1

2
3
 1
P2
5 3 P3 P0
4

2 4 m a t h 3

10
3
5 C2 3 C3 C0
4

4 2 3 3

11
 3
3

1 2 3

3
1
1 3

1 2 3

4 A B C D

A B C D D A B C

C D A B B C D A

12
 4 A B C D ABCD DABC CDAB
BCDA 4

A D

D B C A

C B

C B

B D A C

A D

4 A B C D 4! 4
4 4

4!
=3!=6
4

n n!
n
n!
n =(n-1)!
n

(n-1)!

n
(n-1)!

13
 1 3

5 (5-1)!=4!=24

4 (4-1)!=3!

3
3!_2!=12

1 2 2!

24 12

1
6

2 8

14
 0 9

123
011

10
10
10

10_10_10=1000

n r

4 1 2 3 4 2

4_4=16

n r

nPr P n r
Product P
n Pr

15
 nPr

n r
y r n

n Pr=n_n_n_ y _n=nr

9
(
|
|
{
|
|
r

n Pr r

n Pr 0ÉrÉn
n r
n Pr
r>n Pr=nr
n

2P3
3Û`

3
5P3 P3
3 4P5

4 5

16
2
4 0 1 2 3 5 0 1 2 3 4

0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4
3

0 1 2 3 0 1 2
3 4
P2=4Û`
4

3_4Û`=48

48

5 6 0 1 2 3 5 7

6 2 5

8 - - --
-- 8 3

17
 3
1 1 9

1 2 3
3!=6
6 2 119 191
911 3

1 1 9 1 9 1 9 1 1
119
911
1 1 9 1 9 1 9 1 1
191

1 1 9 1 9 1 9 1 1

n n

2 a 3 b

5 a a b b b
aabbb

1 a

2 a aÁ aª aabbb 2!

18
 2 b

3 b bÁ bª b£ 1
3!

2 a 3 b aabbb
2!_3!

3
5 a a b b b k a aÁ aª
b bÁ bª b£
k_(2!_3!)
5 aÁ aª bÁ bª b£
5!
k_(2!_3!)=5!
k
5!
10 k= =10
2!_3!
aabbb ababb abbab abbba
baabb babab babba bbaab
bbaba bbbaa

n p q r n

n!
p+q+ y +r=n
p!q! y r!

19
 1!

7
success statistics

3 B
A B

a a B
b
b
a b

a a b
aababba A

A B 4
a 3 b
7!
=35
4!_3!

35

8 A B

A B

A
A C B

20
1 4
2 2

n 3

n r
Pr=
n

n p q r
n
n!
p+q+ y +r=n
5
X={a b c} Y={1 2 3 4}

X Y
X Y

2
2 4

6
6

3
6 3

21
 3 2

3
3

n r

a b c 3
aaa aab aac abb abc acc bbb bbc bcc ccc
aab aba baa
10

n r

Hr H
n
Hr
n
Homogeneous

22
 nHr

a b c 3

a b c

aaa
aab
aac
abb
abc
acc
bbb
bbc
bcc
ccc

a b c 3
2 3 2

3 H3 3 2

5!
3 H3= =10
3!2!

n Hr r (n-1)

{r+(n-1)}!
n Hr= =r+(n-1)Cr=n+r-1Cr
r!(n-1)!

Hr
n r

Cr
n 0ÉrÉn
n r
n Hr
r>n n Hr=n+r-1Cr

23
 H C
2 4

1
2H5 H1
3 4 H4

2
4 8
4 8

1 x+y+z=5

x+y+z=5 x=3 y=1 z=1

xxxyz
(3 1 1) ÛÚ xxxyz
3 x y z 3 H5=3+5-1C5=7C5=7C2=21
5

1 x+y+z=5 x=1+a y=1+b z=1+c

a+b+c=2

3 a b c 3 H2=3+2-1C2=4C2=6
2

21 6

3 x+y+z+w=10

24
 2
(a+b+c)Ý` (a+b+c)ß`

(a+b+c)Ý` (a+b+c)ß`
=(a+b+c)(a+b+c)(a+b+c)(a+b+c) =(a+b+c)(a+b+c)(a+b+c)(a+b+c)
(a+b+c)Ý` 3 _(a+b+c)(a+b+c)
a b c 4 (a+b+c)ß` 3
a b c

