape.
ANS:
b) Class helps specify the fill for a shape such that the fill gradually changes from
one color to another.
ANS:
c) The method of class Graphics draws a line between two points.
ANS:
d) RGB is short for , and .
ANS:
e) Font sizes are measured in units called .
ANS:
f) Class helps specify the fill for a shape using a pattern drawn in a BufferedImage.
ANS:
13.2 State whether each of the following is true or false. If false, explain why.
a) The first two arguments of Graphics method drawOval specify the center coordinate of
the oval.
ANS:
b) In the Java coordinate system, x-coordinates increase from left to right and y-coordi-
nates from top to bottom.
ANS:
c) Graphics method fillPolygon draws a filled polygon in the current color.
ANS:
d) Graphics method drawArc allows negative angles.
ANS:
e) Graphics method getSize returns the size of the current font in centimeters.
ANS:
f) Pixel coordinate (0, 0) is located at the exact center of the monitor.
ANS:
13.3 Find the error(s) in each of the following and explain how to correct them. Assume that g
is a Graphics object.
a) g.setFont("SansSerif");
ANS:
b) g.erase(x, y, w, h); // clear rectangle at (x, y)
ANS:
c) Font f = new Font("Serif", Font.BOLDITALIC, 12);
ANS:
d) g.setColor(255, 255, 0); // change color to yellow
ANS:

Answers to Self-Review Exercises

13.1 a) setStroke, Graphics2D. b) GradientPaint. c) drawLine. d) red, green, blue. e) points.
f) TexturePaint.
13.2 a) False. The first two arguments specify the upper-left corner of the bounding rectangle.
b) True.
c) True.
jhtp_13_GraphicsJava2D.FM Page 3 Wednesday, July 16, 2014 12:37 PM

Exercises 3

d) True.
e) False. Font sizes are measured in points.
f) False. The coordinate (0,0) corresponds to the upper-left corner of a GUI component
on which drawing occurs.
13.3 a) The setFont method takes a Font object as an argument—not a String.
b) The Graphics class does not have an erase method. The clearRect method should be
used.
c) Font.BOLDITALIC is not a valid font style. To get a bold italic font, use Font.BOLD +
Font.ITALIC.
d) Method setColor takes a Color object as an argument, not three integers.

Exercises
NOTE: Solutions to the programming exercises are located in the ch13solutions folder.
Each exercise has its own folder named ex13_## where ## is a two-digit number represent-
ing the exercise number. For example, exercise 13.17’s solution is located in the folder
ex13_17.
13.4 Fill in the blanks in each of the following statements:
a) Class of the Java 2D API is used to draw ovals.
ANS: Ellipse2D.
b) Methods draw and fill of class Graphics2D require an object of type as their
argument.
ANS: Shape.
c) The three constants that specify font style are , and .
ANS: Font.PLAIN, Font.BOLD and Font.ITALIC.
d) Graphics2D method sets the painting color for Java 2D shapes.
ANS: setColor.
13.5 State whether each of the following is true or false. If false, explain why.
a) Graphics method drawPolygon automatically connects the endpoints of the polygon.
ANS: True.
b) Graphics method drawLine draws a line between two points.
ANS: True.
c) Graphics method fillArc uses degrees to specify the angle.
ANS: True.
d) In the Java coordinate system, values on the y-axis increase from left to right.
ANS: False. In the Java coordinate system, values on the y-axis increase from top to bottom.
e) Graphics inherits directly from class Object.
ANS: True.
f) Graphics is an abstract class.
ANS: True.
g) The Font class inherits directly from class Graphics.
ANS: False. Class Font inherits directly from class Object.
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
 Tantallon Castle.