3 H4=3+4-1C4=6C4=6C2=15

15

4 (a+b+c+d)Þ`

5 100 7 4

(xÛ`+x+1)Ü`

2 2 3
3 1 x x (x +x+1)
6 5 4 3
3 =x +3x +6x +7x
2
+6x +3x+1
H3=5C3=10
3 7

25
1 4
10 3

n r

Hr=
n Cr

5
X={1 2 3} Y={1 2 3 4 5}
f : X 1Ú Y f
2
n
X xÁ xª
4H2=nC2 5 H8=nC4
xÁ<xª f(xÁ)Éf(xª)

6
x
3 y z
8 8
x y z
(x y z)

x+y+z=10
xÉ5

26
 Pascal B. 1623 1662 1238 1298

(a+b)Ü` aÛ`b
a b
3
a
2 b 1

(a+b)Ü`=aÜ`+3aÛ`b+3abÛ`+bÜ` aÛ`b 3 aÛ`b

a 2 b
a 2 b 1 1
(a a b) (a b a) (b a a)
3

(a+b)n

(a+b)Ü`

(a+b)Ü`=(a+b)(a+b)(a+b)
aÛ`b
(a+b) a
b
aÛ`b b
3C1

27
 aÜ` abÛ` bÜ`
3 C0 3C2 3C3

(a+b)Ü`
(a+b)Ü`=3C0 aÜ`+3C1 aÛ`b+3C2 abÛ`+3C3 bÜ`

n (a+b)n n (a+b)
a b
an-rbr n (a+b) r(0<r<n b (n-r)
a n r
n Cr
(a+b)n
(a+b)n=nC0an+nC1an-1b+ y +nCran-rbr+ y +nCnbn

n C0 C1 y
n n Cr y Cn
n

Cr an-rbr
n

n C0=nCn
n C1=nCn-1
n
n C2=nCn-2
(a+b)n=nC0 an+nC1 an-1b+ y +nCr an-rbr+ y +nCn bn
n-r r r n-r
a b ab

Cr=nCn-r
n
(x-y)Ý`

(a+b)n a b

4C0 xÝ`+4C1 xÜ`(-y)+4C2 xÛ`(-y)Û`+4C3 x(-y)Ü`+4C4 (-y)Ý`

(x-y)Ý` x -y
=xÝ`-4xÜ`y+6xÛ`yÛ`-4xyÜ`+yÝ`

1
(a+b)Ý` (x+y)ß` (x-3)Þ`

28
 1 (x-2y)Ý`

(x-2y)Ý`
=4C0 xÝ`+4C1 xÜ`(-2y)+4C2 xÛ`(-2y)Û`+4C3 x(-2y)Ü`+4C4 (-2y)Ý`
=1_xÝ`+4_(-2xÜ`y)+6_4xÛ`yÛ`+4_(-8xyÜ`)+1_16yÝ`
=xÝ`-8xÜ`y+24xÛ`yÛ`-32xyÜ`+16yÝ`

xÝ`-8xÜ`y+24xÛ`yÛ`-32xyÜ`+16yÝ`

2
(3x+y)Ý` (a-2b)Þ`

2
{2x+;[!;}à` xÞ` {x+;[@;}ß` xÛ`

r
1
Cr(2x)7-r{;[!;} =7Cr_27-r_x7-r_
7 =
xr
xÞ` 7-r-r=5 xÛ`
7-2r=5 r=1
xÞ` xÛ`
C1_2ß`=448
7