The profit of walking in the footsteps of the past is that you learn
the value of the privilege of life in the present. The men and women
of the past had their opportunity and each improved it after his kind.
These are the same plains in which Wallace and Bruce fought for the
honour, and established the supremacy, of the kingdom of Scotland.
The same sun gilds these plains to-day, the same sweet wind blows
over them, and the same sombre, majestic ocean breaks in solemn
murmurs on their shore. "Hodie mihi, cras tibi,"—as it was written on
the altar skulls in the ancient churches. Yesterday belonged to them;
to-day belongs to us; and well will it be for us if we improve it. In
such an historic town as Berwick the lesson is brought home to a
thoughtful mind with convincing force and significance. So much has
happened here,—and every actor in the great drama is long since
dead and gone! Hither came King John, and slaughtered the people
as if they were sheep, and burnt the city,—himself applying the torch
to the house in which he had slept. Hither came Edward the First,
and mercilessly butchered the inhabitants, men, women, and
children, violating even the sanctuary of the churches. Here, in his
victorious days, Sir William Wallace reigned and prospered; and
here, when Menteith's treachery had wrought his ruin, a fragment of
his mutilated body was long displayed upon the bridge. Here, in the
castle, of which only a few fragments now remain (these being
adjacent to the North British railway station), Edward the First
caused to be confined in a wooden cage that intrepid Countess of
Buchan who had crowned Robert Bruce, at Scone. Hither came
Edward the Third, after the battle of Halidon Hill, which lies close by
this place, had finally established the English power in Scotland. All
the princes that fought in the wars of the Roses have been in
Berwick and have wrangled over the possession of it. Richard the
Third doomed it to isolation. Henry the Seventh declared it a neutral
state. By Elizabeth it was fortified,—in that wise sovereign's resolute
and vigorous resistance to the schemes of the Roman Catholic
church for the dominance of her kingdom. John Knox preached here,
in a church on Hide Hill, before he went to Edinburgh to shake the
throne with his tremendous eloquence. The picturesque, unhappy
James the Fourth went from this place to Ford Castle and Lady
Heron, and thence to his death, at Flodden Field. Here it was that Sir
John Cope first paused in his fugitive ride from the fatal field of
Preston, and here he was greeted as affording the only instance in
which the first news of a defeat had been brought by the
vanquished General himself. And within sight of Berwick ramparts
are those perilous Farne islands, where, at the wreck of the steamer
Forfarshire, in 1838, the heroism of a woman wrote upon the historic
page of her country, in letters of imperishable glory, the name of
Grace Darling. (There is a monument to her memory, in Bamborough
churchyard.) Imagination, however, has done for this region what
history could never do. Each foot of this ground was known to Sir
Walter Scott, and for every lover of that great author each foot of it
is hallowed. It is the Border Land,—the land of chivalry and song,
the land that he has endeared to all the world,—and you come to it
mainly for his sake.

"Day set on Norhams castled steep,

And Tweed's fair river, broad and deep,
And Cheviot's mountains lone."

Norham Castle—in the time of Marmion.

The village of Norham lies a few miles west of Berwick, upon the
south bank of the Tweed,—a group of cottages clustered around a
single long street. The buildings are low and are mostly roofed with
dark slate or red tiles. Some of them are thatched, and grass and
flowers grow wild upon the thatch. At one end of the main highway
is a market-cross, near to which is a little inn. Beyond that and
nearer to the Tweed, which flows close beside the place, is a church
of great antiquity, set toward the western end of a long and ample
churchyard, in which many graves are marked with tall, thick,
perpendicular slabs, many with dark, oblong tombs, tumbling to
ruin, and many with short, stunted monuments. The church tower is
low, square, and of enormous strength. Upon the south side of the
chancel are five windows, beautifully arched,—the dog-toothed
casements being uncommonly complete specimens of that ancient
architectural device. This church has been restored; the south aisle
in 1846, by I. Bononi; the north aisle in 1852, by E. Gray. The
western end of the churchyard is thickly masked in great trees, and
looking directly east from this point your gaze falls upon all that is
left of the stately Castle of Norham, formerly called Ublanford,—built
by Flamberg, Bishop of Durham, in 1121, and restored by Hugh
Pudsey, another Prince of that See, in 1164. It must once have been
a place of tremendous fortitude and of great extent. Now it is wide
open to the sky, and nothing of it remains but roofless walls and
crumbling arches, on which the grass is growing and the pendent
bluebells tremble in the breeze. Looking through the embrasures of
the east wall you see the tops of large trees that are rooted in the
vast trench below, where once were the dark waters of the moat. All
the courtyards are covered now with sod, and quiet sheep nibble
and lazy cattle couch where once the royal banners floated and
plumed and belted knights stood round their king. It was a day of
uncommon beauty,—golden with sunshine and fresh with a
perfumed air; and nothing was wanting to the perfection of solitude.
Near at hand a thin stream of pale blue smoke curled upward from a
cottage chimney. At some distance the sweet voices of playing
children mingled with the chirp of small birds and the occasional
cawing of the rook. The long grasses that grow upon the ruin moved
faintly, but made no sound. A few doves were seen, gliding in and
out of crevices in the mouldering turret. And over all, and calmly and
coldly speaking the survival of nature when the grandest works of
man are dust, sounded the rustle of many branches in the heedless
wind.
 The day was setting over Norham as I drove away,—the red sun
slowly obscured in a great bank of slate-coloured cloud,—but to the
last I bent my gaze upon it, and that picture of ruined magnificence
can never fade out of my mind. The road eastward toward Berwick
is a green lane, running between harvest-fields, which now were
thickly piled with golden sheaves, while over them swept great flocks
of sable rooks. There are but few trees in that landscape,—scattered
groups of the ash and the plane,—to break the prospect. For a long
time the stately ruin remained in view,—its huge bulk and serrated
outline, relieved against the red and gold of sunset, taking on the
perfect semblance of a colossal cathedral, like that of Iona, with vast
square tower, and chancel, and nave: only, because of its jagged
lines, it seems in this prospect as if shaken by a convulsion of nature
and tottering to its momentary fall. Never was illusion more perfect.
Yet as the vision faded I could remember only the illusion that will
never fade,—the illusion that a magical poetic genius has cast over
those crumbling battlements, rebuilding the shattered towers, and
pouring through their ancient halls the glowing tide of life and love,
of power and pageant, of beauty, light, and song.

THE END
 FOOTNOTES
[1]
"In thy mind thou conjoinest life's practical
knowledge,
And a temper unmoved by the changes of fortune,
Whatsoever her smile or her frown,
Neither bowed nor elate,—but erect"