448

3
{2xÛ`+;[!;}à` xÞ`

1 ß`
{3x- }
xÛ`

29
 n=1 2 3 y (a+b)n

(a+b)⁄ ¡Cº ¡C¡ 1 1

(a+b)¤ ™Cº ™C¡ ™C™ 1 2 1

(a+b)‹ £Cº £C¡ £C™ £C£ 1 3 3 1

(a+b)› ¢Cº ¢C¡ ¢C™ ¢C£ ¢C¢ 1 4 6 4 1

(a+b) ∞Cº ∞C¡ ∞C™ ∞C£ ∞C¢ ∞C∞ 1 5 10 10 5 1

º

º
«–¡C®–¡ «–¡C®

«C®
(Pascal, B., 1623~1662) n Cr=n-1Cr-1+n-1Cr 1Ér<n
Cr-1+n-1Cr=nCr
n-1

Cr=nCn-r
n

4
(a+b)Þ` (a+1)à`

30
 (1+x)n
(1+x)n=nC0+nC1 x+nC2 xÛ`+ y +nCn xn

3 n C0+nC1+nC2+ y +nCn=2n

(1+x)n=nC0+nC1 x+nC2 xÛ`+ y +nCn xn

x=1
n
2 =nC0+nC1+nC2+ y +nCn

5
n C0-nC1+nC2- y +(-1)nnCn=0

2n C0+2nC2+2nC4+ y +2nC2n=2nC1+2nC3+2nC5+ y +2nC2n-1=22n-1

(1+x)10(1+x)10 x10 (10C0)2+(10C1)2+(10C2)2+ y +(10C10)2

(10C0)2+(10C1)2+(10C2)2+ y +(10C10)2 Cr
n

x10=1_x10
=x_x9 (1+x)10=10C0+10C1 x+ y +10C9 x9+10C10 x10 (1+x)10(1+x)10
=(1+x)20
=x10_1 (1+x)10=(x+1)10=10C0 x10+10C1 x9+ y +10C9 x+10C10
10 10 10
(1+x) (1+x) x

31
1 4
1 ß`
{ax+ } 240 a
xÛ`
n
(a+b)n=nC0 an+nC1 +y
+ an-rbr+ y +nCn bn
(a+b)n
nC0 nC1 y Cr y
n Cn
n

Cr an-rbr
n

C0+6C1+6C2+6C3+6C4+6C5+6C6
6

11 C1+11C3+11C5+11C7+11C9+11C11

(x-y)ß`
(a-2)Þ`
(x+2y)Ý`
6

(3a+b)Ý` [aÛ`bÛ`]
2 Ý`
{xÛ`- } [xÝ`]
xÛ`

{3xÛ`+;[!;}ß` [xÜ`]

32
 1 1
1 1 1+4+10=15 1 2 1
1 3 3 1
n (n+1) 1 4 6 4 1 1+6+21+56=84
1 5 10 10 5 1
1 6 15 20 15 6 1
1 1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1
1 8 28 56 70 56 28 8 1
1 6 21 56 1 9 36 84 126 126 84 36 9 1
1 10 45 120 210 252 210 120 45 10 1
5 84

1+6+21+56=84

2
1 1
1 2 1
1 3 3 1 8=2‹
1 4 6 4 1 16=2›
1 1+1 =2=21 1 5 10 10 5 1
1 6 15 20 15 6 1
2 1+2+1 =4=22 1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1 128=2‡
1 8 28 56 70 56 28 8 1 256=2°
3 1+3+3+1=8=23 1 9 36 84 126 126 84 36 9 1 512=2·
1 10 45 120 210 252 210 120 45 10 1

33
34
01 4 3 04 X={1 2 3 4} Y={a b}

12 24 48 12 13 14
72 144 15 16

05 5 a b c d e a b

02
5 24 32 36
48 60

24 30 48
72 120

06
A B

03 5 0 1 2 3 4
A

48 60 80 24 25 26
100 120 27 28

35
07 x+y+z=11 (x y z) 10 {xÛ`-;[@;}¡` xÝ`
x y z
980 1020 1080
(x y z)
1120 1200
15 16 17
18 19

08 A={1 2 3 4 5} B={1 2 3}
A B f
11 920 16

1 2 4
A xÁ xª
8 12
xÁ<xª f(xÁ)Éf(xª)

18 21 24
28 36

09 15 3 A B C 12 xÛ`

3
(1+x)+(1+x)Û`+(1+x)Ü`+ y +(1+x)Ú``â

26 28 30 165 166 167

32 34 168 169

36
 UP

13 4 5 6 15
A B 9
9
9

16 3 U A
B A,B (A B)

14 (2x+1)Ü` {x+;[#;}ß` xÞ`

37
 A B

5!
=10
3!_2!

1 2 3

10 1 2 3 3

H3=5C3=10
3

2 2 3

1 1 1

1 A B

38
SNS

39
1 2
3 4
 1 2 3 4

42
3

43
44
1

S
A B

S
A
Ç
A

45
46
 1

(1, 5) (2, 4) (3, 3)

(4, 2) (5, 1)

47
 0.6

O 100 200 300 500 800 1000

48
 (Comte de Buffon,
G. L. L., 1707~1788)

49
 6

50
1 4

6
2

51
 click!

52
53
 1

54
S
Ç
A A

A
Ç
A

55
 2

56
1 4

3 1 2 3 4 5 6

7 8 9 10 11 12

57
58
S
1 3
A B

2 5

S
1 3
A B
4
2 5
6

59
 S
A B

A«B

60
 2

61
 3

S
B A

Ç
B=(B«A)»(B«A )

62
1 4

5
2

3
6

63
64
65
 1

66
67
 2

68
1 4

2
6

69
70
01 04

02
05

03
06

71
07 10

11

08

12

09

72
 UP

13 15

16

14

73
74
75
1 2
3 4
5 6
 1

78
3

79
 S X

(H, H) 2
(H, T)
1
(T, H)
(T, T) 0

80
1

81
 S X
(H H) 2 1
(H T) 4
1
(T H) 1
(T T) 0 2

P(X=x‘)
p™
p¬
p«
...

O x¬ x™ ... x« x

82
 1

P(X=x)
4
7

2
7
1
7
O 1 2 x

83
1 4

3
2

84
85
 1

86
87
 2

88
89
 3

90
1 4

2
6

91
92
93
 1

94
1

95
 4

96
2

97
98
7

99
1 4

2 6

100
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
5 6 7 8 9 10 kg

101
 0.45
0.4
0.35 P(7äX<8)
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
5 6 7 8 9 10 kg

y=f(x)

O x O x

102
 y
P(aäXäb)

y=f(x)

Oa a b bx

y
f(x)=kx
2k

O 2 x

y 1x
3 1 f(x)=
2
4
1
2
O 1 3 2 x
2

103
 x

1 e - !"#$%&
f(x)= 2s!
2ps

m x

s=0.8

m=0 m=1 m=3

s=1

s=2
m x 0 1 3 x

104
2 B C

105
 f(z)
P(0äZäa)

O a z

z 0.00 0.04

1.1 .3729

106
3

107
 4

f(z)

-1.5 O z

108
P(X=x)
n=10
0.300 n=30
n=50
0.250

0.200

0.150

0.100

0.050

0.000
5 10 15 20 x

109
 6

110
1 4

5
2

111
 y
P(aäXäb)

y=f(x)

O a a b b x

112
113
 1

114
115
P(X=x)

1
4

O 2 4 6 8x

P(X=x)
1
4
3
16
1
8
1
16

O 2 3 45 678 x

116
P(X=x) P(X=x) P(X=x)
1 1 1
4 4 4
3 3 3
16 16 16
1 1 1
8 8 8
1 1
1 16 16
16
O 2 4 6 8 x O 2 4 6 8x
O 2 4 6 8 x
X¡+X™ X¡+X™+X£
X= X=
2 3

117
 1

118
1 4

119
 VS

120
121
 (Neyman, Jerzy,
1894~1981)

f(z)

0.95

-1.96 O 1.96 z

k
...

...

3
2
1
O m x

122
1

123
 1

124
1 4

2 5

125
126
01 04

05
02

06

03

127
07 10

1 y=f(x)
2
O 4 x

11

08

12

09

128
 UP

13 15

14

129
 H4 !"
A B C D E F G H I
1 7.2 6.5 6.9 8.2 7.5 7.2 6 91
6.91
2 7.6 6.7 6.2 7.1 7.6 7.2 0 70
0.70
3 7.2 5.9 6.6 7.2 6.7 5.0
4 6.4 6.3 6.1 7.0 7.2 6.5
5 6.6 6.2 7.1 8.1 8.2 7.1
6

14 !" =CONFIDENCE(0.05, 0.7, 30)

A B C D E F G H I
1 7.2 6.5 6.9 8.2 7.5 7.2 6.91
2 7.6 6.7 6.2 7.1 7.6 7.2 0.70
3 7.2 5.9 6.6 7.2 6.7 5.0
4 6.4 6.3 6.1 7.0 7.2 6.5 0 25
0.25
5 6.6 6.2 7.1 8.1 8.2 7.1
6

130
A

131