LORD LYTTON'S TRANSLATION

[2] Since these words were written a plain headstone of white
marble has been placed on this spot, bearing the following
inscription:—
"Matthew Arnold, eldest son of the late Thomas Arnold, D.D.,
Head Master of Rugby School. Born December 24, 1822. Died April
15, 1888. There is sprung up a light for the righteous, and joyful
gladness for such as are true-hearted."
The Letters of Matthew Arnold, published in 1895, contain
touching allusions to Laleham Churchyard. At Harrow, February 27,
1869, the poet wrote: "It is a wonderfully clear, bright day, with a
cold wind, so I went to a field on the top of the hill, whence I can
see the clump of Botleys and the misty line of the Thames, where
Tommy lies at the foot of them. I often go for this view on a clear
day." At London, August 2, 1869, he wrote: "On Saturday Flu and I
went together to Laleham. It was exactly a year since we had
driven there with darling Tommy and the other two boys, to see
Basil's grave; he enjoyed the drive, and Laleham, and the river, and
Matt Buckland's garden, and often talked of them afterwards. And
now we went to see his grave, poor darling. The two graves are a
perfect garden, and are evidently the sight of the churchyard,
where there is nothing else like them; a path has been trodden
over the grass to them by people coming and going. It was a soft,
mild air, and we sat a long time by the graves."
[3] The crime was committed on November 4, 1820. The victim was
a farmer, named William Hirons. The assassins, four in number,
named Quiney, Sidney, Hawtrey, and Adams, were hanged, at
Warwick, in April, 1821.
[4] Arthur Hodgson, born in 1818, was educated at Eton and at
Cambridge. He went to Australia in 1839, and made a fortune as a
sheep-farmer. He served the State in various public offices, and
was knighted by Queen Victoria. He has been five times Mayor of
Stratford-upon-Avon.
[5] An entry in the Diocesan Register of Worcester states that in
1374 "John Clopton of Stretforde obtained letters dimissory to the
order of priest."—In 1477 Pope Sixtus the Fourth authorized John
Clopton to perform divine service in Clopton manor-house.—Mrs.
Gaskell, then Miss Byerley, saw the attic chapel at Clopton, in 1820,
and wrote a description of it at that time.
[6] The original sign of the Shoulder of Mutton, which once hung
before that house, was painted by Grubb, who also painted the
remarkable portrait of the Corporation Cook, which now hangs in
the town hall of Stratford,—given to the borough by the late Henry
Graves, of London.
[7] When the moat was disused three "jack bottles" were found in
its bed, made of coarse glass, and bearing on the shoulder of each
bottle the crest of John-a-Combe. These relics are in the collection
of Sir Arthur Hodgson.
[8] It is said that the remains of Lord Lovat were, soon after his
execution, secretly removed, and buried at his home near
Inverness, and that the head was sewed to the body.
[9] Robert Dudley [1532-1588] seems not to have been an
admirable man, but certain facts of his life appear to have been
considerably misrepresented. He married Amy Robsart, daughter of
Sir John Robsart, of Siderstern, Norfolk, on June 4, 1550, publicly,
and in presence of King Edward the Sixth. Amy Robsart never
became Countess of Leicester, but died, in 1560, four years before
Dudley became Earl of Leicester, by a "mischance,"—namely, an
accidental fall downstairs,—at Cumnor Hall, near Abingdon. She
was not at Kenilworth, as represented in Scott's novel, at the time
of the great festival in honour of Queen Elizabeth, in 1575, because
at that time she had been dead fifteen years. Dudley secretly
married Douglas Howard, Lady Sheffield, in 1572-73, but would
never acknowledge her. His third wife was the Lætitia whose
affection deplores him, in the Beauchamp chapel.
[10] Those cedars are ranked with the most superb trees in the
British Islands. Two of the group were torn up by the roots during a
terrific gale, which swept across England, leaving ruin in its track,
on Sunday, March 24, 1895.
[11] Length. Height of Tower.
Winchester 556 ft. 138 ft.
St. Albans 548 ft. 4 in. 144 ft.
York 524 ft. 6 in. 213 ft.
[12] The White Horse upon the side of the hill at Westbury was made
by removing the turf in such a way as to show the white chalk
beneath, in the shape of a horse. The tradition is that this was
done by command of Alfred, in Easter week, A.D. 878, to signalise
his victory over the Danes, at Oetlandune, or Eddington, at the foot
of the hill. Upon the top of that hill there is the outline of an
ancient Roman camp.
[13] The curfew bell is rung at Bromham church, at eight o'clock in
the evening, on week days, from Michaelmas to Lady Day, and at
the same hour on every Sunday throughout the year; and on
Shrove Tuesday the bell is rung at one o'clock in the day.
[14] Sloperton Cottage is now, 1896, the property of H. H. Ludlow
Burgess, of Seend.
[15] The famous actor was knighted, by Queen Victoria, in 1895, and
became Sir Henry Irving.
[16] "In our stage to Penrith I introduced Anne to the ancient Petreia,
called Old Penrith, and also to the grave of Sir Ewain Cæsarius,
that knight with the puzzling name, which has got more
indistinct."—Journal of Sir Walter Scott, Vol. II., p. 151.
[17] The poet Gray, who visited these mountains in 1769, wrote, in
his Journal, October 1: "Place Fell, one of the bravest among them,
pushes its bold broad breast into the midst of the lake, and forces
it to alter its course, forming first a large bay to the left and then
bending to the right."
[18] F. A. Marshall, editor of The Henry Irving Edition of Shakespeare
and author of A Study of Hamlet, the comedy of False Shame, and
many other works, died in London, December, 1889, much
lamented. His widow,—the once distinguished actress, Miss Ada
Cavendish,—died, at 34 Thurloe square, London, October 6, 1895.
[19] The Traveller's Rest is 1481 feet above the sea-level, whereas the
inn called The Cat and Fiddle,—a corruption of Caton le Fidèle,
governor of Calais,—on Axe Edge, near Buxton, is 1700 feet above
the level of the sea.
[20] Mr. Wadley died at Pershore, April 4, 1895, and was buried in
Bidford churchyard on April 10.
[21] See in the London Athenæum, February 9, 1889, a valuable
article, by Mr. John Taylor, on "Local Shakesperean Names" based
upon, and incorporative of, some of the researches of Mr. Wadley.
[22] William Butcher died on February 20, 1895, aged sixty-six, and
was buried in the Stratford Cemetery.
[23] See An Account of the Discovery of the Body of King John, in the
Cathedral Church of Worcester. By Valentine Green, F.S.A., 1797.
[24] Byron was born on January 22, 1788, and he died on April 19,
1824.
[25] Since this paper was written the buildings that flanked the
church wall have been removed, the street in front of it has been
widened, and the church has been "restored" and considerably
altered.
[26] Revisiting this place on September 10, 1890, I found that the
chancel has been lengthened, that the altar and the mural tablets
have been moved back from the Byron vault, and that his
gravestone is now outside of the rail.
[27] It is now, 1896, said to be in the possession of a resident of one
of our Southern cities, who says that he obtained it from one of his
relatives, to whom it was given by the parish clerk, in 1834.
[28] Dr. Joseph Wharton, in a letter to the poet Gay, described Lavinia
Fenton as follows: "She was a very accomplished and most
agreeable companion; had much wit, good strong sense, and a just
taste in polite literature. Her person was agreeable and well made;
though I think she could never be called a beauty. I have had the
pleasure of being at table with her when her conversation was
much admired by the first characters of the age, particularly old
Lord Bathurst and Lord Granville."
General James Wolfe, killed in battle, at the famous storming of
Quebec, was born in 1726, and he died in 1759.
Robert Clive, the famous soldier and the first Lord Clive, was
born in 1725, and he died, a suicide,—haunted, it was
superstitiously said, by ghosts of slaughtered East Indians,—in
1774.
[29] The romantic house of Compton Wynyate was built of material
taken from a ruined castle at Fulbrooke, by Sir William Compton, in
the reign of Henry the Eighth. Wynyate signifies a vineyard.
[30] Miss Mary Anderson, the distinguished American actress, was
married, on June 17, 1890, at Hampstead, to Mr. Antonio De
 Navarro. Her Autobiography, called A Few Memories of My Life, was
published, in London, in March, 1896.
[31] Mr. Wall retired from the office of librarian of the Shakespeare
Memorial in June, 1895, and was succeeded by Mr. William Salt
Brassington.
[32] In 1894 the number of visitors to New Place was 809; in 1895 it
was 716, while 13,028 visited the Memorial.
[33] Mrs. Bulmer served as custodian of New Place until her death, on
March 14, 1896. The office was then assigned to Richard Savage,
in addition to his other offices.
[34] Miss Maria Chattaway died on January 31, 1891. Miss Caroline
Chattaway removed from Stratford on October 7, 1895, to Haslor.
[35] Mr. Skipsey resigned his office, in October, 1891, and returned to
Newcastle.
[36] The grave of Charles Frederick Green, author of an account of
Shakespeare and the Crab Tree,—an idle tradition set afloat by
Samuel Ireland,—was made in the angle near the west door of
Trinity church, but it has been covered, tombstone and all, with
gravel.
[37] Mr. Loggin was Mayor of Stratford in 1866 and 1867, and under
his administration, in the latter year, was built the Mill Bridge,
across the Avon, near Lucy's Mill, to replace an old and dilapidated
structure. Mr. Loggin died on February 3, 1885, aged sixty-nine,
and was buried at Long Marston.
[38] The Anne Hathaway cottage was purchased for the nation, in
April, 1892.
[39] Mr. Laffan resigned his office in June, 1895, and became
President of Cheltenham College. Rev. E. J. W. Houghton is now
head-master.
[40] Mrs. Eliza Smith died at No. 56 Ely street, Stratford, on February
24, 1893, aged 68, and the relics that she possessed passed to a
relative, at Northampton. They were sold, in London, in June,
1896.
[41] Modern editions, following Pope's alteration, say "whereon"
instead of "where"; but "where" is the reading in the Folio of 1623.
Mr. Savage contends that the bank that Shakespeare had in mind is
Borden Hill, near Shottery, where the wild thyme is still abundant.
[42] That learned antiquarian W. G. Fretton, Esq., of Coventry, has
shown that the Forest of Arden covered a large tract of land
 extending many miles west and north of the bank of the Avon,
around Stratford.
[43] It has been awakened. A railway to Henley was opened in 1894.
[44] The venerable Mr. Linskill died in the rectory of Beaudesert in
February, 1890, and was buried within the shadow of the church
that he loved. That picturesque rectory of Beaudesert was the
birthplace of Richard Jago [1715-1781], the poet who wrote
Edgehill.
[45] Like many other pleasures it has now become only a memory. Mr.
Childs died, in Philadelphia, February 3, 1894.
[46] Chantrey had seen the beautiful sculpture of little Penelope
Boothby, in Ashbourne church, Derbyshire, made by Thomas
Banks, and he may have been inspired by that spectacle.
[47] 1896. The building is, if possible, to be made a museum of relics
of Johnson. It is now a lodging-house. Its exterior has recently
been repaired. Johnson is the name of its present owner.
[48] Thomas Jefferson, 1728-1807, was a contemporary and friend of
Garrick, and a member of his company, at various times, at Drury
Lane. He was the great-grandfather of Joseph Jefferson, famous in
Rip Van Winkle.
[49] On the stone that marks this sepulchre are inscriptions, which
may suitably be preserved in this chronicle:

"Alexander Campbell Esquire, of Ederline. Died 2d October, 1841.

In his 76th year.
Matilda Campbell. Second daughter of William Campbell Esq., of
Ederline. Died on the 21st Novr 1842. In her 6th year.
William Campbell Esq., of Ederline. Died 15th January 1855, in
his 42nd year.
Lachlan Aderson Campbell. His son. Died January 27th, 1859. In
his 5th year."
[John Campbell, the eldest son of Alexander, died February 26,
1855, aged 45, and was buried in the Necropolis, at Toronto,
Canada. His widow, Janet Tulloch Campbell, a native of Wick,
Caithness, died at Toronto, August 24, 1878, aged 65, and was
buried beside him.]
[50] It is a small oval glass, of which the rim is fashioned with
crescents, twenty-two of them on each side.
[51] Chapters on Iona, Staffa, Glencoe, and other beauties of
Scotland may be found in my books, which are companions to this
one, called Old Shrines and Ivy and Brown Heath and Blue Bells.

Transcriber's Notes
Inconsistencies in spelling and hyphenation have been retained.
"Corse" is an archaic form of "corpse". "Oftens" is an archaic adverb.
Page 121, added "a" (after a Worcester fight)
Page 311, changed "along" to "alone" (standing alone among ruins)
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GRAY DAYS AND
GOLD IN ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND ***

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